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Borrmann H, Rijo-Ferreira F. Crosstalk between circadian clocks and pathogen niche. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012157. [PMID: 38723104 PMCID: PMC11081299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are intrinsic 24-hour oscillations found in nearly all life forms. They orchestrate key physiological and behavioral processes, allowing anticipation and response to daily environmental changes. These rhythms manifest across entire organisms, in various organs, and through intricate molecular feedback loops that govern cellular oscillations. Recent studies describe circadian regulation of pathogens, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, some of which have their own circadian rhythms while others are influenced by the rhythmic environment of hosts. Pathogens target specific tissues and organs within the host to optimize their replication. Diverse cellular compositions and the interplay among various cell types create unique microenvironments in different tissues, and distinctive organs have unique circadian biology. Hence, residing pathogens are exposed to cyclic conditions, which can profoundly impact host-pathogen interactions. This review explores the influence of circadian rhythms and mammalian tissue-specific interactions on the dynamics of pathogen-host relationships. Overall, this demonstrates the intricate interplay between the body's internal timekeeping system and its susceptibility to pathogens, which has implications for the future of infectious disease research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Berkeley Public Health, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Berkeley Public Health, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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2
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Pang X, Chen L, Xu G. New Awareness of the Interplay Between the Gut Microbiota and Circadian Rhythms. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:355-363. [PMID: 38095865 PMCID: PMC10725168 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence various aspects of the biology and physiology of the host, such as food intake and sleep/wake cycles. In recent years, an increasing amount of genetic and epidemiological data has shown that the light/dark cycle is the main cue that regulates circadian rhythms. Other factors, including sleep/wake cycles and food intake, have necessary effects on the composition and rhythms of the gut microbiota. Interestingly, the gut microbiota can affect the circadian rhythm of hosts in turn through contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, the gut microbiota has been shown to regulate the sleep/wake cycles through gut-brain-microbiota interaction. In addition to diabetes, the gut microbiota can also intervene in the progression of neuro- degenerative diseases through the gut-brain-microbiota interaction, and also in other diseases such as hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis, where it is thought to have a spare therapeutic potential. Even though fecal microbiota transplantation has good potential for treating many diseases, the risk of spreading intestinal pathogens should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Rankawat S, Kundal K, Chakraborty S, Kumar R, Ray S. A comprehensive rhythmicity analysis of host proteins and immune factors involved in malaria pathogenesis to decipher the importance of host circadian clock in malaria. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210299. [PMID: 37638001 PMCID: PMC10449258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythms broadly impact human health by regulating our daily physiological and metabolic processes. The circadian clocks substantially regulate our immune responses and susceptibility to infections. Malaria parasites have intrinsic molecular oscillations and coordinate their infection cycle with host rhythms. Considering the cyclical nature of malaria, a clear understanding of the circadian regulations in malaria pathogenesis and host responses is of immense importance. Methods We have thoroughly investigated the transcript level rhythmic patterns in blood proteins altered in falciparum and vivax malaria and malaria-related immune factors in mice, baboons, and humans by analyzing datasets from published literature and comprehensive databases. Using the Metascape and DAVID platforms, we analyzed Gene Ontology terms and physiological pathways associated with the rhythmic malaria-associated host immune factors. Results We observed that almost 50% of the malaria-associated host immune factors are rhythmic in mice and humans. Overlapping rhythmic genes identified in mice, baboons, and humans, exhibited enrichment (Q < 0.05, fold-enrichment > 5) of multiple physiological pathways essential for host immune and defense response, including cytokine production, leukocyte activation, cellular defense, and response, regulation of kinase activity, B-cell receptor signaling pathway, and cellular response to cytokine stimulus. Conclusions Our analysis indicates a robust circadian regulation on multiple interconnected host response pathways and immunological networks in malaria, evident from numerous rhythmic genes involved in those pathways. Host immune rhythms play a vital role in the temporal regulation of host-parasite interactions and defense machinery in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, India
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Zhao L, Lundy SR, Eko FO, Igietseme JU, Omosun YO. Genital tract microbiome dynamics are associated with time of Chlamydia infection in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9006. [PMID: 37268696 PMCID: PMC10238418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the time of Chlamydia infection was crucial in determining the chlamydial infectivity and pathogenesis. This study aims to determine whether the time of Chlamydia infection affects the genital tract microbiome. This study analyzed mice vaginal, uterine, and ovary/oviduct microbiome with and without Chlamydia infection. The mice were infected with Chlamydia at either 10:00 am (ZT3) or 10:00 pm (ZT15). The results showed that mice infected at ZT3 had higher Chlamydia infectivity than those infected at ZT15. There was more variation in the compositional complexity of the vaginal microbiome (alpha diversity) of mice infected at ZT3 than those mice infected at ZT15 throughout the infection within each treatment group, with both Shannon and Simpson diversity index values decreased over time. The analysis of samples collected four weeks post-infection showed that there were significant taxonomical differences (beta diversity) between different parts of the genital tract-vagina, uterus, and ovary/oviduct-and this difference was associated with the time of infection. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla within the microbiome in all three genital tract regions for all the samples collected during this experiment. Additionally, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in the uterine microbiome of ZT3 Chlamydia infected mice. The results show that the time of infection is associated with the microbial dynamics in the genital tract. And this association is more robust in the upper genital tract than in the vagina. This result implies that more emphasis should be placed on understanding the changes in the microbial dynamics of the upper genital tract over the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhao
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Stephanie R Lundy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of STD Prevention, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francis O Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joeseph U Igietseme
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yusuf O Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Pagliarani S, Johnston SD, Beagley KW, Hulse L, Palmieri C. Chlamydiosis and cystic dilatation of the ovarian bursa in the female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Novel insights into the pathogenesis and mechanisms of formation. Theriogenology 2022; 189:280-289. [PMID: 35816886 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Chlamydia pecorum is one of the main causes of progressive decline of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations in Eastern Australia. Pathological changes associated with the chlamydial infection in the genital tract of female and male koalas have been widely described with reports of acute and chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and the description of the cystic dilatation of the ovarian bursa. Although these disease manifestations can result in severe chronic inflammation, structural changes and even sterility, only limited data is currently available on the organism's distribution and associated histopathological and ultrastructural changes within the upper genital tract of affected females. This study examined the pathogenesis of the most common pathological lesion associated with chlamydiosis in female koalas, the cystic dilation of the ovarian bursa starting from the evidence that Chlamydia spp. induces disruption of the intercellular junctions in the epithelium of the reproductive organs in humans. Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to evaluate the structural features and the expression of epithelial cell and cellular junctions' markers in affected bursae from 39 Chlamydia-infected female koalas. Epithelial cells from the ovarian bursae of one affected animal examined by transmission electron microscopy showed severe widening of the intercellular space, as morphologic evidence of disrupted permeability of the epithelial barrier. The epithelial cell-cell junctions markers E-cadherin, β-catenin and ZO-1 expressions were significantly reduced in samples from cystic bursae when compared to normal tissue samples (P < 0.0001). On the other end, a significantly higher expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 was observed in cystic bursae compared to control samples (P < 0.0001). As these proteins are required to maintain epithelial functional integrity and cell-cell adhesive interactions, their loss may permanently impair and affect female koala fertility and suggest the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of the cystic accumulation of bursal fluid within this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagliarani
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia; Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Stephen D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Lyndal Hulse
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
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Abstract
The immune system is highly time-of-day dependent. Pioneering studies in the 1960s were the first to identify immune responses to be under a circadian control. Only in the last decade, however, have the molecular factors governing circadian immune rhythms been identified. These studies have revealed a highly complex picture of the interconnectivity of rhythmicity within immune cells with that of their environment. Here, we provide a global overview of the circadian immune system, focusing on recent advances in the rapidly expanding field of circadian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Kay Lutes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Coline Barnoud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scheiermann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Biomedical Center (BMC), Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine (WBex), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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7
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Rijo-Ferreira F, Takahashi JS. Circadian rhythms in infectious diseases and symbiosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 126:37-44. [PMID: 34625370 PMCID: PMC9183220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Timing is everything. Many organisms across the tree of life have evolved timekeeping mechanisms that regulate numerous of their cellular functions to optimize timing by anticipating changes in the environment. The specific environmental changes that are sensed depends on the organism. For animals, plants, and free-living microbes, environmental cues include light/dark cycles, daily temperature fluctuations, among others. In contrast, for a microbe that is never free-living, its rhythmic environment is its host's rhythmic biology. Here, we describe recent research on the interactions between hosts and microbes, from the perspective both of symbiosis as well as infections. In addition to describing the biology of the microbes, we focus specifically on how circadian clocks modulate these host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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Lundy SR, Abney K, Ellerson D, Igietseme JU, Carroll D, Eko FO, Omosun YO. MiR-378b Modulates Chlamydia-Induced Upper Genital Tract Pathology. Pathogens 2021; 10:566. [PMID: 34067003 PMCID: PMC8151610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes severe reproductive pathologies such as salpingitis and pelvic inflammatory disease that can lead to tubal factor infertility. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved regulators of mammalian gene expression in development, immunity and pathophysiologic processes during inflammation and infection, including Chlamydia infection. Among the miRNAs involved in regulating host responses and pathologic outcome of Chlamydia infection, we have shown that miR-378b was significantly differentially expressed during primary infection and reinfection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that miR-378b is involved in the pathological outcome of Chlamydia infection. We developed miR-378b knockout mice (miR-378b-/-) using Crispr/Cas and infected them along with their wild-type (WT) control with Chlamydia to compare the infectivity and reproductive pathologies. The results showed that miR-378b-/- mice were unable to clear the infection compared to WT mice; also, miR-378b-/- mice exhibited a relatively higher Chlamydia burden throughout the duration of infection. However, gross pathology results showed that miR-378b-/- mice had significantly reduced uterine dilatations and pathologic lesions after two infections compared to WT mice. In addition, the pregnancy and fertility rates for infected miR-378b-/- mice showed protection from Chlamydia-induced infertility with fertility rate that was comparable to uninfected WT mice. These results are intriguing as they suggest that miR-378b is important in regulating host immune responses that control Chlamydial replication and drive the inflammation that causes complications such as infertility. The finding has important implications for biomarkers of Chlamydial complications and targets for prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Lundy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.R.L.); (K.A.); (J.U.I.); (F.O.E.)
| | - Kobe Abney
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.R.L.); (K.A.); (J.U.I.); (F.O.E.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Debra Ellerson
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (D.E.); (D.C.)
| | - Joseph U. Igietseme
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.R.L.); (K.A.); (J.U.I.); (F.O.E.)
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (D.E.); (D.C.)
| | - Darin Carroll
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (D.E.); (D.C.)
| | - Francis O. Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.R.L.); (K.A.); (J.U.I.); (F.O.E.)
| | - Yusuf O. Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (S.R.L.); (K.A.); (J.U.I.); (F.O.E.)
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (D.E.); (D.C.)
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Lundy SR, Richardson S, Ramsey A, Ellerson D, Fengxia Y, Onyeabor S, Kirlin W, Thompson W, Black CM, DeBruyne JP, Davidson AJ, Immergluck LC, Blas-Machado U, Eko FO, Igietseme JU, He Q, Omosun YO. Shift work influences the outcomes of Chlamydia infection and pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15389. [PMID: 32958779 PMCID: PMC7505842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work, performed by approximately 21 million Americans, is irregular or unusual work schedule hours occurring after 6:00 pm. Shift work has been shown to disrupt circadian rhythms and is associated with several adverse health outcomes and chronic diseases such as cancer, gastrointestinal and psychiatric diseases and disorders. It is unclear if shift work influences the complications associated with certain infectious agents, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility resulting from genital chlamydial infection. We used an Environmental circadian disruption (ECD) model mimicking circadian disruption occurring during shift work, where mice had a 6-h advance in the normal light/dark cycle (LD) every week for a month. Control group mice were housed under normal 12/12 LD cycle. Our hypothesis was that compared to controls, mice that had their circadian rhythms disrupted in this ECD model will have a higher Chlamydia load, more pathology and decreased fertility rate following Chlamydia infection. Results showed that, compared to controls, mice that had their circadian rhythms disrupted (ECD) had higher Chlamydia loads, more tissue alterations or lesions, and lower fertility rate associated with chlamydial infection. Also, infected ECD mice elicited higher proinflammatory cytokines compared to mice under normal 12/12 LD cycle. These results imply that there might be an association between shift work and the increased likelihood of developing more severe disease from Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Lundy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Shakyra Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Anne Ramsey
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Debra Ellerson
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Yan Fengxia
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Sunny Onyeabor
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Ward Kirlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Winston Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Carolyn M Black
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Alec J Davidson
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Lilly C Immergluck
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Pediatric Clinical & Translational Research Unit, Clinical Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Francis O Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Joseph U Igietseme
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Qing He
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Yusuf O Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, S.W., Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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10
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Costantini C, Renga G, Sellitto F, Borghi M, Stincardini C, Pariano M, Zelante T, Chiarotti F, Bartoli A, Mosci P, Romani L, Brancorsini S, Bellet MM. Microbes in the Era of Circadian Medicine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:30. [PMID: 32117804 PMCID: PMC7013081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organisms of most domains of life have adapted to circadian changes of the environment and regulate their behavior and physiology accordingly. A particular case of such paradigm is represented by some types of host-pathogen interaction during infection. Indeed, not only some hosts and pathogens are each endowed with their own circadian clock, but they are also influenced by the circadian changes of the other with profound consequences on the outcome of the infection. It comes that daily fluctuations in the availability of resources and the nature of the immune response, coupled with circadian changes of the pathogen, may influence microbial virulence, level of colonization and damage to the host, and alter the equilibrium between commensal and invading microorganisms. In the present review, we discuss the potential relevance of circadian rhythms in human bacterial and fungal pathogens, and the consequences of circadian changes of the host immune system and microbiome on the onset and development of infection. By looking from the perspective of the interplay between host and microbes circadian rhythms, these concepts are expected to change the way we approach human infections, not only by predicting the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction, but also by indicating the best time for intervention to potentiate the anti-microbial activities of the immune system and to weaken the pathogen when its susceptibility is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Sellitto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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