1
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Kriska T, Natarajan J, Herrnreiter A, Park SK, Pfister SL, Thomas MJ, Widiapradja A, Levick SP, Campbell WB. Cellular metabolism of substance P produces neurokinin-1 receptor peptide agonists with diminished cyclic AMP signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C151-C167. [PMID: 38798270 PMCID: PMC11371325 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00103.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is released from sensory nerves in the arteries and heart. It activates neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) causing vasodilation, immune modulation, and adverse cardiac remodeling. The hypothesis was tested: SP and SP metabolites activate different second messenger signaling pathways. Macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts metabolized SP to N- and C-terminal metabolites to varying extents. SP 5-11 was the most abundant metabolite followed by SP 1-4, SP 7-11, SP 6-11, SP 3-11, and SP 8-11. In NK1R-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, SP and some C-terminal SP metabolites stimulate the NK1R, promoting the dissociation of several Gα proteins, including Gαs and Gαq from their βγ subunits. SP increases intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca]i) and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation with similar -log EC50 values of 8.5 ± 0.3 and 7.8 ± 0.1 M, respectively. N-terminal metabolism of SP by up to five amino acids and C-terminal deamidation of SP produce peptides that retain activity to increase [Ca]i but not to increase cAMP. C-terminal metabolism results in the loss of both activities. Thus, [Ca]i and cAMP signaling are differentially affected by SP metabolism. To assess the role of N-terminal metabolism, SP and SP 6-11 were compared with cAMP-mediated activities in NK1R-expressing 3T3 fibroblasts. SP inhibits nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity, cell proliferation, and wound healing and stimulates collagen production. SP 6-11 had little or no activity. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is increased by SP but not by SP 6-11. Thus, metabolism may select the cellular response to SP by inhibiting or redirecting the second messenger signaling pathway activated by the NK1R.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endothelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts metabolize substance P (SP) to N- and C-terminal metabolites with SP 5-11 as the most abundant metabolite. SP activates neurokinin-1 receptors to increase intracellular calcium and cyclic AMP. In contrast, SP metabolites of N-terminal metabolism and C-terminal deamidation retain the ability to increase calcium but lose the ability to increase cyclic AMP. These new insights indicate that the metabolism of SP directs cellular functions by regulating specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kriska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jayashree Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anja Herrnreiter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sandra L Pfister
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alexander Widiapradja
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, Virginia, United States
| | - Scott P Levick
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, Virginia, United States
| | - William B Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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2
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Yoodee S, Rujitharanawong C, Sueksakit K, Tuchinda P, Kulthanan K, Thongboonkerd V. Comparative analyses of various IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated inducers of mast cell degranulation for in vitro study. Immunol Res 2024; 72:331-346. [PMID: 38001385 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In vitro investigations of mast cell (MC) degranulation are essential for studying many diseases, particularly allergy and urticaria. Many MC-degranulation inducers are currently available. However, there is no previous systematic comparative analysis of these available inducers in term of their efficacies to induce MC degranulation. Herein, we performed systematic comparisons of efficacies of five well-known and commonly used MC-degranulation inducers. RBL-2H3 cells were sensitized with 50 ng/ml anti-DNP IgE or biotinylated IgE followed by stimulation with 100 ng/ml DNP-BSA or streptavidin, respectively. For non-IgE-mediated inducers, the cells were treated with 5 µg/ml substance P, compound 48/80, or A23187. At 15-, 30-, 45- and 60-min post-induction, several common MC-degranulation markers (including intracellular [Ca2+], β-hexosaminidase release, tryptase expression by immunofluorescence staining, cellular tryptase level by immunoblotting, secretory tryptase level by immunoblotting, CD63 expression by immunofluorescence staining, and CD63 expression by flow cytometry) were evaluated. The data showed that all these markers significantly increased after activation by all inducers. Among them, A23187 provided the greatest degrees of increases in intracellular [Ca2+] and β-hexosaminidase release at all time-points and upregulation of CD63 at one time-point. These data indicate that all these IgE-mediated (anti-DNP IgE/DNP-BSA and biotinylated IgE/streptavidin) and non-IgE-mediated (substance P, compound 48/80, and A23187) inducers effectively induce MC degranulation, while A23187 seems to be the most effective inducer for MC degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Yoodee
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuda Rujitharanawong
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papapit Tuchinda
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokvalai Kulthanan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, 10700, Bangkok, Thailand.
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3
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Hoque MM, Gbadegoye JO, Hassan FO, Raafat A, Lebeche D. Cardiac fibrogenesis: an immuno-metabolic perspective. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1336551. [PMID: 38577624 PMCID: PMC10993884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1336551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a major and complex pathophysiological process that ultimately culminates in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. This phenomenon includes not only the replacement of the damaged tissue by a fibrotic scar produced by activated fibroblasts/myofibroblasts but also a spatiotemporal alteration of the structural, biochemical, and biomechanical parameters in the ventricular wall, eliciting a reactive remodeling process. Though mechanical stress, post-infarct homeostatic imbalances, and neurohormonal activation are classically attributed to cardiac fibrosis, emerging evidence that supports the roles of immune system modulation, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation in the initiation and progression of cardiac fibrogenesis has been reported. Adaptive changes, immune cell phenoconversions, and metabolic shifts in the cardiac nonmyocyte population provide initial protection, but persistent altered metabolic demand eventually contributes to adverse remodeling of the heart. Altered energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, various immune cells, immune mediators, and cross-talks between the immune cells and cardiomyocytes play crucial roles in orchestrating the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts and ensuing fibrotic remodeling of the heart. Manipulation of the metabolic plasticity, fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, and modulation of the immune response may hold promise for favorably modulating the fibrotic response following different cardiovascular pathological processes. Although the immunologic and metabolic perspectives of fibrosis in the heart are being reported in the literature, they lack a comprehensive sketch bridging these two arenas and illustrating the synchrony between them. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between different cardiac immune cells and metabolic pathways as well as summarizes the current understanding of the involvement of immune-metabolic pathways in cardiac fibrosis and attempts to identify some of the previously unaddressed questions that require further investigation. Moreover, the potential therapeutic strategies and emerging pharmacological interventions, including immune and metabolic modulators, that show promise in preventing or attenuating cardiac fibrosis and restoring cardiac function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirul Hoque
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Joy Olaoluwa Gbadegoye
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amr Raafat
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Djamel Lebeche
- Departments of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Medicine-Cardiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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4
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Hong X, Ma J, Zheng S, Zhao G, Fu C. Advances in the research and application of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:91-105. [PMID: 38303494 PMCID: PMC10835208 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) system has been found to be involved in various human pathophysiological disorders including the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Besides, studies in the oncological field have demonstrated an intricate correlation between the upregulation of NK-1R and the activation of SP/NK-1R system with the progression of multiple carcinoma types and poor clinical prognosis. These findings indicate that the modulation of SP/NK-1R system with NK-1R antagonists can be a potential broad-spectrum antitumor strategy. This review updates the latest potential and applications of NK-1R antagonists in the treatment of human diseases and cancers, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the strategies to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of NK-1R antagonist drugs are summarized, such as solid dispersion systems, nanonization, and nanoencapsulation. As a radiopharmaceutical therapeutic, the NK-1R antagonist aprepitant was originally developed as radioligand receptor to target NK-1R-overexpressing tumors. However, combining NK-1R antagonists with other drugs can produce a synergistic effect, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effect, alleviating the symptoms, and improving patients quality of life in several diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junjie Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Caiyun Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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5
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Mamazhakypov A, Maripov A, Sarybaev AS, Schermuly RT, Sydykov A. Mast Cells in Cardiac Remodeling: Focus on the Right Ventricle. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:54. [PMID: 38392268 PMCID: PMC10889421 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to various stressors, cardiac chambers undergo structural remodeling. Long-term exposure of the right ventricle (RV) to pressure or volume overload leads to its maladaptive remodeling, associated with RV failure and increased mortality. While left ventricular adverse remodeling is well understood and therapeutic options are available or emerging, RV remodeling remains underexplored, and no specific therapies are currently available. Accumulating evidence implicates the role of mast cells in RV remodeling. Mast cells produce and release numerous inflammatory mediators, growth factors and proteases that can adversely affect cardiac cells, thus contributing to cardiac remodeling. Recent experimental findings suggest that mast cells might represent a potential therapeutic target. This review examines the role of mast cells in cardiac remodeling, with a specific focus on RV remodeling, and explores the potential efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting mast cells to mitigate adverse RV remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argen Mamazhakypov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Abdirashit Maripov
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Akpay S Sarybaev
- Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Wang RM, Mesfin JM, Karkanitsa M, Ungerleider JL, Zelus E, Zhang Y, Kawakami Y, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, Christman KL. Immunomodulatory contribution of mast cells to the regenerative biomaterial microenvironment. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:53. [PMID: 37730736 PMCID: PMC10511634 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive immunomodulatory biomaterials have shown promise for influencing the immune response to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Macrophages and T cells have been associated with this response; however, other immune cell types have been traditionally overlooked. In this study, we investigated the role of mast cells in the regulation of the immune response to decellularized biomaterial scaffolds using a subcutaneous implant model. In mast cell-deficient mice, there was dysregulation of the expected M1 to M2 macrophage transition typically induced by the biomaterial scaffold. Polarization progression deviated in a sex-specific manner with an early transition to an M2 profile in female mice, while the male response was unable to properly transition past a pro-inflammatory M1 state. Both were reversed with adoptive mast cell transfer. Further investigation of the later-stage immune response in male mice determined a greater sustained pro-inflammatory gene expression profile, including the IL-1 cytokine family, IL-6, alarmins, and chemokines. These results highlight mast cells as another important cell type that influences the immune response to pro-regenerative biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Wang
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joshua M Mesfin
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maria Karkanitsa
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jessica L Ungerleider
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emma Zelus
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yu Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karen L Christman
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, Sanford Consortium of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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7
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Luo Y, Zhang H, Yu J, Wei L, Li M, Xu W. Stem cell factor/mast cell/CCL2/monocyte/macrophage axis promotes Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis by increasing Ly6C high monocyte influx and fibrogenic mediators production. Immunology 2022; 167:590-605. [PMID: 36054617 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), central players in allergy and parasitic infections, play key roles in inflammation and fibrosis. Here, the impact of MCs on the progression of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VMC) and fibrosis was investigated using MC-deficient KitW-sh mice. Viral titres, cellular infiltrates and heart pathologies were evaluated and compared with wild-type (WT) mice during acute CVB3 infection of C57BL/6 mice. CVB3 infection induced an increased accumulation and degranulation of MCs in the hearts of mice during acute infection. MC-deficient KitW-sh mice had slightly higher viral titres, decreased VMC and cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac dysfunction compared to WT mice via decreasing cardiac influx of Ly6Chigh monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ). While bone marrow-derived MC reconstitution decreased viral titre and worsened improved survival and VMC severity in Wsh mice. MC-fibroblasts co-culture revealed a cardiac MC-fibroblasts crosstalk during early infection: fibroblasts trigger MC degranulation and secretion of CCL2 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) via producing early stem cell factor (SCF); while MCs-fibrogenic mediators (TNF-α) stimulate fibroblasts to increase CCL2, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen and transforming growth factor beta(TGFβ) expression, thus aggravating cardiac fibrosis. MCs and fibroblast-derived CCL2s are both essential for cardiac Ly6Chigh Mo/Mφ influx. Administration of recombinant mouse SCF to CVB3-infected mice aggravates VMC via accelerating MCs accumulation and cardiac influx of Ly6Chi Mo/Mφ. Collectively, our data highlight an early MC-fibroblast crosstalk and SCF/MC/CCL2/Mo/Mφ axis as important mechanisms required for triggering VMC and myocardial fibrosis. This finding indicates critical roles of MCs in initiating and modulating cardiac innate response to CVB3 and has an implication in developing new and more effective treatments for VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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8
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Gharraee N, Wang Z, Pflum A, Medina-Hernandez D, Herrington D, Zhu X, Meléndez GC. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis and Tissue Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100292. [PMID: 36206854 PMCID: PMC9643491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects 1 in 3 adults in the United States and leads to left ventricular (LV) concentric hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased stiffness. The treatment of cardiac fibrosis remains challenging and empiric. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is highly effective in reducing cardiovascular events in patients and cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in animals when administered before pressure overload by promoting the increase of anti-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In this study, we investigated whether EPA mitigates the exacerbation of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis induced by established hypertension, a situation that closely recapitulates a clinical scenario. Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomized to eat an EPA-enriched or control diet for 20 weeks. We report that rats eating the EPA-enriched diet exhibited a reduction of interstitial cardiac fibrosis and ameliorated LV diastolic dysfunction despite the continuous increase in blood pressure. However, we found that EPA did not have an impact on cardiac hypertrophy. Interestingly, the EPA diet increased mRNA expression of M2 macrophage marker Mrc1 and interleukin-10 in cardiac tissue. These findings indicated that the antifibrotic effects of EPA are mediated in part by phenotypic polarization of macrophages toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and increases of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. In summary, EPA prevents the exacerbation of cardiac fibrosis and LV diastolic dysfunction during sustained pressure overload. EPA could represent a novel treatment strategy for hypertensive cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Gharraee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Pflum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danielle Medina-Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Herrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giselle C Meléndez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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9
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Chen Y, Sun W, Tang H, Li Y, Li C, Wang L, Chen J, Lin W, Li S, Fan Z, Cheng Y, Chen C. Interactions Between Immunomodulatory Biomaterials and Immune Microenvironment: Cues for Immunomodulation Strategies in Tissue Repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:820940. [PMID: 35646833 PMCID: PMC9140325 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.820940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The foreign body response (FBR) caused by biomaterials can essentially be understood as the interaction between the immune microenvironment and biomaterials, which has severely impeded the application of biomaterials in tissue repair. This concrete interaction occurs via cells and bioactive substances, such as proteins and nucleic acids. These cellular and molecular interactions provide important cues for determining which element to incorporate into immunomodulatory biomaterials (IMBs), and IMBs can thus be endowed with the ability to modulate the FBR and repair damaged tissue. In terms of cellular, IMBs are modified to modulate functions of immune cells, such as macrophages and mast cells. In terms of bioactive substances, proteins and nucleic acids are delivered to influence the immune microenvironment. Meanwhile, IMBs are designed with high affinity for spatial targets and the ability to self-adapt over time, which allows for more efficient and intelligent tissue repair. Hence, IMB may achieve the perfect functional integration in the host, representing a breakthrough in tissue repair and regeneration medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingze Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziwen Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Levick SP. Histamine receptors in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1355-1372. [PMID: 34622365 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic amine, histamine, is found predominantly in mast cells, as well as specific histaminergic neurons. Histamine exerts its many and varied actions via four G-protein-coupled receptors numbered one through four. Histamine has multiple effects on cardiac physiology, mainly via the histamine 1 and 2 receptors, which on a simplified level have opposing effects on heart rate, force of contraction, and coronary vasculature function. In heart failure, the actions of the histamine receptors are complex, the histamine 1 receptor appears to have detrimental actions predominantly in the coronary vasculature, while the histamine 2 receptor mediates adverse effects on cardiac remodeling via actions on cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and even endothelial cells. Conversely, there is growing evidence that the histamine 3 receptor exerts protective actions when activated. Little is known about the histamine 4 receptor in heart failure. Targeting histamine receptors as a therapeutic approach for heart failure is an important area of investigation given the over-the-counter access to many compounds targeting these receptors, and thus the relatively straight forward possibility of drug repurposing. In this review, we briefly describe histamine receptor signaling and the actions of each histamine receptor in normal cardiac physiology, before describing in more detail the known role of each histamine receptor in adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure. This includes information from both clinical studies and experimental animal models. It is the goal of this review article to bring more focus to the possibility of targeting histamine receptors as therapy for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Levick
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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11
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Widiapradja A, Kasparian AO, McCaffrey SL, Kolb LL, Imig JD, Lacey JL, Melendez GC, Levick SP. Replacement of Lost Substance P Reduces Fibrosis in the Diabetic Heart by Preventing Adverse Fibroblast and Macrophage Phenotype Changes. Cells 2021; 10:2659. [PMID: 34685639 PMCID: PMC8534147 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of the sensory nerve neuropeptide substance P (SP) have been reported in the diabetic rat heart, the consequence being a loss of cardioprotection in response to ischemic post-conditioning. We considered whether this loss of SP also predisposes the heart to non-ischemic diabetic cardiomyopathy in the form of fibrosis and hypertrophy. We report that diabetic Leprdb/db mice have reduced serum SP and that administration of exogenous replacement SP ameliorated cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac hypertrophy did not occur in Leprdb/db mice. Cardiac fibroblasts exposed to high glucose converted to a myofibroblast phenotype and produced excess extracellular matrix proteins; this was prevented by the presence of SP in the culture media. Cardiac fibroblasts exposed to high glucose produced increased amounts of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines, all of which were prevented by SP. Cultured macrophages assumed an M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype in response to high glucose as indicated by increased TNF-α, CCL2, and IL-6. SP promoted a shift to the reparative M2 macrophage phenotype characterized by arginase-1 and IL-10. Leprdb/db mice showed increased left ventricular M1 phenotype macrophages and an increase in the M1/M2 ratio. Replacement SP in Leprdb/db mice restored a favorable M1 to M2 balance. Together these findings indicate that a loss of SP predisposes the diabetic heart to developing fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic actions of replacement SP involve direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages to oppose adverse phenotype changes. This study identifies the potential of replacement SP to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Widiapradja
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ainsley O. Kasparian
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Samuel L. McCaffrey
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lauren L. Kolb
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.L.K.); (J.D.I.)
| | - John D. Imig
- Drug Discovery Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.L.K.); (J.D.I.)
| | - Jessica L. Lacey
- Section on Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (J.L.L.); (G.C.M.)
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Giselle C. Melendez
- Section on Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (J.L.L.); (G.C.M.)
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Scott P. Levick
- Kolling Institute, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (A.W.); (A.O.K.); (S.L.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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12
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Mehboob R. Neurokinin-1 Receptor as a potential drug target for COVID-19 treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112159. [PMID: 34536760 PMCID: PMC8435369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has become a pandemic in these days. It is an acute respiratory and infectious disease with no known etiology and treatment. It is continuously causing losses of precious lives and economy at a global scale on daily basis. It is the need of the hour to find more treatment strategies by either developing a drug or to boost the immune system. This opinion article aims to provide Substance P (SP) as a possible cause of the initiation of cytokine storm developed in COVID-19 infection and to suggest Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R) antagonist, Aprepitant, as a drug to be used for its treatment. This perspective will provide directions to the Biomedical scientists to explore SP and NK-1R and prepare a drug to alleviate the symptoms and cure the disease. It is very important to work on this perspective at earliest to reach to some conclusion regarding the therapeutic intervention. Clinical studies may also be conducted if proven successful. SP is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, released from the trigeminal nerve of brainstem as a result of nociception. It is directly related to the respiratory illness as in COVID-19 infection. It is responsible for the increased inflammation and the signature symptoms associated with this disease. It is the main switch that needs to be switched off by administering Aprepitant along with glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riffat Mehboob
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Lahore Medical Research Center, LLP, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Chumasov EI, Petrova ES, Kolos EA, Korzhevskii DE. Study of the Nerve Apparatus and Mast Cells in the Hearts of Old Rats. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neurokinin receptors and their implications in various autoimmune diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:66-78. [PMID: 35492389 PMCID: PMC9040085 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurokinin receptors belong to the GPCRs family and are ubiquitously expressed throughout the nervous and immune systems. Neurokinin receptors in coordination with neurokinins playing an important role in many physiological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, secretion, proliferation, and nociception. They also contribute to various disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and cancer. Neurokinin receptors antagonist are potent and highly selective and showing success in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this review, discuss the various neurokinin receptor expression on immune cells and their importance in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and their therapeutic importance. The Neurokinin receptor is an important regulatory mechanism to control the neuronal and immune systems. Various neurokinin receptors (NK1R, NK2R, and NK3R) are expressed in neurons and cells of the immune system. Substance P (SP) controls the differentiation and function of immune cells. SP-NK1R receptor signaling shows substantial cross-talk between neuronal and immune systems in inflammation and autoimmunity.
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McCaffrey SL, Lim G, Bullock M, Kasparian AO, Clifton-Bligh R, Campbell WB, Widiapradja A, Levick SP. The Histamine 3 Receptor Is Expressed in the Heart and Its Activation Opposes Adverse Cardiac Remodeling in the Angiotensin II Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9757. [PMID: 33371319 PMCID: PMC7767352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a basic amine stored in mast cells, with its release capable of activating one of four histamine receptors. The histamine 3 receptor (H3R) is known to be cardioprotective during acute ischemia by acting to limit norepinephrine release. However, a recent study reported that myofibroblasts isolated from the infarct zone of rat hearts responded to H3R activation by up-regulating collagen production. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the potential role of the H3R in relation to fibrosis in the heart. We identified that the mouse left ventricle (LV) expresses the H3R. Isolation of mouse cardiac fibroblasts determined that while angiotensin II (Ang II) increased levels of the H3R, these cells did not produce excess collagen in response to H3R activation. Using the Ang II mouse model of adverse cardiac remodeling, we found that while H3R blockade had little effect on cardiac fibrosis, activation of the H3R reduced cardiac fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. These findings suggest that when activated, the H3R is anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic in the mouse heart and may be a promising target for protecting against cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. McCaffrey
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Grace Lim
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
| | - Martyn Bullock
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
| | - Ainsley O. Kasparian
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
| | - William B. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Alexander Widiapradja
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Scott P. Levick
- Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia; (S.L.M.); (G.L.); (M.B.); (A.O.K.); (R.C.-B.); (A.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Xu H, Shi X, Li X, Zou J, Zhou C, Liu W, Shao H, Chen H, Shi L. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide regulation of mast cell function: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:356. [PMID: 33239034 PMCID: PMC7691095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the neural control of mast cell functions has long been proposed. Mast cells (MCs) are localized in association with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the brain, where they are closely aligned, anatomically and functionally, with neurons and neuronal processes throughout the body. They express receptors for and are regulated by various neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators. Consequently, modulation provided by these neurotransmitters and neuromodulators allows neural control of MC functions and involvement in the pathogenesis of mast cell–related disease states. Recently, the roles of individual neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in regulating mast cell actions have been investigated extensively. This review offers a systematic review of recent advances in our understanding of the contributions of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to mast cell activation and the pathological implications of this regulation on mast cell–related disease states, though the full extent to which such control influences health and disease is still unclear, and a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the control is lacking. Future validation of animal and in vitro models also is needed, which incorporates the integration of microenvironment-specific influences and the complex, multifaceted cross-talk between mast cells and various neural signals. Moreover, new biological agents directed against neurotransmitter receptors on mast cells that can be used for therapeutic intervention need to be more specific, which will reduce their ability to support inflammatory responses and enhance their potential roles in protecting against mast cell–related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiexin Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Linbo Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kotov G, Landzhov B, Stamenov N, Stanchev S, Iliev A. Changes in the number of mast cells, expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and extent of interstitial fibrosis in established and advanced hypertensive heart disease. Ann Anat 2020; 232:151564. [PMID: 32603827 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increasing number of studies have shed light on the role of cardiac mast cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced myocardial remodeling. Mast cells promote fibroblast activation, myofibroblast differentiation and subsequent collagen accumulation through the action of tryptase, chymase, histamine and fibroblast growth factor-2. The aim of the present study was to report on the changes in the number of mast cells as evaluated through toluidine blue, tryptase and c-kit staining, to assess the extent of interstitial fibrosis and correlate it with the changes in the number of mast cells and to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 in two groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats indicative of established and advanced hypertensive heart disease. A novel aspect of our work was the analysis of all parameters in the right ventricle. MATERIAL AND METHODS For the present study, we used 6- and 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. A light microscopic study was conducted on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue. For the immunohistochemical study we used monoclonal antibodies against mast cell tryptase and fibroblast growth factor-2 and a polyclonal antibody against c-kit. The expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 was assessed semi-quantitatively through ImageJ. The number of mast cells was evaluated on toluidine blue-, tryptase- and c-kit-stained sections and a comparative statistical analysis with the Mann-Whitney test was conducted between the two age groups. A separate statistical analysis between results obtained through immunostaining for tryptase and for c-kit was conducted in each age group with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The extent of fibrosis was assessed quantitatively on slides stained with Mallory's trichrome stain as a percentage of the whole tissue and compared between the two age groups. Spearman's correlation was used to test whether a correlation exists between the number of mast cells and the percentage of interstitial fibrosis. RESULTS Mast cells with typical cytoplasmic granules were visualized in the interstitial tissue and in the perivascular zone in both age groups. In both ventricles, their number increased significantly in 12-month-old animals as evaluated through all three staining methods. Moreover, immunostaining for tryptase and for c-kit yielded comparable results. The immunoreactivity of fibroblast growth factor-2 increased in both ventricles in older animals. Expression of this protein was particularly intensive in the cytoplasm of connective tissue cells with the characteristic features of mast cells mainly found in the areas of fibrotic alterations in 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. In both ventricles, interstitial fibrosis was more extensive throughout the myocardium of older animals and was positively correlated with the changes in the number of mast cells in both age groups. CONCLUSION The present study reported for the first time that the increase in the number of mast cells, observed as hypertension-induced myocardial changes progress, is statistically significant and confirmed that this process takes place in both ventricles. This increase is accompanied by a higher expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and is more strongly correlated with the more pronounced interstitial fibrosis in older animals, further supporting the role of mast cells in the structural changes taking place in the myocardium in response to systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Kotov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikola Stamenov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stancho Stanchev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexandar Iliev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Mast cells are innate immune cells that intersect with the adaptive immunity and play a crucial role in the initiation of allergic reactions and the host defense against certain parasites and venoms. When activated in an allergen- and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent manner, these cells secrete a large variety of allergenic mediators that are pre-stored in secretory granules or
de novo–synthesized. Traditionally, studies have predominantly focused on understanding this mechanism of mast cell activation and regulation. Along this line of study, recent studies have shed light on what structural features are required for allergens and how IgE, particularly anaphylactic IgE, is produced. However, the last few years have seen a flurry of new studies on IgE-independent mast cell activation, particularly via Mrgprb2 (mouse) and MRGPRX2 (human). These studies have greatly advanced our understanding of how mast cells exert non-histaminergic itch, pain, and drug-induced pseudoallergy by interacting with sensory neurons. Recent studies have also characterized mast cell activation and regulation by interleukin-33 (IL-33) and other cytokines and by non-coding RNAs. These newly identified mechanisms for mast cell activation and regulation will further stimulate the allergy/immunology community to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of allergic and non-allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Soo Kim
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.,Department of Dermatlogy, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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