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Wang L, Li M, Zheng M, Tang Y, Yang Z, Ma G, Zheng Q, Li L, Wang Y, Ma F, Liu G. Diagnostic value of galectin-3, fractalkine, IL-6, miR-21 and cardiac troponin I in human ischemic cardiomyopathy. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:10539-10545. [PMID: 38935941 PMCID: PMC11236321 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic potential of galectin-3 (Gal-3), fractalkine (FKN), interleukin (IL)-6, microRNA(miR)-21, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). METHOD A total of 78 ICM patients (Case group) and 80 healthy volunteers (Control group) admitted to our hospital for treatment or physical examination from Aug. 2018 to Feb. 2020 were included in the current study. The serum concentration of Gal-3, FKN, IL-6, miR-21, and plasma expression of cTnI of both groups were determined. The severity of ICM was classified using New York Heart Association (NYHA) scale. RESULTS When compared with the control group, the case group had a significantly high blood concentration of Gal-3, FKN, IL-6, miR-21, and cTnI (P < 0.001). NYHA class II patients had lower blood levels of Gal-3, FKN, IL-6, miR-21, and cTnI than that in patients of NYHA class III and IV without statistical significance (P > 0.05). However, statistical significance could be achieved when comparing the above-analyzed markers in patients classified between class III and IV. Correlation analysis also revealed that serum levels of Gal-3, FKN, IL-6, miR-21, and cTnI were positively correlated with NYHA classification (R = 0.564, 0.621, 0.792, 0.981, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that up-regulated serum Gal-3, FKN, IL-6, miR-21, and cTnI levels were closely related to the progression of ICM. This association implies that these biomarkers have diagnostic potential, offering a promising avenue for early detection and monitoring of ICM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yida Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guoping Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qinghou Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Medical Clinical Application, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu B, Gao X, Li Y, Li F, Zhou H. Mapping the tumor microenvironment in clear cell renal carcinoma by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1207233. [PMID: 37533434 PMCID: PMC10392130 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1207233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. To identify viable therapeutic targets, a comprehensive understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity is crucial. In this study, we conducted bioinformatic analysis to scrutinize single-cell RNA sequencing data of ccRCC tumor and para-tumor samples, aiming to elucidate the intratumoral heterogeneity in the ccRCC tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods: A total of 51,780 single cells from seven ccRCC tumors and five para-tumor samples were identified and grouped into 11 cell lineages using bioinformatic analysis. These lineages included tumor cells, myeloid cells, T-cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity in the TME. Copy number variation (CNV) analysis was performed to compare CNV frequencies between tumor and normal cells. The myeloid cell population was further re-clustered into three major subgroups: monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Differential expression analysis, gene ontology, and gene set enrichment analysis were employed to assess inter-cluster and intra-cluster functional heterogeneity within the ccRCC TME. Results: Our findings revealed that immune cells in the TME predominantly adopted an inflammatory suppression state, promoting tumor cell growth and immune evasion. Additionally, tumor cells exhibited higher CNV frequencies compared to normal cells. The myeloid cell subgroups demonstrated distinct functional properties, with monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells displaying diverse roles in the TME. Certain immune cells exhibited pro-tumor and immunosuppressive effects, while others demonstrated antitumor and immunostimulatory properties. Conclusion: This study contributes to the understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity in the ccRCC TME and provides potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC treatment. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the diverse functional roles of immune cells in the TME for effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yunkuo Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Faping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Innate and adaptive immune abnormalities underlying autoimmune diseases: the genetic connections. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023:10.1007/s11427-021-2187-3. [PMID: 36738430 PMCID: PMC9898710 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the exception of an extremely small number of cases caused by single gene mutations, most autoimmune diseases result from the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In a nutshell, etiology of the common autoimmune disorders is unknown in spite of progress elucidating certain effector cells and molecules responsible for pathologies associated with inflammatory and tissue damage. In recent years, population genetics approaches have greatly enriched our knowledge regarding genetic susceptibility of autoimmunity, providing us with a window of opportunities to comprehensively re-examine autoimmunity-associated genes and possible pathways. In this review, we aim to discuss etiology and pathogenesis of common autoimmune disorders from the perspective of human genetics. An overview of the genetic basis of autoimmunity is followed by 3 chapters detailing susceptibility genes involved in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and inflammatory cell death processes respectively. With such attempts, we hope to expand the scope of thinking and bring attention to lesser appreciated molecules and pathways as important contributors of autoimmunity beyond the 'usual suspects' of a limited subset of validated therapeutic targets.
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Sun Y, He L, Guo P, Li F, Wang B, Zhang Y, An K, Peng M. F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells by degrading delta-like ligand 1 to block Notch signaling pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230634. [PMID: 37082613 PMCID: PMC10111210 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a precursor of liver cirrhosis, and activated hepatic stellate cells are an important driver of fibrosis. F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) expression level is down-regulated in HF, but the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. The interaction between FBXW7 and delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1) was predicted. LX-2 cells were subjected to transfection of FBXW7/DLL1 silencing or overexpression plasmid. The expressions of FBXW7 and DLL1 in HF in vitro were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The LX-2 cell cycle, viability, proliferation, and ubiquitination were determined by flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8, colony formation, and ubiquitination assays, respectively. FBXW7 overexpression suppressed the cell viability and proliferation, facilitated cell cycle arrest, and down-regulated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Collagen I, and DLL1 protein levels, but FBXW7 silencing did the opposite. DLL1 was bound to and ubiquitin-dependently degraded by FBXW7 overexpression. DLL1 overexpression promoted the cell viability and proliferation, accelerated cell cycle, and up-regulated the levels of α-SMA, Collagen I, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and HES1, but these trends were reversed by FBXW7 overexpression. To sum up, FBXW7 overexpression suppresses the progression of HF in vitro by ubiquitin-dependently degrading DLL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Emergency, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peiran Guo
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Emergency, Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kai An
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Peng
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Tumurkhuu G, Casanova NG, Kempf CL, Ercan Laguna D, Camp SM, Dagvadorj J, Song JH, Reyes Hernon V, Travelli C, Montano EN, Yu JM, Ishimori M, Wallace DJ, Sammani S, Jefferies C, Garcia JG. eNAMPT/TLR4 inflammatory cascade activation is a key contributor to SLE Lung vasculitis and alveolar hemorrhage. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 6:100181. [PMID: 36619655 PMCID: PMC9816774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Effective therapies to reduce the severity and high mortality of pulmonary vasculitis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious unmet need. We explored whether biologic neutralization of eNAMPT (extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase), a novel DAMP and Toll-like receptor 4 ligand, represents a viable therapeutic strategy in lupus vasculitis. Methods Serum was collected from SLE subjects (n = 37) for eNAMPT protein measurements. In the preclinical pristane-induced murine model of lung vasculitis/hemorrhage, C57BL/6 J mice (n = 5-10/group) were treated with PBS, IgG (1 mg/kg), or the eNAMPT-neutralizing ALT-100 mAb (1 mg/kg, IP or subcutaneously (SQ). Lung injury evaluation (Day 10) included histology/immuno-histochemistry, BAL protein/cellularity, tissue biochemistry, RNA sequencing, and plasma biomarker assessment. Results SLE subjects showed highly significant increases in blood NAMPT mRNA expression and eNAMPT protein levels compared to healthy controls. Preclinical pristane-exposed mice studies showed significantly increased NAMPT lung tissue expression and increased plasma eNAMPT levels accompanied by marked increases in alveolar hemorrhage and lung inflammation (BAL protein, PMNs, activated monocytes). In contrast, ALT-100 mAb-treated mice showed significant attenuation of inflammatory lung injury, alveolar hemorrhage, BAL protein, tissue leukocytes, and plasma inflammatory cytokines (eNAMPT, IL-6, IL-8). Lung RNA sequencing showed pristane-induced activation of inflammatory genes/pathways including NFkB, cytokine/chemokine, IL-1β, and MMP signaling pathways, each rectified in ALT-100 mAb-treated mice. Conclusions These findings highlight the role of eNAMPT/TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling in the pathobiology of SLE pulmonary vasculitis and alveolar hemorrhage. Biologic neutralization of this novel DAMP appears to serve as a viable strategy to reduce the severity of SLE lung vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantsetseg Tumurkhuu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nancy G. Casanova
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Carrie L. Kempf
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Duygu Ercan Laguna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara M. Camp
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jin H. Song
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vivian Reyes Hernon
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Erica N. Montano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Min Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariko Ishimori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saad Sammani
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Caroline Jefferies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe G.N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Carrillo-Rodríguez P, Robles-Guirado JÁ, Cruz-Palomares A, Palacios-Pedrero MÁ, González-Paredes E, Más-Ciurana A, Franco-Herrera C, Ruiz-de-Castroviejo-Teba PA, Lario A, Longobardo V, Montosa-Hidalgo L, Pérez-Sánchez-Cañete MM, Corzo-Corbera MM, Redondo-Sánchez S, Jodar AB, Blanco FJ, Zumaquero E, Merino R, Sancho J, Zubiaur M. Extracellular vesicles from pristane-treated CD38-deficient mice express an anti-inflammatory neutrophil protein signature, which reflects the mild lupus severity elicited in these mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013236. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In CD38-deficient (Cd38-/-) mice intraperitoneal injection of pristane induces a lupus-like disease, which is milder than that induced in WT mice, showing significant differences in the inflammatory and autoimmune processes triggered by pristane. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are present in all body fluids. Shed by cells, their molecular make-up reflects that of their cell of origin and/or tissue pathological situation. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein composition, protein abundance, and functional clustering of EV released by peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) in the pristane experimental lupus model, to identify predictive or diagnostic biomarkers that might discriminate the autoimmune process in lupus from inflammatory reactions and/or normal physiological processes. In this study, thanks to an extensive proteomic analysis and powerful bioinformatics software, distinct EV subtypes were identified in the peritoneal exudates of pristane-treated mice: 1) small EV enriched in the tetraspanin CD63 and CD9, which are likely of exosomal origin; 2) small EV enriched in CD47 and CD9, which are also enriched in plasma-membrane, membrane-associated proteins, with an ectosomal origin; 3) small EV enriched in keratins, ECM proteins, complement/coagulation proteins, fibrin clot formation proteins, and endopetidase inhibitor proteins. This enrichment may have an inflammation-mediated mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition origin, representing a protein corona on the surface of peritoneal exudate EV; 4) HDL-enriched lipoprotein particles. Quantitative proteomic analysis allowed us to identify an anti-inflammatory, Annexin A1-enriched pro-resolving, neutrophil protein signature, which was more prominent in EV from pristane-treated Cd38-/- mice, and quantitative differences in the protein cargo of the ECM-enriched EV from Cd38-/- vs WT mice. These differences are likely to be related with the distinct inflammatory outcome shown by Cd38-/- vs WT mice in response to pristane treatment. Our results demonstrate the power of a hypothesis-free and data-driven approach to transform the heterogeneity of the peritoneal exudate EV from pristane-treated mice in valuable information about the relative proportion of different EV in a given sample and to identify potential protein markers specific for the different small EV subtypes, in particular those proteins defining EV involved in the resolution phase of chronic inflammation.
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Borges PA, Waclawiak I, Georgii JL, Fraga-Junior VDS, Barros JF, Lemos FS, Russo-Abrahão T, Saraiva EM, Takiya CM, Coutinho-Silva R, Penido C, Mermelstein C, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Canto FB, Neves JS, Melo PA, Canetti C, Benjamim CF. Adenosine Diphosphate Improves Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice Through P2Y 12 Receptor Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651740. [PMID: 33828561 PMCID: PMC8019717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a public health problem worldwide, especially those related to diabetes. Besides being an enormous burden to patients, it challenges wound care professionals and causes a great financial cost to health system. Considering the absence of effective treatments for chronic wounds, our aim was to better understand the pathophysiology of tissue repair in diabetes in order to find alternative strategies to accelerate wound healing. Nucleotides have been described as extracellular signaling molecules in different inflammatory processes, including tissue repair. Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) plays important roles in vascular and cellular response and is immediately released after tissue injury, mainly from platelets. However, despite the well described effect on platelet aggregation during inflammation and injury, little is known about the role of ADP on the multiple steps of tissue repair, particularly in skin wounds. Therefore, we used the full-thickness excisional wound model to evaluate the effect of local ADP application in wounds of diabetic mice. ADP accelerated cutaneous wound healing, improved new tissue formation, and increased both collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production in the wound. These effects were mediated by P2Y12 receptor activation since they were inhibited by Clopidogrel (Clop) treatment, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, P2Y1 receptor antagonist also blocked ADP-induced wound closure until day 7, suggesting its involvement early in repair process. Interestingly, ADP treatment increased the expression of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors in the wound. In parallel, ADP reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, while increased IL-13 levels in the skin. Also, ADP increased the counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells (Vγ4+ and Vγ5+ cells subtypes of γδ+ T cells), although reduced regulatory T (Tregs) cells in the lesion. In accordance, ADP increased fibroblast proliferation and migration, myofibroblast differentiation, and keratinocyte proliferation. In conclusion, we provide strong evidence that ADP acts as a pro-resolution mediator in diabetes-associated skin wounds and is a promising intervention target for this worldwide problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal Institute (IFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Waclawiak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína Lima Georgii
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Figueiredo Barros
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Simões Lemos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Russo-Abrahão
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira Maria Saraiva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen Penido
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio B. Canto
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Melo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Farias Benjamim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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