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Ferraro S, Nigri A, Bruzzone MG, Medina Carrion JP, Fedeli D, Demichelis G, Chiapparini L, Ciullo G, Gonzalez AA, Proietti Cecchini A, Giani L, Becker B, Leone M. Involvement of the ipsilateral-to-the-pain anterior-superior hypothalamic subunit in chronic cluster headache. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38212704 PMCID: PMC10782620 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite hypothalamus has long being considered to be involved in the pathophysiology of cluster headache, the inconsistencies of previous neuroimaging studies and a limited understanding of the hypothalamic areas involved, impede a comprehensive interpretation of its involvement in this condition. METHODS We used an automated algorithm to extract hypothalamic subunit volumes from 105 cluster headache patients (57 chronic and 48 episodic) and 59 healthy individuals; after correcting the measures for the respective intracranial volumes, we performed the relevant comparisons employing logist regression models. Only for subunits that emerged as abnormal, we calculated their correlation with the years of illness and the number of headache attacks per day, and the effects of lithium treatment. As a post-hoc approach, using the 7 T resting-state fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project, we investigated whether the observed abnormal subunit, comprising the paraventricular nucleus and preoptic area, shows robust functional connectivity with the mesocorticolimbic system, which is known to be modulated by oxytocin neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and that is is abnormal in chronic cluster headache patients. RESULTS Patients with chronic (but not episodic) cluster headache, compared to control participants, present an increased volume of the anterior-superior hypothalamic subunit ipsilateral to the pain, which, remarkably, also correlates significantly with the number of daily attacks. The post-hoc approach showed that this hypothalamic area presents robust functional connectivity with the mesocorticolimbic system under physiological conditions. No evidence of the effects of lithium treatment on this abnormal subunit was found. CONCLUSIONS We identified the ipsilateral-to-the-pain antero-superior subunit, where the paraventricular nucleus and preoptic area are located, as the key hypothalamic region of the pathophysiology of chronic cluster headache. The significant correlation between the volume of this area and the number of daily attacks crucially reinforces this interpretation. The well-known roles of the paraventricular nucleus in coordinating autonomic and neuroendocrine flow in stress adaptation and modulation of trigeminovascular mechanisms offer important insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of cluster headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferraro
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Nigri
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean Paul Medina Carrion
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Fedeli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Demichelis
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Chiapparini
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
- Radiology Unit, Fodazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciullo
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ariosky Areces Gonzalez
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Pinar del Río, Cuba
| | | | - Luca Giani
- Department of Neurology, Fondazione Maugeri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Benjamin Becker
- School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Massimo Leone
- Department of Neuroalgology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Rasser PE, Ehlkes T, Schall U. Fronto-temporal cortical grey matter thickness and surface area in the at-risk mental state and recent-onset schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:33. [PMID: 38191320 PMCID: PMC10775434 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies to date examining cortical thickness and surface area in young individuals At Risk Mental State (ARMS) of developing psychosis have revealed inconsistent findings, either reporting increased, decreased or no differences compared to mentally healthy individuals. The inconsistencies may be attributed to small sample sizes, varying age ranges, different ARMS identification criteria, lack of control for recreational substance use and antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, as well as different methods for deriving morphological brain measures. METHODS A surfaced-based approach was employed to calculate fronto-temporal cortical grey matter thickness and surface area derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data collected from 44 young antipsychotic-naïve ARMS individuals, 19 young people with recent onset schizophrenia, and 36 age-matched healthy volunteers. We conducted group comparisons of the morphological measures and explored their association with symptom severity, global and socio-occupational function levels, and the degree of alcohol and cannabis use in the ARMS group. RESULTS Grey matter thickness and surface areas in ARMS individuals did not significantly differ from their age-matched healthy counterparts. However, reduced left-frontal grey matter thickness was correlated with greater symptom severity and lower function levels; the latter being also correlated with smaller left-frontal surface areas. ARMS individuals with more severe symptoms showed greater similarities to the recent onset schizophrenia group. The morphological measures in ARMS did not correlate with the lifetime level of alcohol or cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a decline in function levels and worsening mental state are associated with morphological changes in the left frontal cortex in ARMS but to a lesser extent than those seen in recent onset schizophrenia. Alcohol and cannabis use did not confound these findings. However, the cross-sectional nature of our study limits our ability to draw conclusions about the potential progressive nature of these morphological changes in ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Rasser
- Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Tim Ehlkes
- Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
- Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, McAuley Centre, Mater Hospital, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia.
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Kim C, Lee DY, Park J, Yang SJ, Tan EH, Alhambra DP, Lee YH, Lee S, Kim SJ, Lee J, Park RW, Shin Y. Safety outcomes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid depression: the ASSURE study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4811-4819. [PMID: 36803587 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to depressive disorder, and adolescents with both present poor outcomes. However, evidence for the safety of concomitantly using a methylphenidate (MPH) and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) among adolescent ADHD patients is limited, a literature gap aimed to address through this investigation. METHODS We conducted a new-user cohort study using a nationwide claims database in South Korea. We identified a study population as adolescents who were diagnosed both ADHD and depressive disorder. MPH-only users were compared with patients who prescribed both a SSRI and a MPH. Fluoxetine and escitalopram users were also compared to find a preferable treatment option. Thirteen outcomes including neuropsychiatric, gastrointestinal, and other events were assessed, taking respiratory tract infection as a negative control outcome. We matched the study groups using a propensity score and used the Cox proportional hazard model to calculate the hazard ratio. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted in various epidemiologic settings. RESULTS The risks of all the outcomes between the MPH-only and SSRI groups were not significantly different. Regarding SSRI ingredients, the risk of tic disorder was significantly lower in the fluoxetine group than the escitalopram group [HR 0.43 (0.25-0.71)]. However, there was no significant difference in other outcomes between the fluoxetine and escitalopram groups. CONCLUSION The concomitant use of MPHs and SSRIs showed generally safe profiles in adolescent ADHD patients with depression. Most of the differences between fluoxetine and escitalopram, except those concerning tic disorder, were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jimyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Yang
- Gwangju Smile Center for Crime victim support, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eng Hooi Tan
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre of Statistics in Medicines, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel-Prieto Alhambra
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre of Statistics in Medicines, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yo Han Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Rae Woong Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yunmi Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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Raballo A, Poletti M, Preti A. Do antidepressants prevent transition to psychosis in individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR-P)? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4550-4560. [PMID: 35655405 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging meta-analytical evidence indicates that baseline exposure to antipsychotics in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) is associated with a higher risk of an imminent transition to psychosis. Despite their tolerability profile and potential beneficial effects, baseline exposure to antidepressants (AD) in CHR-P has surprisingly received far less attention as a potential risk modulator for transition to psychosis. The current systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to fix such a knowledge gap. METHODS Systematic scrutiny of Medline and Cochrane library, performed up to 1 August 2021, searching for English-language studies on CHR-P reporting numeric data about the sample, the transition outcome at a predefined follow-up time and raw data on AD baseline exposure in relation to such outcome. RESULTS Of 1942 identified records, 16 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. 26% of the participants were already exposed to AD at baseline; at the end of the follow-up 13.5% (95% CI 10.2-17.1%) of them (n = 448) transitioned to psychosis against 21.0% (18.9 to 23.3%) of non-AD exposed CHR-P (n = 1371). CHR-P participants who were already under AD treatment at baseline had a lower risk of transition than non-AD exposed CHR-P. The RR was 0.71 (95% CI 0.56-0.90) in the fixed-effects model (z = -2.79; p = 0.005), and 0.78 (0.58-1.05) in the random-effects model (z = -1.77; p = 0.096; tau-squared = 0.059). There was no relevant heterogeneity (Cochran's Q = 18.45; df = 15; p = 0.239; I2 = 18.7%). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing AD exposure at inception in CHR-P is associated to a reduced risk of transition to psychosis at follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Raballo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Center for Translational, Phenomenological and Developmental Psychopathology (CTPDP), Perugia University Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Service, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Omelchenko M. Treatment aspects of youth depression with attenuated schizophrenic symptoms. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:97-104. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212205197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cobia D, Rich C, Smith MJ, Mamah D, Csernansky JG, Wang L. Basal ganglia shape features differentiate schizoaffective disorder from schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 317:111352. [PMID: 34399283 PMCID: PMC8545830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder represent closely related syndromes that vary in severity along a neurobiological continuum. In the present study, volume and shape of the basal ganglia was examined in people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder relative to healthy controls and hypothesized that unique neuroanatomical differences would be observed in each patient group. Magnetic resonance 1.5T images were obtained from schizophrenia (n = 47), schizoaffective disorder (n = 15), and from healthy control (n = 42) participants, matched for age, gender, parental socioeconomic status, and race. The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus were characterized using high-dimensional brain mapping procedures (Csernansky et al., 2004b). Results revealed significant shape deformations between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder that also differed from control subjects. Relative to schizophrenia, schizoaffective subjects showed exaggerated inward deformations indicative of localized volume loss in subregions of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (all p < 0.001). These shape features correlated with mental flexibility and negative symptoms in schizophrenia (all p < 0.05), but not schizoaffective disorder. To the extent that differences in important basal ganglia substructures reflect biological heterogeneity among these two psychotic illnesses, this data could prove useful in improving diagnostic precision, as well as informing the affective component of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Cobia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 1036 KMBL, Provo, UT 84602, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Chaz Rich
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John G Csernansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Antoniades M, Haas SS, Modabbernia A, Bykowsky O, Frangou S, Borgwardt S, Schmidt A. Personalized Estimates of Brain Structural Variability in Individuals With Early Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1029-1038. [PMID: 33547470 PMCID: PMC8266574 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early psychosis in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals has been associated with alterations in mean regional measures of brain morphology. Examination of variability in brain morphology could assist in quantifying the degree of brain structural heterogeneity in clinical relative to healthy control (HC) samples. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained from CHR (n = 71), FEP (n = 72), and HC individuals (n = 55). Regional brain variability in cortical thickness (CT), surface area (SA), and subcortical volume (SV) was assessed with the coefficient of variation (CV). Furthermore, the person-based similarity index (PBSI) was employed to quantify the similarity of CT, SA, and SV profile of each individual to others within the same diagnostic group. Normative modeling of the PBSI-CT, PBSI-SA, and PBSI-SV was used to identify CHR and FEP individuals whose scores deviated markedly from those of the healthy individuals. RESULTS There was no effect of diagnosis on the CV for any regional measure (P > .38). CHR and FEP individuals differed significantly from the HC group in terms of PBSI-CT (P < .0001), PBSI-SA (P < .0001), and PBSI-SV (P = .01). In the clinical groups, normative modeling identified 32 (22%) individuals with deviant PBSI-CT, 12 (8.4%) with deviant PBSI-SA, and 21 (15%) with deviant PBSI-SV; differences of small effect size indicated that individuals with deviant PBSI scores had lower IQ and higher psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Examination of brain structural variability in early psychosis indicated heterogeneity at the level of individual profiles and encourages further large-scale examination to identify individuals that deviate markedly from normative reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Antoniades
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shalaila S Haas
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Oleg Bykowsky
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; tel: +41 0(61) 325 59 29, fax: +41 (0)61 325 55 82, e-mail:
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Kirschner M, Schmidt A, Hodzic-Santor B, Burrer A, Manoliu A, Zeighami Y, Yau Y, Abbasi N, Maatz A, Habermeyer B, Abivardi A, Avram M, Brandl F, Sorg C, Homan P, Riecher-Rössler A, Borgwardt S, Seifritz E, Dagher A, Kaiser S. Orbitofrontal-Striatal Structural Alterations Linked to Negative Symptoms at Different Stages of the Schizophrenia Spectrum. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:849-863. [PMID: 33257954 PMCID: PMC8084448 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms such as anhedonia and apathy are among the most debilitating manifestations of schizophrenia (SZ). Imaging studies have linked these symptoms to morphometric abnormalities in 2 brain regions implicated in reward and motivation: the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum. Higher negative symptoms are generally associated with reduced OFC thickness, while higher apathy specifically maps to reduced striatal volume. However, it remains unclear whether these tissue losses are a consequence of chronic illness and its treatment or an underlying phenotypic trait. Here, we use multicentre magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate orbitofrontal-striatal abnormalities across the SZ spectrum from healthy populations with high schizotypy to unmedicated and medicated first-episode psychosis (FEP), and patients with chronic SZ. Putamen, caudate, accumbens volume, and OFC thickness were estimated from T1-weighted images acquired in all 3 diagnostic groups and controls from 4 sites (n = 337). Results were first established in 1 discovery dataset and replicated in 3 independent samples. There was a negative correlation between apathy and putamen/accumbens volume only in healthy individuals with schizotypy; however, medicated patients exhibited larger putamen volume, which appears to be a consequence of antipsychotic medications. The negative association between reduced OFC thickness and total negative symptoms also appeared to vary along the SZ spectrum, being significant only in FEP patients. In schizotypy, there was increased OFC thickness relative to controls. Our findings suggest that negative symptoms are associated with a temporal continuum of orbitofrontal-striatal abnormalities that may predate the occurrence of SZ. Thicker OFC in schizotypy may represent either compensatory or pathological mechanisms prior to the disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kirschner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 3801 Rue University, Montréal QC, H3A 2B4 Canada; tel: +1 514-398-1726, fax: +1 514–398–8948, e-mail:
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Achim Burrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Manoliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
| | - Yashar Zeighami
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yvonne Yau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nooshin Abbasi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anke Maatz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Aslan Abivardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mihai Avram
- Department of Neuroradiology and TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Schleswig Holstein University Hospital, University Lübeck, Lübeck Germany
| | - Felix Brandl
- Department of Psychiatry and TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology and TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and TUM-NIC Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Homan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY
| | | | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adult Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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