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da Costa G, Pauliquevis T, Heise EFJ, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Godoi AFL, Yamamoto CI, Dos Santos-Silva JC, Godoi RHM. Spatialized PM 2.5 during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil's most populous southern city: implications for post-pandemic era. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:29. [PMID: 38225482 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Brazil has experienced one of the highest COVID-19 fatality rates globally. While numerous studies have explored the potential connection between air pollution, specifically fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the majority of this research has been conducted in foreign regions-Europe, the United States, and China-correlating generalized pollution levels with health-related scopes. In this study, our objective is to investigate the localized connection between exposure to air pollution exposure and its health implications within a specific Brazilian municipality, focusing on COVID-19 susceptibility. Our investigation involves assessing pollution levels through spatial interpolation of in situ PM2.5 measurements. A network of affordable sensors collected data across 9 regions in Curitiba, as well as its metropolitan counterpart, Araucaria. Our findings distinctly reveal a significant positive correlation (with r-values reaching up to 0.36, p-value < 0.01) between regions characterized by higher levels of pollution, particularly during the winter months (with r-values peaking at 0.40, p-value < 0.05), with both COVID-19 mortality and incidence rates. This correlation gains added significance due to the intricate interplay between urban atmospheric pollution and regional human development indices. Notably, heightened pollution aligns with industrial hubs and intensified vehicular activity. The spatial analysis performed in this study assumes a pivotal role by identifying priority regions that require targeted action post-COVID. By comprehending the localized dynamics between air pollution and its health repercussions, tailored strategies can be implemented to alleviate these effects and ensure the well-being of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Costa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Itsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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2
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Dos Santos-Silva JC, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Medeiros SHW, da Silva LV, Ferreira DV, Moreira CAB, de Souza Zorzenão PC, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL, de Souza RAF, Yamamoto CI, Godoi RHM. A new strategy for risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound elements by considering the influence of wind regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162131. [PMID: 36773898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For regulatory purposes, air pollution has been reduced to management of air quality control regions (AQCR), by inventorying pollution sources and identifying the receptors significantly affected. However, beyond being source-dependent, particulate matter can be physically and chemically altered by factors and elements of climate during transport, as they act as local environmental constraints, indirectly modulating the adverse effects of particles on the environment and human health. This case study, at an industrial site in a Brazilian coastal city - Joinville, combines different methodologies to integrate atmospheric dynamics in a strategic risk assessment approach whereby the influence of different wind regimes on environmental and health risks of exposure to PM2.5-bound elements, are analysed. Although Joinville AQCR has been prone to stagnation/recirculation events, distinctly different horizontal wind circulation patterns indicate two airsheds within the region. The two sampling sites mirrored these two conditions and as a result we report different PM2.5 mass concentrations, chemical profiles, geo-accumulation, and ecological and human health risks. In addition, feedback mechanisms between the airsheds seem to aggravate the air quality and its effects even under good ventilation conditions. Recognizably, the risks associated with Co, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn loadings were extremely high for the environment as well as being the main contributors to elevated non-carcinogenic risks. Meanwhile, higher carcinogenic risks occurred during stagnation/recirculation conditions, with Cr as the major threat. These results highlight the importance of integrating local airshed characteristics into the risk assessment of PM2.5-bound elements since they can aggravate air pollution leading to different risks at a granular scale. This new approach to risk assessment can be employed in any city's longer-term development plan since it provides public authorities with a strategic perspective on incorporating environmental constraints into urban growth planning and development zoning regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom; Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sandra Helena Westrupp Medeiros
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, University of the Region of Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Vitor da Silva
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, University of the Region of Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Danielli Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, University of the Region of Joinville, Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Itsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi
- Postgraduate Program in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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3
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Polezer G, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Oliveira A, Martins LD, Santos-Silva JC, Moreira CAB, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL, Tadano Y, Yamamoto CI, Godoi RHM. The new WHO air quality guidelines for PM 2.5: predicament for small/medium cities. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1841-1860. [PMID: 35713838 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of disease estimated that approximately 7.1 million deaths worldwide were related to air pollution in 2016. However, only a limited number of small- and middle-sized cities have air quality monitoring networks. To date, air quality in terms of particulate matter is still mainly focused on mass concentration, with limited compositional monitoring even in mega cities, despite evidence indicating differential toxicity of particulate matter. As this evidence is far from conclusive, we conducted PM2.5 bioaccessibility studies of potentially harmful elements in a medium-sized city, Londrina, Brazil. The data was interpreted in terms of source apportionment, the health risk evaluation and the bioaccessibility of inorganic contents in an artificial lysosomal fluid. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 was below the WHO guideline, however, the chemical health assessment indicated a considerable health risk. The in vitro evaluation showed different potential mobility when compared to previous studies in large-sized cities, those with 1 million inhabitants or more (Curitiba and Manaus). The new WHO guideline for PM2.5 mass concentration puts additional pressure on cities where air pollution monitoring is limited and/or neglected, because decision making is mainly revenue-driven and not socioeconomic-driven. Given the further emerging evidence that PM chemical composition is as, or even more, important than mass concentration levels, the research reported in the paper could pave the way for the necessary inter- and intra-city collaborations that are needed to address this global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Departament of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leila D Martins
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Santos-Silva
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila A B Moreira
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yara Tadano
- Mathematics Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Han J, Park Y, Jeong H, Park JC. Effects of particulate matter (PM 2.5) on life history traits, oxidative stress, and defensome system in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113588. [PMID: 35358891 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5) generated in large cities creates new problems in marine ecosystems and may adversely affect its inhabitants. However, the mechanisms underlying the same remain unclear; hence, we investigated the effects of PM2.5 on life history traits (e.g., mortality, development, and fecundity), cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant enzyme (e.g., glutathione peroxidase [GPx], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and catalase [CAT]) activities, and the transcript levels of detoxification-related genes (cytochrome P450s [CYPs]) and antioxidant (glutathione S-transferases [GSTs]) in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Among the life history traits, developmental time was the only trait to significantly deviate (P < 0.05) in response to PM2.5 (compared to that in the controls). Significant changes in ROS levels and antioxidant enzymatic activities (P < 0.05) in response to PM2.5, suggested that PM2.5 can induce oxidative stress, leading to adverse effects on the T. japonicus life history. In addition, PM2.5 induced a differential regulation of various CYP and GST genes, particularly CYP307E1, GST-kappa, and GST-sigma were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05), suggesting that these genes likely play crucial roles in detoxification mechanisms and could be useful as reliable biomarkers for PM2.5 toxicity. Overall, the results of this study provide new insights into the potential toxicity of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Marine Bio-Resources Research Unit, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeun Park
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Jeong
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Département des Sciences, Université Sainte-Anne, Church Point, NS B0W 1M0, Canada
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5
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Krupnova TG, Rakova OV, Bondarenko KA, Saifullin AF, Popova DA, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Godoi RHM. Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and Health Risks Assessment in the Industrial Districts of Chelyabinsk, South Ural Region, Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12354. [PMID: 34886089 PMCID: PMC8657131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution impacts all populations globally, indiscriminately and has site-specific variation and characteristics. Airborne particulate matter (PM) levels were monitored in a typical industrial Russian city, Chelyabinsk in three destinations, one characterized by high traffic volumes and two by industrial zone emissions. The mass concentration and trace metal content of PM2.5 and PM10 were obtained from samples collected during four distinct seasons of 2020. The mean 24-h PM10 ranged between 6 and 64 μg/m3. 24-h PM2.5 levels were reported from 5 to 56 μg/m3. About half of the 24-h PM10 and most of the PM2.5 values in Chelyabinsk were higher than the WHO recommendations. The mean PM2.5/PM10 ratio was measured at 0.85, indicative of anthropogenic input. To evaluate the Al, Fe, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentration in PM2.5 and PM10, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. Fe (337-732 ng/m3) was the most abundant component in PM2.5 and PM10 samples while Zn (77-206 ng/m3), Mn (10-96 ng/m3), and Pb (11-41 ng/m3) had the highest concentrations among trace elements. Total non-carcinogenic risks for children were found higher than 1, indicating possible health hazards. This study also presents that the carcinogenic risk for As, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, and Pb were observed higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G. Krupnova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Olga V. Rakova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Kirill A. Bondarenko
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Artem F. Saifullin
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Darya A. Popova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ricardo H. M. Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil;
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6
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Kitanovski Z, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Lammel G. Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59131-59140. [PMID: 32529617 PMCID: PMC8541976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m-3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m-3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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7
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Innes E, Yiu HHP, McLean P, Brown W, Boyles M. Simulated biological fluids - a systematic review of their biological relevance and use in relation to inhalation toxicology of particles and fibres. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:217-248. [PMID: 33905298 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1903386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of simulated biological fluids (SBFs) is a promising in vitro technique to better understand the release mechanisms and possible in vivo behaviour of materials, including fibres, metal-containing particles and nanomaterials. Applications of SBFs in dissolution tests allow a measure of material biopersistence or, conversely, bioaccessibility that in turn can provide a useful inference of a materials biodistribution, its acute and long-term toxicity, as well as its pathogenicity. Given the wide range of SBFs reported in the literature, a review was conducted, with a focus on fluids used to replicate environments that may be encountered upon material inhalation, including extracellular and intracellular compartments. The review aims to identify when a fluid design can replicate realistic biological conditions, demonstrate operation validation, and/or provide robustness and reproducibility. The studies examined highlight simulated lung fluids (SLFs) that have been shown to suitably replicate physiological conditions, and identify specific components that play a pivotal role in dissolution mechanisms and biological activity; including organic molecules, redox-active species and chelating agents. Material dissolution was not always driven by pH, and likewise not only driven by SLF composition; specific materials and formulations correspond to specific dissolution mechanisms. It is recommended that SLF developments focus on biological predictivity and if not practical, on better biological mimicry, as such an approach ensures results are more likely to reflect in vivo behaviour regardless of the material under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Innes
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Humphrey H P Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Brown
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Ren H, Yu Y, An T. Bioaccessibilities of metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in particulates measured in simulated human lung fluids: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115070. [PMID: 32806460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle-bound pollutants can pose a health risk to humans. Inhalation exposure evaluated by total contaminant concentrations significantly overestimates the potential risk. To assess the risk more accurately, bioavailability, which is the fraction that enters into the systemic circulation, should be considered. Researchers have replaced bioavailability by bioaccessibility due to the rapid and cost-efficient measurement for the latter, especially for assessment by oral ingestion. However, contaminants in particulates have different behavior when inhaled than when orally ingested. Some of the contaminants are exhaled along with exhalation, and others are deposited in the lung with the particulates. In addition, a fraction of the contaminants is released into the lung fluid and absorbed by the lung, and another fraction enters systemic circulation under the action of cell phagocytosis on particulates. Even if the release fraction, i.e., release bioaccessibility, is considered, the measurement faces many challenges. The present study highlights the factors influencing release bioaccessibility and the incorporation of inhalation bioaccessibility into the risk assessment of inhaled contaminants. Currently, there are three types of extraction techniques for simulated human lung fluids, including simple chemical solutions, sequential extraction techniques, and physiologically based techniques. The last technique generally uses three kinds of solution: Gamble's solution, Hatch's solution, and artificial lysosomal fluid, which are the most widely used physiologically based simulated human lung fluids. External factors such as simulated lung fluid composition, pH, extraction time, and sorption sinks can affect release bioaccessibility, whereas particle size and contaminant properties are important internal factors. Overall, release bioaccessibility is less used than bioaccessibility considering the deposition fraction when assessing the risk of contaminants in inhaled particulates. The release bioaccessibility measurement poses two main challenges: developing a unified, accurate, stable, simple, and systematic biologically based method, and validating the method through in-vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
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9
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Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Novák J, Arangio AM, Codling GP, Filippi A, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Příbylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Tong H, Wietzoreck M. Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air-Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2615-2625. [PMID: 31950831 PMCID: PMC7307896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Garry P. Codling
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Toronto 12843, Canada
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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