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Wang T, Zhou D, Hong Z. Adipose tissue in older individuals: a contributing factor to sarcopenia. Metabolism 2024; 160:155998. [PMID: 39128607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by a functional decline in muscle. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases with natural aging, becoming a serious health problem among elderly individuals. Therefore, understanding the pathology of sarcopenia is critical for inhibiting age-related alterations and promoting health and longevity in elderly individuals. The development of sarcopenia may be influenced by interactions between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, particularly under conditions of chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. This hypothesis is supported by the following observations: (i) accumulation of senescent cells in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle with age; (ii) gut dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in gut microbial communities as the main trigger for inflammation, sarcopenia, and aged adipose tissue; and (iii) microbial dysbiosis, which could impact the onset or progression of a senescent state. Moreover, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, releasing molecules that participate in intricate communication networks between organs. Our discussion focuses on novel adipokines and their role in regulating adipose tissue and muscle, particularly those influenced by aging and obesity, emphasizing their contributions to disease development. On the basis of these findings, we propose that age-related adipose tissue and sarcopenia are disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Finally, we explore new potential therapeutic strategies involving specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, non-SPM GPCR agonists, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, antidiabetic drugs in conjunction with probiotics and prebiotics, and compounds designed to target senescent cells and mitigate their pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Nguyen TL, Pradeep S, Judson-Torres RL, Reed J, Teitell MA, Zangle TA. Quantitative Phase Imaging: Recent Advances and Expanding Potential in Biomedicine. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11516-11544. [PMID: 35916417 PMCID: PMC10112851 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is a label-free, wide-field microscopy approach with significant opportunities for biomedical applications. QPI uses the natural phase shift of light as it passes through a transparent object, such as a mammalian cell, to quantify biomass distribution and spatial and temporal changes in biomass. Reported in cell studies more than 60 years ago, ongoing advances in QPI hardware and software are leading to numerous applications in biology, with a dramatic expansion in utility over the past two decades. Today, investigations of cell size, morphology, behavior, cellular viscoelasticity, drug efficacy, biomass accumulation and turnover, and transport mechanics are supporting studies of development, physiology, neural activity, cancer, and additional physiological processes and diseases. Here, we review the field of QPI in biology starting with underlying principles, followed by a discussion of technical approaches currently available or being developed, and end with an examination of the breadth of applications in use or under development. We comment on strengths and shortcomings for the deployment of QPI in key biomedical contexts and conclude with emerging challenges and opportunities based on combining QPI with other methodologies that expand the scope and utility of QPI even further.
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3
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Wang Y, Dong C, Han Y, Gu Z, Sun C. Immunosenescence, aging and successful aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942796. [PMID: 35983061 PMCID: PMC9379926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging induces a series of immune related changes, which is called immunosenescence, playing important roles in many age-related diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). However, the mechanism of immunosenescence, the association with aging and successful aging, and the effects on diseases are not revealed obviously. In order to provide theoretical basis for preventing or controlling diseases effectively and achieve successful aging, we conducted the review and found that changes of aging-related phenotypes, deterioration of immune organ function and alterations of immune cell subsets participated in the process of immunosenescence, which had great effects on the occurrence and development of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yudian Han
- Information Center, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Gu, ; Chi Sun,
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Zhifeng Gu, ; Chi Sun,
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Lu V, Roy IJ, Torres A, Joly JH, Ahsan FM, Graham NA, Teitell MA. Glutamine-dependent signaling controls pluripotent stem cell fate. Dev Cell 2022; 57:610-623.e8. [PMID: 35216682 PMCID: PMC8930616 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew indefinitely or can be induced to differentiate. We previously showed that exogenous glutamine (Gln) withdrawal biased hPSC differentiation toward ectoderm and away from mesoderm. We revealed that, although all three germ lineages are capable of de novo Gln synthesis, only ectoderm generates sufficient Gln to sustain cell viability and differentiation, and this finding clarifies lineage fate restrictions under Gln withdrawal. Furthermore, we found that Gln acts as a signaling molecule for ectoderm that supersedes lineage-specifying cytokine induction. In contrast, Gln in mesoderm and endoderm is the preferred precursor of α-ketoglutarate without a direct signaling role. Our work raises a question about whether the nutrient environment functions directly in cell differentiation during development. Interestingly, transcriptome analysis of a gastrulation-stage human embryo shows that unique Gln enzyme-encoding gene expression patterns may also distinguish germ lineages in vivo. Together, our study suggests that intracellular Gln may help coordinate differentiation of the three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irena J Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alejandro Torres
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Joly
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fasih M Ahsan
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Pediatrics, California NanoSystems Institute, and Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Abstract
AbstractIn B cells, IgD is expressed together with IgM through alternative splicing of primary VHDJH-Cμ-s-m-Cδ-s-m RNAs, and also through IgD class switch DNA recombination (CSR) via double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) and synapse of Sμ with σδ. How such DSBs are resolved is still unknown, despite our previous report showing that Rad52 effects the ‘short-range’ microhomology-mediated synapsis of intra-Sμ region DSBs. Here we find that induction of IgD CSR downregulates Zfp318, and promotes Rad52 phosphorylation and recruitment to Sμ and σδ, thereby leading to alternative end-joining (A-EJ)-mediated Sμ-σδ recombination with extensive microhomologies, VHDJH-Cδs transcription and sustained IgD secretion. Rad52 ablation in mouse Rad52−/− B cells aborts IgD CSR in vitro and in vivo and dampens the specific IgD antibody response to OVA. Rad52 knockdown in human B cells also abrogates IgD CSR. Finally, Rad52 phosphorylation is associated with high levels of IgD CSR and anti-nuclear IgD autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in lupus-prone mice. Our findings thus show that Rad52 mediates IgD CSR through microhomology-mediated A-EJ in concert with Zfp318 downregulation.
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Zou J, Wang YH, Xu MX, Huang W, Yu DJ, Zhang L, Zhang YY, Sun XD. Naringenin Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Enhancing Energy Expenditure and Regulating Autophagy via AMPK. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687095. [PMID: 34163366 PMCID: PMC8215389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) keeps growing recently. Purpose: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of naringenin (NAR) on NAFLD. Methods: High-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD rats were orally administered with NAR at 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg for 2 weeks. The serum level of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) was measured. The hepatic histology was detected by H&E and oil red O staining. L02 and Huh-7 cells were induced by sodium oleate to establish a NAFLD cell model. The effects of NAR on lipid accumulation were detected by oil red O staining. The glucose uptake and ATP content of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes were measured. The expression of proteins of the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes was assessed by Western blotting. The mitochondrial biogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes was measured by mitotracker orange staining and Western blotting. The biomarkers of autophagy were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The binding of NAR to AMPKγ1 was analyzed by molecular docking. Chloroquine and compound C were employed to block autophagic flux and AMPK, respectively. Results: NAR alleviated HFD-induced NAFLD in rats at 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg. NAR attenuated lipid accumulation in L02 and Huh-7 cells at 0.7, 2.2, 6.7, and 20 μM. NAR increased glucose uptake, decreased the ATP content, activated the CaMKKβ/AMPK/ACC pathway, and enhanced the mitochondrial biogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. NAR increased autophagy and promoted the initiation of autophagic flux in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblasts, while it inhibited autophagy in NAFLD rats, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and C2C12 myotubes. Molecular docking showed that NAR binds to AMPKγ1. Compound C blocked effects of NAR on lipid accumulation and autophagy in L02 cells. Conclusion: NAR alleviates NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure and regulating autophagy via activating AMPK directly and indirectly. The direct binding of NAR and AMPKγ1 needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Xia Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
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8
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Lee KA, Robbins PD, Camell CD. Intersection of immunometabolism and immunosenescence during aging. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 57:107-116. [PMID: 33684669 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the highest risk for morbidity and mortality to chronic or metabolic diseases, which are present in 50% of the elderly. Improving metabolic and immune function of the elderly would improve quality of life and reduce the risk for all other diseases. Tissue-resident macrophages and the NLRP3 inflammasome are established drivers of inflammaging and metabolic dysfunction. Energy-sensing signaling pathways connect sterile and metabolic inflammation with cellular senescence and tissue dysfunction. We discuss recent advances in the immunometabolism field. Common themes revealed by recent publications include the alterations in metabolic signaling (SIRTUIN, AMPK, or mTOR pathways) in aged immune cells, the impact of senescence on inflammaging and tissue dysfunction, and the age-related changes in metabolic tissues, especially adipose tissue, as an immunological organ. Promising gerotherapeutics are candidates to broadly target nutrient and energy sensing, inflammatory and senescence pathways, and have potential to improve healthspan and treat age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoo-A Lee
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 4-108 Nils Hasselmo Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 4-108 Nils Hasselmo Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christina D Camell
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 4-108 Nils Hasselmo Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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9
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Abstract
A large and growing body of evidence supports functions of enzymes that regulate or effect cellular metabolism in governing the development, survival, and effector functions of immune cells—especially T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Among these proteins, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved ATP and nutrient sensor that regulates multiple metabolic pathways to promote energy homeostasis. Although AMPK had been shown to regulate aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell biology, its function in B lymphocytes has been less clear. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of AMPK in the metabolism, function, and maintenance of the B lineage.
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10
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Brookens SK, Cho SH, Basso PJ, Boothby MR. AMPKα1 in B Cells Dampens Primary Antibody Responses yet Promotes Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Persistence of B Cell Memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:3011-3022. [PMID: 33148712 PMCID: PMC7686102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic programs regulate B cell activation and Ab responses. However, the metabolic mediators that support the durability of the memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell populations are not fully elucidated. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates cellular energy status and nutrient availability to intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways. In this study, we use genetic mouse models to show that loss of ΑMPKα1 in B cells led to a weakened recall Ab response associated with a decline in the population of memory-phenotype B cells. AMPKα1-deficient memory B lymphocytes exhibited aberrant mitochondrial activity, decreased mitophagy, and increased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, loss of AMPKα1 in B lymphoblasts was associated with decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. Of note, AMPKα1 in B cells was dispensable for stability of the bone marrow-resident, long-lived plasma cell population, yet absence of this kinase led to increased rates of Ig production and elevated serum Ab concentrations elicited by primary immunization. Collectively, our findings fit a model in which AMPKα1 in B cells supports recall function of the memory B cell compartment by promoting mitochondrial homeostasis and longevity but restrains rates of Ig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Paulo J Basso
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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11
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Jellusova J. The role of metabolic checkpoint regulators in B cell survival and transformation. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:39-53. [PMID: 32185805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to mitogenic stimulation, B cells activate different pro-anabolic signaling pathways such as c-Myc- and mTORC1-dependent networks to satisfy the energetic demands of biomass synthesis and proliferation. In order to preserve viability and function, cell growth cannot progress unchecked and must be adjusted according to the availability of nutrients. Nutrient-sensing proteins such as AMPK antagonize mTORC1 activity in response to starvation. If pro-anabolic signaling pathways are aberrantly activated, B cells may lack the metabolic capacity to accommodate their energetic needs, which can lead to cell death. On the other hand, metabolic hyperactivation is a salient feature of cancer cells, suggesting that mechanisms exist, which allow B cells to cope with metabolic stress. The aim of this review is to discuss how B cells respond to a mismatch between energy supply and demand and what the consequences are of metabolic dysregulation in normal and malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III at the Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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