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Lang A, Eastburn EA, Younesi M, Nijsure M, Siciliano C, Haran AP, Panebianco CJ, Seidl E, Tang R, Alsberg E, Willett NJ, Gottardi R, Huh D, Boerckel JD. Cyr61 delivery promotes angiogenesis during bone fracture repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588239. [PMID: 38617208 PMCID: PMC11014620 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Compromised vascular supply and insufficient neovascularization impede bone repair, increasing risk of non-union. Cyr61, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer of 61kD (also known as CCN1), is a matricellular growth factor that is regulated by mechanical cues during fracture repair. Here, we map the distribution of endogenous Cyr61 during bone repair and evaluate the effects of recombinant Cyr61 delivery on vascularized bone regeneration. In vitro, Cyr61 treatment did not alter chondrogenesis or osteogenic gene expression, but significantly enhanced angiogenesis. In a mouse femoral fracture model, Cyr61 delivery did not alter cartilage or bone formation, but accelerated neovascularization during fracture repair. Early initiation of ambulatory mechanical loading disrupted Cyr61-induced neovascularization. Together, these data indicate that Cyr61 delivery can enhance angiogenesis during bone repair, particularly for fractures with stable fixation, and may have therapeutic potential for fractures with limited blood vessel supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Lang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily A. Eastburn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mousa Younesi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Madhura Nijsure
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carly Siciliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annapurna Pranatharthi Haran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Seidl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nick J. Willett
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Anup A, Dieterich S, Oreffo ROC, Dailey HL, Lang A, Haffner-Luntzer M, Hixon KR. Embracing ethical research: Implementing the 3R principles into fracture healing research for sustainable scientific progress. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:568-577. [PMID: 38124294 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As scientific advancements continue to reshape the world, it becomes increasingly crucial to uphold ethical standards and minimize the potentially adverse impact of research activities. In this context, the implementation of the 3R principles-Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement-has emerged as a prominent framework for promoting ethical research practices in the use of animals. This article aims to explore recent advances in integrating the 3R principles into fracture healing research, highlighting their potential to enhance animal welfare, scientific validity, and societal trust. The review focuses on in vitro, in silico, ex vivo, and refined in vivo methods, which have the potential to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments in musculoskeletal, bone, and fracture healing research. Here, we review material that was presented at the workshop "Implementing 3R Principles into Fracture Healing Research" at the 2023 Orthopedic Research Society (ORS) Annual Meeting in Dallas, Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Anup
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sandra Dieterich
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hannah L Dailey
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katherine R Hixon
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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3
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Wolter A, Jirkof P, Thöne-Reineke C, Rapp AE, Lang A. Evaluating rearing behaviour as a model-specific pain indicator in mouse osteotomy models. Lab Anim 2024; 58:9-21. [PMID: 37684025 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231183197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess pain in mouse models of bone fractures, currently applied assessment batteries use combinations of clinical signs with spontaneous behaviours and model-specific behaviours, including walking and weight-bearing behaviour. Rearing behaviour - an upright position on the hindlimbs - has a motivational and an ambulatory component. Thus, rearing behaviour might have the potential to be an indicator for model-specific pain in mouse fracture models. To date, the assessment of rearing behaviour in bone fracture models using mice is only scarcely described. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the duration of rearing behaviour is affected by osteotomy of the femur in male and female C57BL/6N mice with external fixation (rigid vs. flexible) and could be an additional sign for model-specific pain, such as the presence of limping. Rearing duration was significantly decreased after osteotomy in male and female mice at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, but was not affected by anaesthesia/analgesia alone. In male mice, the relative rearing duration increased over 72 h (both fixations) and at 10 days in the rigid fixation group but remained significantly lower in the flexible fixation group. In contrast, in female mice, no increase in rearing duration was observed within 72 h and at 10 days post-osteotomy, independent of the fixation. We did not identify any association between relative rearing time and presence or absence of limping. In summary, our results do not provide sufficient evidence that altered rearing behaviour might be an indicative sign for pain in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Wolter
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3R, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna E Rapp
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Department of Orthopaedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Germany
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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4
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Vijayakumar Sreelatha H, Palekkodan H, Fasaludeen A, K. Krishnan L, Abelson KSP. Refinement of the motorised laminectomy-assisted rat spinal cord injury model by analgesic treatment. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294720. [PMID: 38227583 PMCID: PMC10790998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Usage and reporting of analgesia in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) have been sparse and requires proper attention. The majority of experimental SCI research uses rats as an animal model. This study aimed to probe into the effects of some commonly used regimens with NSAIDs and opioids on well-being of the rats as well as on the functional outcome of the model. This eight-week study used forty-two female Wistar rats (Crl: WI), randomly and equally divided into 6 treatment groups, viz. I) tramadol (5mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); II) carprofen (5mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); III) carprofen (5mg/kg); IV) meloxicam (1mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.05mg/kg); V) meloxicam (1mg/kg); and VI) no analgesia (0.5 ml sterile saline). Buprenorphine was administered twice daily whereas other treatments were given once daily for five days post-operatively. Injections were given subcutaneously. All animals underwent dental burr-assisted laminectomy at the T10-T11 vertebra level. A custom-built calibrated spring-loaded 200 kilodynes force deliverer was used to induce severe SCI. Weekly body weight scores, Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), and dark-phase home cage activity were used as markers for well-being. Weekly Basso Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores served as markers for functionality together with Novel Object Recognition test (NOR) at week 8 and terminal histopathology using area of vacuolisation and live neuronal count from the ventral horns of spinal cord. It was concluded that the usage of analgesia improved animal wellbeing while having no effects on the functional aspects of the animal model in comparison to the animals that received no analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Vijayakumar Sreelatha
- Department of Applied Biology, Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hamza Palekkodan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Ansar Fasaludeen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookot, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Lissy K. Krishnan
- Biological Research and Innovation Wing, Dr. Moopen’s Medical College, Wayanad, Kerala, India
| | - Klas S. P. Abelson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Mumtaz S, Baseer N, Habib SH. Concomitant use of pre-emptive analgesia with local and general anesthesia in rat uterine pain surgical model. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241252385. [PMID: 38631845 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241252385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Preemptive analgesia is used for postoperative pain management, providing pain relief with few adverse effects. In this study, the effect of a preemptive regime on rat behavior and c-fos expression in the spinal cord of the uterine surgical pain model was evaluated. It was a lab-based experimental study in which 60 female Sprague-Dawley rats; eight to 10 weeks old, weighing 150-300 gm were used. The rats were divided into two main groups: (i) superficial pain group (SG) (with skin incision only), (ii) deep pain group (with skin and uterine incisions). Each group was further divided into three subgroups based on the type of preemptive analgesia administered i.e., "tramadol, buprenorphine, and saline subgroups." Pain behavior was evaluated using the "Rat Grimace Scale" (RGS) at 2, 4, 6, 9 and 24 h post-surgery. Additionally, c-fos immunohistochemistry was performed on sections from spinal dorsal horn (T12-L2), and its expression was evaluated using optical density and mean cell count 2 hours postoperatively. Significant reduction in the RGS was noted in both the superficial and deep pain groups within the tramadol and buprenorphine subgroups when compared to the saline subgroup (p ≤ .05). There was a significant decrease in c-fos expression both in terms of number of c-fos positive cells and the optical density across the superficial laminae and lamina X of the spinal dorsal horn in both SD and DG (p ≤ .05). In contrast, the saline group exhibited c-fos expression primarily in laminae I-II and III-IV for both superficial and deep pain groups and lamina X in the deep pain group only (p ≤ .05). Hence, a preemptive regimen results in significant suppression of both superficial and deep components of pain transmission. These findings provide compelling evidence of the analgesic efficacy of preemptive treatment in alleviating pain response associated with uterine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Mumtaz
- Department of Anatomy, Federal Medical College Islamabad. Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najma Baseer
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hamid Habib
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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6
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Kroos S, Halima M, Kroon J, van der Woude D, Meijer OC, van de Wal MD, Verhave PS, Schaaf MJ, Toes RE, Kampstra AS. Tramadol/paracetamol treatment attenuates the development of collagen antibody-induced arthritis and interferes with prednisolone treatment in mice. Lab Anim 2023; 57:541-551. [PMID: 37066741 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231166029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model is highly effective in inducing arthritis, making it an attractive model for screening therapeutic compounds such as glucocorticoids (GCs). The severity of discomfort in this model makes it desirable to administer analgesics, but it is a prerequisite that these do not interfere with the model or tested therapeutics. In the present study, we studied the effect of 1 mg/mL tramadol and 3.5 mg/mL paracetamol (TP) on CAIA in male BALB/cAnNCrl mice and the possible interference of TP analgesia with the activity of the GC drug prednisolone (Pred). Our results showed that TP abolished the Pred-induced amelioration of CAIA, as well as several other Pred-induced effects, such as the reduction in thymus weight and the increase in insulin level. This most likely results from the effects of TP on the hepatic metabolism of this drug, since it strongly increased the Cyp3a11 expression in the liver. Altogether, we conclude that TP analgesia is not suitable for the CAIA model in male BALB/cAnNCrl mice, in particular when evaluating the effects of GCs such as Pred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Kroos
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Halima
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kroon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peternella S Verhave
- Animal Welfare Body Leiden, Leiden University Medical Center and Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | - René Em Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Arieke Sb Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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7
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Wolter A, Bucher CH, Kurmies S, Schreiner V, Konietschke F, Hohlbaum K, Klopfleisch R, Löhning M, Thöne-Reineke C, Buttgereit F, Huwyler J, Jirkof P, Rapp AE, Lang A. A buprenorphine depot formulation provides effective sustained post-surgical analgesia for 72 h in mouse femoral fracture models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3824. [PMID: 36882427 PMCID: PMC9992384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate pain management is essential for ethical and scientific reasons in animal experiments and should completely cover the period of expected pain without the need for frequent re-application. However, current depot formulations of Buprenorphine are only available in the USA and have limited duration of action. Recently, a new microparticulate Buprenorphine formulation (BUP-Depot) for sustained release has been developed as a potential future alternative to standard formulations available in Europe. Pharmacokinetics indicate a possible effectiveness for about 72 h. Here, we investigated whether the administration of the BUP-Depot ensures continuous and sufficient analgesia in two mouse fracture models (femoral osteotomy) and could, therefore, serve as a potent alternative to the application of Tramadol via the drinking water. Both protocols were examined for analgesic effectiveness, side effects on experimental readout, and effects on fracture healing outcomes in male and female C57BL/6N mice. The BUP-Depot provided effective analgesia for 72 h, comparable to the effectiveness of Tramadol in the drinking water. Fracture healing outcome was not different between analgesic regimes. The availability of a Buprenorphine depot formulation for rodents in Europe would be a beneficial addition for extended pain relief in mice, thereby increasing animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Wolter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kurmies
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria Schreiner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Konietschke
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna E Rapp
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Riddell DL, Hyndman TH, Bowden RS, Musk GC. Use of a Low-calorie Flavored Gel to Facilitate Oral Self-administration of Analgesics in Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:163-169. [PMID: 36889695 PMCID: PMC10078929 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to determine whether mice would adapt to a low-calorie flavored water gel as their sole source of hydration and whether the addition of acetaminophen, tramadol, meloxicam, or buprenorphine to the gel would affect their intake. Water and gel intakes were measured during a 4-phase study, each of which lasted 1 wk: phase 1, standard water bottle only; phase 2, standard water bottle and a separate tube containing water gel; phase 3, water gel only; and phase 4, water gel containing an analgesic drug. Water consumption, corrected for body mass, was not different between male and female mice when water was available (phases 1 and 2). However, the total consumption of water and water gel was higher for females than males during phase 2, and female mice consumed more gel than males during phase 3. When male and female data were combined, total corrected water intake was not different among the first 3 phases of the study. Gel intake did not change significantly after the addition of acetaminophen, meloxicam, buprenorphine or tramadol as compared with untreated water gel. These data suggest that drugs presented in the low-calorie flavored water gel may be a viable alternative to injection or gavage for the administration of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayna L Riddell
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;,
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ross S Bowden
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry, and Physics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- Animal Care Services, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Durst M, Graf TR, Graf R, Kron M, Arras M, Zechner D, Palme R, Talbot SR, Jirkof P. Analysis of Pain and Analgesia Protocols in Acute Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744638. [PMID: 34880773 PMCID: PMC8645955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is known to be painful in humans and companion animals. However, the extent of pain in experimental mouse models of acute pancreatitis is unknown. Consequently, the severity classification of acute pancreatitis in mice is controversially discussed and standardized pain management is missing. In this study, we investigated acute Cerulein-induced pancreatitis with pain-specific and well-being orientated parameters to detect its impact on mice. Male C57BL/6J male mice were injected with Cerulein; animals that received saline injections served as control group. The animals were observed for weight change and water intake. To assess pain, behaviors like stretch-and-press and reduced rearing, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and von Frey hypersensitivity were assessed. Fecal corticosterone metabolites and burrowing behavior were assessed to detect changes in the animal’s well-being. Pancreatitis severity was evaluated with amylase and lipase in the blood and pancreas histology. To investigate whether different analgesics can alleviate signs of pain, and if they influence pancreas inflammation, animals received Buprenorphine, Paracetamol in combination with Tramadol, or Metamizole in the drinking water. The calculated intake of these analgesics via drinking reached values stated to be efficient for pain alleviation. While pancreatitis did not seem to be painful, we detected acute pain from Cerulein injections that could not be alleviated by analgesics. The number of inflammatory cells in the pancreas did not differ with the analgesic administered. In conclusion: (1) Cerulein injections appear to be acutely painful but pain could not be alleviated by the tested analgesics, (2) acute pancreatitis induced by our protocol did not induce obvious signs of pain, (3) analgesic substances had no detectable influence on inflammation. Nevertheless, protocols inducing more severe or even chronic pancreatitis might evoke more pain and analgesic treatment might become imperative. Considering our results, we recommend the use of Buprenorphine via drinking water in these protocols. Further studies to search for efficient analgesics that can alleviate the acute pain induced by Cerulein injections are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Durst
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresia Reding Graf
- Pancreas Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral Surgery & Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Pancreas Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral Surgery & Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mareike Kron
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Centre for Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Office for Animal Welfare & 3R, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Wolter A, Rapp AE, Durst MS, Hildebrand L, Löhning M, Buttgereit F, Schmidt-Bleek K, Jirkof P, Lang A. Systematic review on the reporting accuracy of experimental details in publications using mouse femoral fracture models. Bone 2021; 152:116088. [PMID: 34175502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of animal experiments can be influenced by a variety of factors. Thus, precise reporting is necessary to provide reliable and reproducible data. Initiatives such as the ARRIVE guidelines have been enrolled during the last decade to provide a road map for sufficient reporting. To understand the sophisticated process of bone regeneration and to develop new therapeutic strategies, small rodents, especially mice, are frequently used in bone healing research. Since many factors might influence the results from those studies, we performed a systematic literature search from 2010 to 2019 to identify studies involving mouse femoral fracture models (stable fixation) and evaluated the reporting of general and model-specific experimental details. 254 pre-selected publications were systematically analyzed, showing a high reporting accuracy for the used mouse strain, the age or developmental stage and sex of mice as well as model-specific information on fixation methods and fracturing procedures. However, reporting was more often insufficient in terms of mouse substrains and genetic backgrounds of genetically modified mice, body weight, hygiene monitoring/immune status of the animal, anesthesia, and analgesia. Consistent and reliable reporting of experimental variables in mouse fracture surgeries will improve scientific quality, enhance animal welfare, and foster translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Wolter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna E Rapp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mattea S Durst
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Hildebrand
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Max Löhning
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, A Leibniz Institute, Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-second consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2019 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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12
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Navarro KL, Huss M, Smith JC, Sharp P, Marx JO, Pacharinsak C. Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science. ILAR J 2021; 62:238-273. [PMID: 34180990 PMCID: PMC9236661 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors’ recommendation based on the authors’ clinical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela L Navarro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Monika Huss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Smith
- Bioresources Department, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Sharp
- Office of Research and Economic Development, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Animal Resources Authority, Murdoch, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James O Marx
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Corresponding Author: Cholawat Pacharinsak, DVM, PhD, DACVAA, Stanford University, Department of Comparative Medicine, 287 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5410, USA. E-mail:
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13
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Exploration of Analgesia with Tramadol in the Coxsackievirus B3 Myocarditis Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071222. [PMID: 34202636 PMCID: PMC8310306 DOI: 10.3390/v13071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) triggers inflammation of the heart and this mouse model is commonly used to investigate underlying mechanisms and therapeutic aspects for viral myocarditis. Virus-triggered cytotoxicity and the activity of infiltrating immune cells contribute to cardiac tissue injury. In addition to cardiac manifestation, CVB3 causes cell death and inflammation in the pancreas. The resulting pancreatitis represents a severe burden and under such experimental conditions, analgesics may be supportive to improve the animals’ well-being. Notably, several known mechanisms exist by which analgesics can interfere with the immune system and thereby compromise the feasibility of the model. We set up a study aiming to improve animal welfare while ensuring model integrity and investigated how tramadol, an opioid, affects virus-induced pathogenicity and immune response in the heart. Tramadol was administered seven days prior to a CVB3 infection in C57BL/6 mice and treatment was continued until the day of analysis. Tramadol had no effect on the virus titer or viral pathogenicity in the heart tissue and the inflammatory response, a hallmark of myocardial injury, was maintained. Our results show that tramadol exerts no disruptive effects on the CVB3 myocarditis mouse model and, therefore, the demonstrated protocol should be considered as a general analgesic strategy for CVB3 infection.
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14
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Lidocaine and bupivacaine as part of multimodal pain management in a C57BL/6J laparotomy mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10918. [PMID: 34035397 PMCID: PMC8149411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the use of local anesthesia as part of multimodal pain management is common practice in human and veterinarian surgery, these drugs are not applied routinely in rodent surgery. Several recommendations on the use of local anesthesia exist, but systematic studies on their efficacy and side effects are lacking. In the present study, male and female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a sham vasectomy or a sham embryo transfer, respectively. We tested whether a mixture of subcutaneously injected Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in combination with systemic Paracetamol applied via drinking water results in superior pain relief when compared to treatment with local anesthesia or Paracetamol alone. We applied a combination of methods to assess behavioral, emotional, and physiological changes indicative of pain. Voluntary Paracetamol intake via drinking water reached the target dosage of 200 mg/kg in most animals. Local anesthesia did not lead to obvious side effects such as irregular wound healing or systemic disorders. No relevant sex differences were detected in our study. Sevoflurane anesthesia and surgery affected physiological and behavioral measurements. Surprisingly, Paracetamol treatment alone significantly increased the Mouse Grimace Scale. Taken together, mice treated with a combination of local anesthesia and systemic analgesia did not show fewer signs of post-surgical pain or improved recovery compared to animals treated with either local anesthesia or Paracetamol.
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15
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Webb DR, Churchill SR, Hill GD, McGee CA, Shi M, King-Herbert AP, Blankenship-Paris TL. Effects of Buprenorphine, Chlorhexidine, and Low-level Laser Therapy on Wound Healing in Mice. Comp Med 2021; 71:191-202. [PMID: 33863402 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic buprenorphine and topical antiseptics such as chlorhexidine are frequently used in research animals to aid in pain control and to reduce infection, respectively. These therapeutics are controversial, especially when used in wound healing studies, due to conflicting data suggesting that they delay wound healing. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used to aid in wound healing without exerting the systemic effects of therapies such as buprenorphine. We conducted 2 studies to investigate the effects of these common treatment modalities on the rate of wound healing in mice. The first study used models of punch biopsy and dermal abrasion to assess whether buprenorphine HCl or 0.12% chlorhexidine delayed wound healing. The second study investigated the effects of sustained-released buprenorphine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, and LLLT on excisional wound healing. The rate of wound healing was assessed by obtaining photographs on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 9 for the punch biopsy model in study 1, days 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 for the dermal abrasion model in study 1, and days 0, 3, 6, and 10 for the mice in study 2. Image J software was used to analyze the photographed wounds to determine the wound area. When comparing the wound area on the above days to the original wound area, no significant differences in healing were observed for any of the treatment groups at any time period for either study. Given the results of these studies, we believe that systemic buprenorphine, topical chlorhexidine, and LLLT can be used without impairing or delaying wound healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R Webb
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Toxicology Program, Durham, North Carolina;,
| | | | - Georgette D Hill
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Christopher A McGee
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Clinical Research Branch, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Min Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Angela P King-Herbert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Toxicology Program, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Terry L Blankenship-Paris
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Comparative Medicine Branch, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Sun J, Sun X, Chen J, Liao X, He Y, Wang J, Chen R, Hu S, Qiu C. microRNA-27b shuttled by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes prevents sepsis by targeting JMJD3 and downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 33413595 PMCID: PMC7791667 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomal microRNAs (miRs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to play roles in the pathophysiological processes of sepsis. Moreover, miR-27b is highly enriched in MSC-derived exosomes. Herein, we aimed to investigate the potential role and downstream molecular mechanism of exosomal miR-27b in sepsis. Methods Inflammation was induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and mice were made septic by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The expression pattern of miR-27b in MSC-derived exosomes was characterized using RT-qPCR, and its downstream gene was predicted by in silico analysis. The binding affinity between miR-27b, Jumonji D3 (JMJD3), or nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was characterized to identify the underlying mechanism. We induced miR-27b overexpression or downregulation, along with silencing of JMJD3 or NF-κB to examine their effects on sepsis. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was detected by ELISA. Results miR-27b was highly expressed in MSC-derived exosomes. Mechanistic investigations showed that miR-27b targeted JMJD3. miR-27b decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes by inhibiting the recruitment of JMJD3 and NF-κB at gene promoter region. Through this, MSC-derived exosomal miR-27b diminished production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated BMDMs and septic mice, which could be rescued by upregulation of JMJD3 and NF-κB. Besides, in vitro findings were reproduced by in vivo findings. Conclusion These data demonstrated that exosomal miR-27b derived from MSCs inhibited the development of sepsis by downregulating JMJD3 and inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Hematology Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liao
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan He
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Hu
- ShenZhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, No. 59, Gaoxin South 9th Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Medical Research Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Qiu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department, Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Analysis of Animal Well-Being When Supplementing Drinking Water with Tramadol or Metamizole during Chronic Pancreatitis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122306. [PMID: 33291366 PMCID: PMC7762076 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pain management during in vivo experiments can considerably improve the wellbeing of animals. However, often it is not clear, which drugs are best for the animals and how to apply these drugs without causing stress. In this study, we evaluated mice when metamizole or tramadol was provided via drinking water. Neither of these two drugs reduced the amount of consumed water or body weight in healthy mice or influenced their natural behavior, such as nest building or burrowing activity. Both analgesics were then given to mice suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Mice drinking tramadol supplemented water, at some time-points, experienced less loss in body weight and consumed more water than mice drinking metamizole. However, no major differences in other methods measuring wellbeing of mice was observed. In conclusion, both analgesics can be used during chronic pancreatitis, but tramadol seems to be moderately advantageous when compared to metamizole. Abstract Pain management during in vivo experiments is an animal welfare concern and is in many countries also legally required. In this study, we evaluated C57Bl/6J mice when 3 g/L metamizole or 1 g/L tramadol was provided via drinking water, before and during cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis. Supplementation of drinking water with metamizole or tramadol did not significantly reduce the amount of consumed water. In order to evaluate the wellbeing of mice, a distress score, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, and body weight was assessed. Before induction of pancreatitis, neither tramadol nor metamizole influenced these readout parameters. Chronic pancreatitis caused a significantly increased distress score, decreased burrowing activity and a reduction in body weight. Mice drinking tramadol-supplemented water experienced less loss in body weight and consumed more water than mice drinking metamizole, at a few time-points during chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic atrophy, a characteristic feature of chronic pancreatitis was not differentially influenced by either analgesic. In conclusion, both analgesics can be used during 33 days of chronic pancreatitis, but tramadol seems to be moderately advantageous when compared to metamizole.
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18
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Tang G, Seume N, Häger C, Kumstel S, Abshagen K, Bleich A, Vollmar B, Talbot SR, Zhang X, Zechner D. Comparing distress of mouse models for liver damage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19814. [PMID: 33188220 PMCID: PMC7666197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to foster animal welfare as well as high quality of research, many countries regulate by law that the severity of animal experiments must be evaluated and considered when performing biomedical research. It is well accepted that multiple parameters rather than a single readout parameter should be applied to describe animal distress or suffering. However, since the performance of readout parameters for animal distress is rarely defined and methods for multivariate analysis have only in rare cases been used, it is not known which methodology is most appropriate to define animal distress. This study used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to quantify the performance of burrowing activity, body weight change and a distress score of mice after induction of liver damage by bile duct ligation or carbon tetrachloride. In addition, Support Vector Machine classification was used to compare the distress of these mouse models. This approach demonstrated that bile duct ligation causes much more distress than carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. This study, therefore, provides a prototype how to compare two animal models by considering several readout parameters. In the future these or similar methods for multivariate analysis will be necessary, when assessing and comparing the severity of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Tang
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nico Seume
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Simone Kumstel
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Abshagen
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rudolf-Zenker, Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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19
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Pappritz K, Van Linthout S. Opioid-Induced Immunomodulation: Consequences for the Experimental Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis Model. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100335. [PMID: 33066118 PMCID: PMC7650777 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Myocarditis is an inflammatory disorder of the heart mainly caused by viruses. To investigate viral myocarditis, the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis model is the experimental model used since more than sixty years. In the pathogeneses of viral myocarditis, the subtle balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses is of great importance for disease manifestation. Parallel to the infection of the heart, experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis results in an infection of the pancreas, causing a severe burden for the challenged animals. In frame of animal welfare, application of analgesics is mandatory. So far, positive as well as negative effects of opioids on the immune system have been described. However, the impact of opioid application on the pathogenesis of experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis has not been investigated yet. Since examinations on disease pathways and new treatment options rely on established models to generate reproducible data, applicability of opioids in experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis needs to be carefully evaluated. For this purpose, we summarized published studies for 13 different opioids and discussed their potential impact on the CVB3-induced myocarditis model. Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disorder of the heart predominantly caused by infectious agents. Since more than sixty years, the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis mouse model is the experimental model used to investigate viral myocarditis. The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is conceptually a multiphase process, initiated by the infection of cardiomyocytes, followed by activation of the immune system, and resulting in myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction. In parallel to the direct infection of the heart, CVB3 replicates in lymphatic organs such as the pancreas. Due to infection of the pancreas, the model of experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis is estimated as a severe burden for the challenged animals. Application of analgesics in frame of the animal welfare act (European directive 2010/63/EU) is more and more becoming a matter of debate. For this purpose, we summarized published studies for 13 different opioids and discussed their potential impact on CVB3-induced myocarditis. In addition, with this summary we also want to provide guidance for researchers beyond the myocarditis field to estimate the impact of opioids on the immune system for their specific model. In the literature, both immunosuppressive as well as immune-activating effects of opioids have been described, but examinations in experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis have still not been reported so far. Based on the existing publications, administration of opioids in experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis might result in more severe disease progression, including higher mortality, or a less pronounced myocarditis model, failing to be used for the establishment of new treatment options. Taken together, the applicability of opioids in experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis and in inflammatory models in general needs to be carefully evaluated and further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pappritz
- Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450539509
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Berkmann JC, Herrera Martin AX, Ellinghaus A, Schlundt C, Schell H, Lippens E, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Schmidt-Bleek K. Early pH Changes in Musculoskeletal Tissues upon Injury-Aerobic Catabolic Pathway Activity Linked to Inter-Individual Differences in Local pH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072513. [PMID: 32260421 PMCID: PMC7177603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Local pH is stated to acidify after bone fracture. However, the time course and degree of acidification remain unknown. Whether the acidification pattern within a fracture hematoma is applicable to adjacent muscle hematoma or is exclusive to this regenerative tissue has not been studied to date. Thus, in this study, we aimed to unravel the extent and pattern of acidification in vivo during the early phase post musculoskeletal injury. Local pH changes after fracture and muscle trauma were measured simultaneously in two pre-clinical animal models (sheep/rats) immediately after and up to 48 h post injury. The rat fracture hematoma was further analyzed histologically and metabolomically. In vivo pH measurements in bone and muscle hematoma revealed a local acidification in both animal models, yielding mean pH values in rats of 6.69 and 6.89, with pronounced intra- and inter-individual differences. The metabolomic analysis of the hematomas indicated a link between reduction in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and pH, thus, metabolic activity within the injured tissues could be causative for the different pH values. The significant acidification within the early musculoskeletal hematoma could enable the employment of the pH for novel, sought-after treatments that allow for spatially and temporally controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Berkmann
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron X. Herrera Martin
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
| | - Claudia Schlundt
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Hanna Schell
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Evi Lippens
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13357 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (J.C.B.); (A.X.H.M.); (C.S.); (H.S.); (E.L.); (G.N.D.); (S.T.)
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10178, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450-659209; Fax: +49-(0)30-450-559938
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Stefanowski J, Lang A, Rauch A, Aulich L, Köhler M, Fiedler AF, Buttgereit F, Schmidt-Bleek K, Duda GN, Gaber T, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. Spatial Distribution of Macrophages During Callus Formation and Maturation Reveals Close Crosstalk Between Macrophages and Newly Forming Vessels. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2588. [PMID: 31956322 PMCID: PMC6953593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential players in the process of fracture healing, acting by remodeling of the extracellular matrix and enabling vascularization. Whilst activated macrophages of M1-like phenotype are present in the initial pro-inflammatory phase of hours to days of fracture healing, an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype is supposed to be crucial for the induction of downstream cascades of healing, especially the initiation of vascularization. In a mouse-osteotomy model, we provide a comprehensive characterization of vessel (CD31+, Emcn+) and macrophage phenotypes (F4/80, CD206, CD80, Mac-2) during the process of fracture healing. To this end, we phenotype the phases of vascular regeneration-the expansion phase (d1-d7 after injury) and the remodeling phase of the endothelial network, until tissue integrity is restored (d14-d21 after injury). Vessels which appear during the bone formation process resemble type H endothelium (CD31hiEmcnhi), and are closely connected to osteoprogenitors (Runx2+, Osx+) and F4/80+ macrophages. M1-like macrophages are present in the initial phase of vascularization until day 3 post osteotomy, but they are rare during later regeneration phases. M2-like macrophages localize mainly extramedullary, and CD206+ macrophages are found to express Mac-2+ during the expansion phase. VEGFA expression is initiated by CD80+ cells, including F4/80+ macrophages, until day 3, while subsequently osteoblasts and chondrocytes are main contributors to VEGFA production at the fracture site. Using Longitudinal Intravital Microendoscopy of the Bone (LIMB) we observe changes in the motility and organization of CX3CR1+ cells, which infiltrate the injury site after an osteotomy. A transient accumulation, resulting in spatial polarization of both, endothelial cells and macrophages, in regions distal to the fracture site, is evident. Immunofluorescence histology followed by histocytometric analysis reveals that F4/80+CX3CR1+ myeloid cells precede vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stefanowski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ariana Rauch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linus Aulich
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander F Fiedler
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Jirkof P, Rudeck J, Lewejohann L. Assessing Affective State in Laboratory Rodents to Promote Animal Welfare-What Is the Progress in Applied Refinement Research? Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1026. [PMID: 31775293 PMCID: PMC6941082 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's capacity to suffer is a prerequisite for any animal welfare concern, and the minimization of suffering is a key aim of refinement research. In contrast to the traditional focus on avoiding or reducing negative welfare states, modern animal welfare concepts highlight the importance of promoting positive welfare states in laboratory animals. Reliable assessments of affective states, as well as the knowledge of how to elicit positive affective states, are central to this concept. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative affective states in animals in the last decades, but it is only recently that the neurobiology of positive emotions in humans and animals has been gaining more interest. Thereby, the need for promotion of positive affective states for laboratory animals is gaining more acceptance, and methods allowing the assessment of affective states in animals have been increasingly introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess affective states in laboratory rodents. We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulin Jirkof
- Department Animal Welfare and 3R, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Rudeck
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 12277 Berlin, Germany; (J.R.); (L.L.)
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), 12277 Berlin, Germany; (J.R.); (L.L.)
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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