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Záhonová K, Füssy Z, Stairs CW, Leger MM, Tachezy J, Čepička I, Roger AJ, Hampl V. Comparative analysis of mitochondrion-related organelles in anaerobic amoebozoans. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37994879 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Archamoebae comprises free-living or endobiotic amoebiform protists that inhabit anaerobic or microaerophilic environments and possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) adapted to function anaerobically. We compared in silico reconstructed MRO proteomes of eight species (six genera) and found that the common ancestor of Archamoebae possessed very few typical components of the protein translocation machinery, electron transport chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle. On the other hand, it contained a sulphate activation pathway and bacterial iron-sulphur (Fe-S) assembly system of MIS-type. The metabolic capacity of the MROs, however, varies markedly within this clade. The glycine cleavage system is widely conserved among Archamoebae, except in Entamoeba, probably owing to its role in catabolic function or one-carbon metabolism. MRO-based pyruvate metabolism was dispensed within subgroups Entamoebidae and Rhizomastixidae, whereas sulphate activation could have been lost in isolated cases of Rhizomastix libera, Mastigamoeba abducta and Endolimax sp. The MIS (Fe-S) assembly system was duplicated in the common ancestor of Mastigamoebidae and Pelomyxidae, and one of the copies took over Fe-S assembly in their MRO. In Entamoebidae and Rhizomastixidae, we hypothesize that Fe-S cluster assembly in both compartments may be facilitated by dual localization of the single system. We could not find evidence for changes in metabolic functions of the MRO in response to changes in habitat; it appears that such environmental drivers do not strongly affect MRO reduction in this group of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Záhonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
- Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Courtney W Stairs
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Present address: Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Present address: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
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Refaie MMM, El-Hussieny M, Shehata S, Welson NN, Abdelzaher WY. Exploring the role of ATP-sensitive potassium channel, eNOS, and P-glycoprotein in mediating the hepatoprotective activity of nicorandil in methotrexate-induced liver injury in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023; 45:607-615. [PMID: 37078892 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2201659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical use is challenged by various types of injuries, including hepatotoxic side effects. Therefore, finding new protective drugs against MTX-induced toxicities is a critical need. Moreover, the different mechanisms mediating such effects are still not clear. The current study aimed to evaluate the possible ameliorative action of nicorandil (NIC) in MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and examine the roles of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were used. NIC (3 mg/kg/day) was given orally for 2 weeks, and hepatotoxicity was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg) on the 11th day of the experiment. We confirmed the role of KATP by co-administering glimepiride (GP) (10 mg/kg/day) 30 min before NIC. The measured serum biomarkers were [alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NOx), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and P-gp. Histopathology, eNOS, and caspase-3 immunoexpression were evaluated. RESULTS The MTX group displayed hepatotoxicity in the form of elevations of ALT, AST, MDA, NOx, and caspase-3 immunoexpression. Furthermore, the histopathological examination showed marked liver injury. TAC, SOD, P-gp, and eNOS immunoexpression showed significant inhibition. In the protective group, all parameters improved (P value < 0.05). CONCLUSION NIC has an ameliorative action against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity, most probably via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic functions together with the modulation of the KATP channel, eNOS, and P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayed Shehata
- Department of Cardiology, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Nermeen N Welson
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Zhu W, Wang C, Xue L, Liu L, Yang X, Liu Z, Zhang S, Luo D. The SMYD3-MTHFD1L-formate metabolic regulatory axis mediates mitophagy to inhibit M1 polarization in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lin L, Tian L, Li T, Sun M, Duan J, Yu Y, Sun Z. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression profiles in liver of ob/ob mice with real-time atmospheric PM 2.5 exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76816-76832. [PMID: 35672633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the potential biological mechanism is largely unknown. Our study was aimed to explore the impact of PM2.5 on the transcriptome level in the liver of ob/ob mice by atmosphere PM2.5 whole-body dynamic exposure system, and meanwhile preliminarily investigated the effects of metformin intervention in this process. More than three thousand differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was screened out by microarray analysis (p < 0.05, |FC|> 1.5). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in cancers, infectious diseases, and signal transduction, and the most significant pathways were thyroid hormone signaling pathway, chronic myeloid leukemia and metabolic pathways. Then, 12 hub genes were gained through weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and verified by qRT-PCR. The expression of 5 genes in darkslateblue module (cd53, fcer1g, cd68, ctss, laptm5) increased after PM2.5 exposure and decreased after metformin intervention. They were related to insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism and other liver metabolism, and also neurodegenerative diseases. This study provided valuable clues and possible protective measures to the liver damage in ob/ob mice caused by PM2.5 exposure, and further research is needed to explore the related mechanism in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Lin
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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Stephenson MC, Krishna L, Pannir Selvan RM, Tai YK, Kit Wong CJ, Yin JN, Toh SJ, Torta F, Triebl A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Li JZ, Tan SS, Wong CK, Chinnasamy D, Pakkiri LS, Lee Drum C, Wenk MR, Totman JJ, Franco-Obregón A. Magnetic field therapy enhances muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics and attenuates systemic ceramide levels following ACL reconstruction: Southeast Asian randomized-controlled pilot trial. J Orthop Translat 2022; 35:99-112. [PMID: 36262374 PMCID: PMC9574347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic disruption commonly follows Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. Brief exposure to low amplitude and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) has been shown to promote in vitro and in vivo murine myogeneses via the activation of a calcium–mitochondrial axis conferring systemic metabolic adaptations. This randomized-controlled pilot trial sought to detect local changes in muscle structure and function using MRI, and systemic changes in metabolism using plasma biomarker analyses resulting from ACLR, with or without accompanying PEMF therapy. Methods 20 patients requiring ACLR were randomized into two groups either undergoing PEMF or sham exposure for 16 weeks following surgery. The operated thighs of 10 patients were exposed weekly to PEMFs (1 mT for 10 min) for 4 months following surgery. Another 10 patients were subjected to sham exposure and served as controls to allow assessment of the metabolic repercussions of ACLR and PEMF therapy. Blood samples were collected prior to surgery and at 16 weeks for plasma analyses. Magnetic resonance data were acquired at 1 and 16 weeks post-surgery using a Siemens 3T Tim Trio system. Phosphorus (31P) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to monitor changes in high-energy phosphate metabolism (inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr)) as well as markers of membrane synthesis and breakdown (phosphomonoesters (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE)). Quantitative Magnetization Transfer (qMT) imaging was used to elucidate changes in the underlying tissue structure, with T1-weighted and 2-point Dixon imaging used to calculate muscle volumes and muscle fat content. Results Improvements in markers of high-energy phosphate metabolism including reductions in ΔPi/ATP, Pi/PCr and (Pi + PCr)/ATP, and membrane kinetics, including reductions in PDE/ATP were detected in the PEMF-treated cohort relative to the control cohort at study termination. These were associated with reductions in the plasma levels of certain ceramides and lysophosphatidylcholine species. The plasma levels of biomarkers predictive of muscle regeneration and degeneration, including osteopontin and TNNT1, respectively, were improved, whilst changes in follistatin failed to achieve statistical significance. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry revealed reductions in small molecule biomarkers of metabolic disruption, including cysteine, homocysteine, and methionine in the PEMF-treated cohort relative to the control cohort at study termination. Differences in measurements of force, muscle and fat volumes did not achieve statistical significance between the cohorts after 16 weeks post-ACLR. Conclusion The detected changes suggest improvements in systemic metabolism in the post-surgical PEMF-treated cohort that accords with previous preclinical murine studies. PEMF-based therapies may potentially serve as a manner to ameliorate post-surgery metabolic disruptions and warrant future examination in more adequately powered clinical trials. The Translational Potential of this Article Some degree of physical immobilisation must inevitably follow orthopaedic surgical intervention. The clinical paradox of such a scenario is that the regenerative potential of the muscle mitochondrial pool is silenced. The unmet need was hence a manner to maintain mitochondrial activation when movement is restricted and without producing potentially damaging mechanical stress. PEMF-based therapies may satisfy the requirement of non-invasively activating the requisite mitochondrial respiration when mobility is restricted for improved metabolic and regenerative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Stephenson
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Corresponding author. Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Tahir Foundation Building, 13-03, MD1, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549.
| | - Lingaraj Krishna
- Division of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rina Malathi Pannir Selvan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Kit Tai
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228.
| | - Craig Jun Kit Wong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Naixin Yin
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Jie Toh
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christian Beyer
- Centre Suisse d'électronique et de Microtechnique, CSEM SA, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Jing Ze Li
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara S. Tan
- Division of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chun-Kit Wong
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duraimurugan Chinnasamy
- National University Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Leroy Sivappiragasam Pakkiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Precision Medicine Translational Research Program, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John J. Totman
- Centre for Translational MR Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Academic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore,NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 8, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228.
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Association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk of coronary artery disease in the Chinese population: meta-analysis. Herz 2022; 47:553-563. [PMID: 35089369 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have investigated the close association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the risk of coronary heart disease (CAD) in the Chinese population. However, the results remain inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimate of these associations. METHODS Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the relationship between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and the risk of CAD. Studies were identified by searching the literature for articles published before 2017. RESULTS A total of 39 studies comprising 12,101 individuals (6117 cases and 5984 controls) were included. For the allelic model T vs. C, the pooled OR was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.30-1.57, p < 0.0001); for the recessive model TT vs. CC + TC, the pooled OR was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.29-1.70, p < 0.0001); for the dominant model TT + TC vs. CC, the pooled OR was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.43-1.89, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In the subgroup analysis of high-quality studies, an obvious association was observed between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and CAD risk in the Chinese population.
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Allaway D, Harrison M, Haydock R, Watson P. Adaptations Supporting Plasma Methionine on a Limited-Methionine, High-Cystine Diet Alter the Canine Plasma Metabolome Consistent with Interventions that Extend Life Span in Other Species. J Nutr 2021; 151:3125-3136. [PMID: 34224573 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using indicator amino acid oxidation methodology, the mean dietary requirement of adult dogs for methionine (Met) was estimated to be ∼66% of the current recommended allowance. Dogs fed a diet formulated to provide the estimated mean Met requirement for 32 wk maintained plasma Met, seemingly supported by betaine oxidation. OBJECTIVE To gain a better understanding of the metabolic changes that were associated with supporting plasma Met when dogs were fed a limited Met diet over 32 wk, we analyzed plasma samples taken from that study using a data-driven metabolomics approach. METHODS Labrador retrievers (20 females/13 males; mean age: 4.9 y; range: 2.0-7.9 y) were fed semi-purified, nutritionally complete diets. After 4 wk of feeding a control diet (DL-Met; 1.37 g/1000 kcal), 17 dogs remained on this diet and 16 were transitioned to a test diet formulated to the estimated mean Met requirement (0.55 g/1000 kcal), with dietary total sulfur amino acid maintained with additional l-cystine (Cys). Dogs were individually fed diets to maintain a stable body weight at an ideal body condition score for 32 wk. Plasma samples from fasted blood collected at baseline and 8 and 32 wk were analyzed using untargeted metabolic profiling. RESULTS Analysis of metabolites (n = 593) confirmed our primary findings (increased Met, betaine, and dimethylglycine). Metabolite changes consistent with repartitioning choline to support Met cycling included reduced pools of lipids derived via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and enhanced fatty acid oxidation. Some changes were consistent with metabolomics studies reported in other species that used interventions known to extend life span (caloric- and Met-restricted diets or feeding strategy). CONCLUSIONS Changes in the plasma metabolome were consistent with reported adaptations to support Met-dependent activities. We propose that feeding a limited-Met, high-Cys diet using the estimated mean Met requirement in adult Labrador retrievers alters regulation of the Met cycle, thereby altering metabolism, similar to interventions that extend life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Allaway
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harrison
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Haydock
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Watson
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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