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Yoshida E, Yamaya T. PET detectors with depth-of-interaction and time-of-flight capabilities. Radiol Phys Technol 2024; 17:596-609. [PMID: 38888821 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-024-00821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In positron emission tomography (PET), measurements of depth-of-interaction (DOI) information and time-of-flight (TOF) information are important. DOI information reduces the parallax error, and TOF information reduces noise by measuring the arrival time difference of the annihilation photons. Historically, these have been studied independently, and there has been less implementation of both DOI and TOF capabilities because previous DOI detectors did not have good TOF resolution. However, recent improvements in PET detector performance have resulted in commercial PET scanners achieving a coincidence resolving time of around 200 ps, which result in an effect even for small objects. This means that TOF information can now be utilized even for a brain PET scanner, which also requires DOI information. Therefore, various methods have been proposed to obtain better DOI and TOF information. In addition, the cost of PET detectors is also an important factor to consider, since several hundred detectors are used per PET scanner. In this paper, we review the latest DOI-TOF detectors including the history of detector development. When put into practical use, these DOI-TOF detectors are expected to contribute to the improvement of imaging performance in brain PET scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshida
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Taiga Yamaya
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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2
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Li H, Badawi RD, Cherry SR, Fontaine K, He L, Henry S, Hillmer AT, Hu L, Khattar N, Leung EK, Li T, Li Y, Liu C, Liu P, Lu Z, Majewski S, Matuskey D, Morris ED, Mulnix T, Omidvari N, Samanta S, Selfridge A, Sun X, Toyonaga T, Volpi T, Zeng T, Jones T, Qi J, Carson RE. Performance Characteristics of the NeuroEXPLORER, a Next-Generation Human Brain PET/CT Imager. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:1320-1326. [PMID: 38871391 PMCID: PMC11294061 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.267767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The collaboration of Yale, the University of California, Davis, and United Imaging Healthcare has successfully developed the NeuroEXPLORER, a dedicated human brain PET imager with high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, and a built-in 3-dimensional camera for markerless continuous motion tracking. It has high depth-of-interaction and time-of-flight resolutions, along with a 52.4-cm transverse field of view (FOV) and an extended axial FOV (49.5 cm) to enhance sensitivity. Here, we present the physical characterization, performance evaluation, and first human images of the NeuroEXPLORER. Methods: Measurements of spatial resolution, sensitivity, count rate performance, energy and timing resolution, and image quality were performed adhering to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2-2018 standard. The system's performance was demonstrated through imaging studies of the Hoffman 3-dimensional brain phantom and the mini-Derenzo phantom. Initial 18F-FDG images from a healthy volunteer are presented. Results: With filtered backprojection reconstruction, the radial and tangential spatial resolutions (full width at half maximum) averaged 1.64, 2.06, and 2.51 mm, with axial resolutions of 2.73, 2.89, and 2.93 mm for radial offsets of 1, 10, and 20 cm, respectively. The average time-of-flight resolution was 236 ps, and the energy resolution was 10.5%. NEMA sensitivities were 46.0 and 47.6 kcps/MBq at the center and 10-cm offset, respectively. A sensitivity of 11.8% was achieved at the FOV center. The peak noise-equivalent count rate was 1.31 Mcps at 58.0 kBq/mL, and the scatter fraction at 5.3 kBq/mL was 36.5%. The maximum count rate error at the peak noise-equivalent count rate was less than 5%. At 3 iterations, the NEMA image-quality contrast recovery coefficients varied from 74.5% (10-mm sphere) to 92.6% (37-mm sphere), and background variability ranged from 3.1% to 1.4% at a contrast of 4.0:1. An example human brain 18F-FDG image exhibited very high resolution, capturing intricate details in the cortex and subcortical structures. Conclusion: The NeuroEXPLORER offers high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. With its long axial length, it also enables high-quality spinal cord imaging and image-derived input functions from the carotid arteries. These performance enhancements will substantially broaden the range of human brain PET paradigms, protocols, and thereby clinical research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdi Li
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Liuchun He
- United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Lingzhi Hu
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Edwin K Leung
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tiantian Li
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yusheng Li
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
| | - Chi Liu
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Peng Liu
- United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenrui Lu
- United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Tim Mulnix
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | | | - Aaron Selfridge
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xishan Sun
- United Imaging Healthcare North America, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Tianyi Zeng
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Terry Jones
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jinyi Qi
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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3
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He W, Zhao Y, Zeng H, Huang W, Yang H, Zhao X, Wang Q, Wang L, Niu M, Zhang L, Ren Q, Gu Z. Design and characterization of a hybrid PET detector with DOI capability. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 39032050 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monolithic or semi-monolithic detectors are attractive for positron emission tomography (PET) scanners with depth-of-interaction (DOI) capability. However, they often require complicated calibrations to determine the interaction positions of gamma photons. PURPOSE We introduce a novel hybrid detector design that combines pixelated and semi-monolithic elements to achieve DOI capability while simplifying the calibrations for positioning. METHODS A prototype detector with eight hybrid lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) layers having dimensions of 25.8 × 12.9 × 15 mm3 was constructed. The energy-weighted and energy-squared weighted averages were used for estimating the x- (pixelated direction) and y-positions (non-pixelated direction). Pseudo-pixels were defined as discrete areas on the flood image based on the crystal look-up table (LUT). The intrinsic spatial resolutions in the pixelated and non-pixelated directions were measured. The ratio of the maximum to the sum of the multipixel photon counter (MPPC) signals was used to estimate the DOI positions. The coincidence timing resolution (CTR) was measured using the average and energy-weighted average of the earliest n time stamps. Two energy windows of 250-700 and 400-600 keV were applied for the measurements. RESULTS The pattern of the flood images showed discrete event clusters, demonstrating that simple calibrations for determining the x- and y-positions of events could be achieved. Under 400-600 keV energy window, the average intrinsic spatial resolutions were 1.15 and 1.34 mm for the pixelated and non-pixelated directions; the average DOI resolution of the second row of pseudo-pixels was 5.1 mm in full width at half maximum (FWHM); when using the energy-weighted average of the earliest four-time stamps, the best CTR of 350 ps was achieved. Applying a broader energy window of 250-700 keV only slightly degrades the DOI resolution while maintaining the intrinsic resolution; the best CTR degrades to 410 ps. CONCLUSIONS The proposed hybrid detector concept was verified, and a prototype detector showed high performance for 3D positioning and timing resolution. The novel detector concept shows promise for preclinical and clinical PET scanners with DOI capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honghao Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- 26th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- 26th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Emvalomenos GM, Kang JWM, Jupp B, Mychasiuk R, Keay KA, Henderson LA. Recent developments and challenges in positron emission tomography imaging of gliosis in chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00597. [PMID: 38713812 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the transition from acute to chronic pain is critical for the development of more effective and targeted treatments. There is growing interest in the contribution of glial cells to this process, with cross-sectional preclinical studies demonstrating specific changes in these cell types capturing targeted timepoints from the acute phase and the chronic phase. In vivo longitudinal assessment of the development and evolution of these changes in experimental animals and humans has presented a significant challenge. Recent technological advances in preclinical and clinical positron emission tomography, including the development of specific radiotracers for gliosis, offer great promise for the field. These advances now permit tracking of glial changes over time and provide the ability to relate these changes to pain-relevant symptomology, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and treatment outcomes at both a group and an individual level. In this article, we summarize evidence for gliosis in the transition from acute to chronic pain and provide an overview of the specific radiotracers available to measure this process, highlighting their potential, particularly when combined with ex vivo/in vitro techniques, to understand the pathophysiology of chronic neuropathic pain. These complementary investigations can be used to bridge the existing gap in the field concerning the contribution of gliosis to neuropathic pain and identify potential targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle M Emvalomenos
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James W M Kang
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Gandia-Ferrero MT, Torres-Espallardo I, Martínez-Sanchis B, Muñoz E, Morera-Ballester C, Sopena-Novales P, Álvarez-Sánchez L, Baquero-Toledo M, Martí-Bonmatí L. Amyloid brain-dedicated PET images can diagnose Alzheimer's pathology with Centiloid Scale. Phys Med 2024; 121:103345. [PMID: 38581963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether the Centiloid Scale may be used to diagnose Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology effectively with the only use of amyloid PET imaging modality from a brain-dedicated PET scanner. METHODS This study included 26 patients with amyloid PET images with 3 different radiotracers. All patients were acquired both on a PET/CT and a brain-dedicated PET scanner (CareMiBrain, CMB), from which 4 different reconstructions were implemented. A new pipeline was proposed and used for the PET image analysis based on the original Centiloid Scale processing pipeline, but with only PET images. The Youden's Index was employed to calculate the optimal cutoffs for diagnosis and evaluated by the AUC, accuracy, precision, and recall metrics. RESULTS The Centiloid Scale (CL) processing pipeline was validated with and without the use of MR images. The CL cutoffs for AD pathology diagnosis on the PET/CT and the 4 CMB reconstructions were 34.4 ± 2.2, 43.5 ± 3.5, 51.9 ± 12.5, 57.5 ± 6.8 and 41.8 ± 1.2 respectively. Overall, for these cutoffs all metrics obtained the maximum score. CONCLUSION The Centiloid scale applied to PET images allows for AD pathology diagnosis. The CMB scanner can be used with the Centiloid scale to automatically assist in the diagnosis of AD pathology, relieving the large burden of neurodegenerative diseases on a traditional PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Gandia-Ferrero
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI2(30)), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain.
| | - Irene Torres-Espallardo
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI2(30)), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain; Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Sanchis
- Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
| | - Enrique Muñoz
- Oncovision, Carrer de Jeroni de Montsoriu, 92, València 46022, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Sopena-Novales
- Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
| | - Lourdes Álvarez-Sánchez
- Neurology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
| | - Miquel Baquero-Toledo
- Neurology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
| | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI2(30)), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain; Radiology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València 46026, Spain
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6
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Zeng X, Zhang Z, Li D, Huang X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhou W, Wang P, Zhu M, Wei Q, Gong H, Wei L. Evaluation of monolithic crystal detector with dual-ended readout utilizing multiplexing method. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:085003. [PMID: 38484392 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Monolithic crystal detectors are increasingly being applied in positron emission tomography (PET) devices owing to their excellent depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution capabilities and high detection efficiency. In this study, we constructed and evaluated a dual-ended readout monolithic crystal detector based on a multiplexing method.Approach.We employed two 12 × 12 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays for readout, and the signals from the 12 × 12 array were merged into 12 X and 12 Y channels using channel multiplexing. In 2D reconstruction, three methods based on the centre of gravity (COG) were compared, and the concept of thresholds was introduced. Furthermore, a light convolutional neural network (CNN) was employed for testing. To enhance depth localization resolution, we proposed a method by utilizing the mutual information from both ends of the SiPMs. The source width and collimation effect were simulated using GEANT4, and the intrinsic spatial resolution was separated from the measured values.Main results.At an operational voltage of 29 V for the SiPM, an energy resolution of approximately 12.5 % was achieved. By subtracting a 0.8 % threshold from the total energy in every channel, a 2D spatial resolution of approximately 0.90 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) can be obtained. Furthermore, a higher level of resolution, approximately 0.80 mm FWHM, was achieved using a CNN, with some alleviation of edge effects. With the proposed DOI method, a significant 1.36 mm FWHM average DOI resolution can be achieved. Additionally, it was found that polishing and black coating on the crystal surface yielded smaller edge effects compared to a rough surface with a black coating.Significance.The introduction of a threshold in COG method and a dual-ended readout scheme can lead to excellent spatial resolution for monolithic crystal detectors, which can help to develop PET systems with both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Zeng
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Daowu Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoran Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixing Gong
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Science, Jinan 250131, People's Republic of China
- CAEA Centre of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Nuclear Detection and Imaging, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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7
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Bartlett EA, Lesanpezeshki M, Anishchenko S, Shkolnik I, Ogden RT, Mann JJ, Beylin D, Miller JM, Zanderigo F. Dynamic Human Brain Imaging with a Portable PET Camera: Comparison to a Standard Scanner. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:320-326. [PMID: 38124218 PMCID: PMC10858383 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.265309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Portable, cost-effective PET cameras can radically expand the applicability of PET. We present here a within-participant comparison of fully quantified [18F]FDG dynamic scans in healthy volunteers using the standard Biograph mCT scanner and portable CerePET scanner. Methods: Each of 20 healthy volunteers underwent dynamic [18F]FDG imaging with both scanners (1-154 d apart) and concurrent arterial blood sampling. Tracer SUV, net influx rate (Ki), and the corresponding cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) were quantified at regional and voxel levels. Results: At the regional level, CerePET outcome measure estimates within participants robustly correlated with Biograph mCT estimates in the neocortex, wherein the average Pearson correlation coefficients across participants ± SD were 0.83 ± 0.07 (SUV) and 0.85 ± 0.08 (Ki and CMRglu). There was also strong agreement between CerePET and Biograph mCT estimates, wherein the average regression slopes across participants were 0.84 ± 0.17 (SUV), 0.83 ± 0.17 (Ki), and 0.85 ± 0.18 (CMRglu). There was similar bias across participants but higher correlation and less variability in subcortical regions than in cortical regions. Pearson correlation coefficients for subcortical regions equaled 0.97 ± 0.02 (SUV) and 0.97 ± 0.03 (Ki and CMRglu), and average regression slopes equaled 0.79 ± 0.14 (SUV), 0.83 ± 0.11 (Ki), and 0.86 ± 0.11 (CMRglu). In voxelwise assessment, CerePET and Biograph mCT estimates across outcome measures were significantly different only in a cluster of left frontal white matter. Conclusion: Our results indicate robust correlation and agreement between semi- and fully quantitative brain glucose metabolism measurements from portable CerePET and standard Biograph mCT scanners. The results obtained with a portable PET scanner in this comparison in humans require follow-up but lend confidence to the feasibility of more flexible and portable brain imaging with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bartlett
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York;
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mohammad Lesanpezeshki
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | | | - R Todd Ogden
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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8
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Sanaat A, Amini M, Arabi H, Zaidi H. The quest for multifunctional and dedicated PET instrumentation with irregular geometries. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:31-70. [PMID: 37952197 PMCID: PMC10766666 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We focus on reviewing state-of-the-art developments of dedicated PET scanners with irregular geometries and the potential of different aspects of multifunctional PET imaging. First, we discuss advances in non-conventional PET detector geometries. Then, we present innovative designs of organ-specific dedicated PET scanners for breast, brain, prostate, and cardiac imaging. We will also review challenges and possible artifacts by image reconstruction algorithms for PET scanners with irregular geometries, such as non-cylindrical and partial angular coverage geometries and how they can be addressed. Then, we attempt to address some open issues about cost/benefits analysis of dedicated PET scanners, how far are the theoretical conceptual designs from the market/clinic, and strategies to reduce fabrication cost without compromising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sanaat
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Amini
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hossein Arabi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Habib Zaidi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 500, Odense, Denmark.
- University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary.
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9
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Allen MS, Scipioni M, Catana C. New Horizons in Brain PET Instrumentation. PET Clin 2024; 19:25-36. [PMID: 37806894 PMCID: PMC10840690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Dedicated brain PET scanners are optimized to provide high sensitivity and high spatial resolution compared with existing whole-body PET systems, and they can be much cheaper to produce and install in various clinical and research settings. Advancements in detector technology over the past few years have placed several standalone PET, PET/computed tomography, and PET/MR systems on or near the commercial market; the features and capabilities of these systems will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdelena S Allen
- Department of Radiology, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Michele Scipioni
- Department of Radiology, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Ciprian Catana
- Department of Radiology, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School.
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Gandia-Ferrero MT, Torres-Espallardo I, Martínez-Sanchis B, Morera-Ballester C, Muñoz E, Sopena-Novales P, González-Pavón G, Martí-Bonmatí L. Objective Image Quality Comparison Between Brain-Dedicated PET and PET/CT Scanners. J Med Syst 2023; 47:88. [PMID: 37589893 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-023-01984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
As part of a clinical validation of a new brain-dedicated PET system (CMB), image quality of this scanner has been compared to that of a whole-body PET/CT scanner. To that goal, Hoffman phantom and patient data were obtined with both devices. Since CMB does not use a CT for attenuation correction (AC) which is crucial for PET images quality, this study includes the evaluation of CMB PET images using emission-based or CT-based attenuation maps. PET images were compared using 34 image quality metrics. Moreover, a neural network was used to evaluate the degree of agreement between both devices on the patients diagnosis prediction. Overall, results showed that CMB images have higher contrast and recovery coefficient but higher noise than PET/CT images. Although SUVr values presented statistically significant differences in many brain regions, relative differences were low. An asymmetry between left and right hemispheres, however, was identified. Even so, the variations between the two devices were minor. Finally, there is a greater similarity between PET/CT and CMB CT-based AC PET images than between PET/CT and the CMB emission-based AC PET images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Gandia-Ferrero
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI230), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain.
| | - Irene Torres-Espallardo
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI230), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Sanchis
- Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Muñoz
- Oncovision, Carrer de Jeroni de Montsoriu, 92, València, 46022, Spain
| | - Pablo Sopena-Novales
- Nuclear Medicine Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
| | | | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI230), La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
- Radiology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, València, 46026, Spain
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11
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Zeng X, Wang Z, Tan W, Petersen E, Cao X, LaBella A, Boccia A, Franceschi D, de Leon M, Chiang GCY, Qi J, Biegon A, Zhao W, Goldan AH. A conformal TOF-DOI Prism-PET prototype scanner for high-resolution quantitative neuroimaging. Med Phys 2023; 50:10.1002/mp.16223. [PMID: 36651630 PMCID: PMC11025680 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) has had a transformative impact on oncological and neurological applications. However, still much of PET's potential remains untapped with limitations primarily driven by low spatial resolution, which severely hampers accurate quantitative PET imaging via the partial volume effect (PVE). PURPOSE We present experimental results of a practical and cost-effective ultra-high resolution brain-dedicated PET scanner, using our depth-encoding Prism-PET detectors arranged along a compact and conformal gantry, showing substantial reduction in PVE and accurate radiotracer uptake quantification in small regions. METHODS The decagon-shaped prototype scanner has a long diameter of 38.5 cm, a short diameter of 29.1 cm, and an axial field-of-view (FOV) of 25.5 mm with a single ring of 40 Prism-PET detector modules. Each module comprises a 16 × 16 array of 1.5 × 1.5 × 20-mm3 lutetium yttrium oxyorthosillicate (LYSO) scintillator crystals coupled 4-to-1 to an 8 × 8 array of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) pixels on one end and to a prismatoid light guide array on the opposite end. The scanner's performance was evaluated by measuring depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution, energy resolution, timing resolution, spatial resolution, sensitivity, and image quality of ultra-micro Derenzo and three-dimensional (3D) Hoffman brain phantoms. RESULTS The full width at half maximum (FWHM) DOI, energy, and timing resolutions of the scanner are 2.85 mm, 12.6%, and 271 ps, respectively. Not considering artifacts due to mechanical misalignment of detector blocks, the intrinsic spatial resolution is 0.89-mm FWHM. Point source images reconstructed with 3D filtered back-projection (FBP) show an average spatial resolution of 1.53-mm FWHM across the entire FOV. The peak absolute sensitivity is 1.2% for an energy window of 400-650 keV. The ultra-micro Derenzo phantom study demonstrates the highest reported spatial resolution performance for a human brain PET scanner with perfect reconstruction of 1.00-mm diameter hot-rods. Reconstructed images of customized Hoffman brain phantoms prove that Prism-PET enables accurate radiotracer uptake quantification in small brain regions (2-3 mm). CONCLUSIONS Prism-PET will substantially strengthen the utility of quantitative PET in neurology for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, and in neuro-oncology for improved management of both primary and metastatic brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Zipai Wang
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Wanbin Tan
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Eric Petersen
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Xinjie Cao
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Andy LaBella
- Department of Radiology, Boston children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US
| | - Anthony Boccia
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Dinko Franceschi
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Mony de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, US
| | - Gloria Chia-Yi Chiang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, US
| | - Jinyi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, US
| | - Anat Biegon
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
| | - Amir H. Goldan
- Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, US
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12
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Du J, Jones T. Technical opportunities and challenges in developing total-body PET scanners for mice and rats. EJNMMI Phys 2023; 10:2. [PMID: 36592266 PMCID: PMC9807733 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-022-00523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is the most sensitive in vivo molecular imaging technique available. Small animal PET has been widely used in studying pharmaceutical biodistribution and disease progression over time by imaging a wide range of biological processes. However, it remains true that almost all small animal PET studies using mouse or rat as preclinical models are either limited by the spatial resolution or the sensitivity (especially for dynamic studies), or both, reducing the quantitative accuracy and quantitative precision of the results. Total-body small animal PET scanners, which have axial lengths longer than the nose-to-anus length of the mouse/rat and can provide high sensitivity across the entire body of mouse/rat, can realize new opportunities for small animal PET. This article aims to discuss the technical opportunities and challenges in developing total-body small animal PET scanners for mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Du
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Terry Jones
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Radiology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Morimoto-Ishikawa D, Hanaoka K, Watanabe S, Yamada T, Yamakawa Y, Minagawa S, Takenouchi S, Ohtani A, Mizuta T, Kaida H, Ishii K. Evaluation of the performance of a high-resolution time-of-flight PET system dedicated to the head and breast according to NEMA NU 2-2012 standard. EJNMMI Phys 2022; 9:88. [PMID: 36525103 PMCID: PMC9758266 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-022-00518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the physical performance of a positron emission tomography (PET) system dedicated to the head and breast according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU2-2012 standard. METHODS The spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, count rate characteristics, corrections for count losses and randoms, and image quality of the system were determined. All measurements were performed according to the NEMA NU2-2012 acquisition protocols, but image quality was assessed using a brain-sized phantom. Furthermore, scans of the three-dimensional (3D) Hoffmann brain phantom and mini-Derenzo phantom were acquired to allow visual evaluation of the imaging performance for small structures. RESULTS The tangential, radial, and axial full width at half maximum (FWHM) at a 10-mm offset in half the axial field of view were measured as 2.3, 2.5, and 2.9 mm, respectively. The average system sensitivity at the center of the field of view and at a 10-cm radial offset was 7.18 and 8.65 cps/kBq, respectively. The peak noise-equivalent counting rate was 35.2 kcps at 4.8 kBq/ml. The corresponding scatter fraction at the peak noise-equivalent counting rate was 46.8%. The peak true rate and scatter fraction at 8.6 kBq/ml were 127.8 kcps and 54.3%, respectively. The percent contrast value for a 10-mm sphere was approximately 50%. On the 3D Hoffman brain phantom image, the structures of the thin layers composing the phantom were visualized on the sagittal and coronal images. On the mini-Derenzo phantom, each of the 1.6-mm rods was clearly visualized. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that the head- and breast-dedicated PET system has high resolution and is well suited for clinical PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Morimoto-Ishikawa
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Kohei Hanaoka
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Shota Watanabe
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamakawa
- grid.274249.e0000 0004 0571 0853Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suzuka Minagawa
- grid.274249.e0000 0004 0571 0853Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiho Takenouchi
- grid.274249.e0000 0004 0571 0853Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohtani
- grid.274249.e0000 0004 0571 0853Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mizuta
- grid.274249.e0000 0004 0571 0853Medical Systems Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayato Kaida
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan ,grid.258622.90000 0004 1936 9967Department of Radiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ishii
- grid.413111.70000 0004 0466 7515Division of Positron Emission Tomography, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan ,grid.258622.90000 0004 1936 9967Department of Radiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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A new brain dedicated PET scanner with 4D detector information. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/bioal-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this article, we present the geometrical design and preliminary results of a high sensitivity organ-specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system dedicated to the study of the human brain. The system, called 4D-PET, will allow accurate imaging of brain studies due to its expected high sensitivity, high 3D spatial resolution and, by including precise photon time of flight (TOF) information, a boosted signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
The 4D-PET system incorporates an innovative detector design based on crystal slabs (semi-monolithic) that enables accurate 3D photon impact positioning (including photon Depth of Interaction (DOI) measurement), while providing a precise determination of the photon arrival time to the detector. The detector includes a novel readout system that reduces the number of detector signals in a ratio of 4:1 thus, alleviating complexity and cost. The analog output signals are fed to the TOFPET2 ASIC (PETsys) for scalability purposes.
The present manuscript reports the evaluation of the 4D-PET detector, achieving best values 3D resolution values of <1.6 mm (pixelated axis), 2.7±0.5 mm (monolithic axis) and 3.4±1.1 (DOI axis) mm; 359 ± 7 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR); 10.2±1.5 % energy resolution; and sensitivity of 16.2% at the center of the scanner (simulated). Moreover, a comprehensive description of the 4D-PET architecture (that includes 320 detectors), some pictures of its mechanical assembly, and simulations on the expected image quality are provided.
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Akamatsu G, Takahashi M, Tashima H, Iwao Y, Yoshida E, Wakizaka H, Kumagai M, Yamashita T, Yamaya T. Performance evaluation of VRAIN: a brain-dedicated PET with a hemispherical detector arrangement. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 36317319 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac9e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective.For PET imaging systems, a smaller detector ring enables less intrinsic spatial resolution loss due to the photon non-collinearity effect as well as better balance between production cost and sensitivity, and a hemispherical detector arrangement is more appropriate for brain imaging than a conventional cylindrical arrangement. Therefore, we have developed a brain-dedicated PET system with a hemispherical detector arrangement, which has been commercialized in Japan under the product name of VRAINTM. In this study, we evaluated imaging performance of VRAIN.Approach.The VRAIN used 54 detectors to form the main hemispherical unit and an additional half-ring behind the neck. Each detector was composed of a 12 × 12 array of lutetium fine silicate crystals (4.1 × 4.1 × 10 mm3) and a 12 × 12 array of silicon photomultipliers (4 × 4 mm2active area) with the one-to-one coupling. We evaluated the physical performance of VRAIN according to the NEMA NU 2-2018 standards. Some measurements were modified so as to fit the hemispherical geometry. In addition, we performed18F-FDG imaging in a healthy volunteer.Main results.In the phantom study, the VRAIN showed high resolution for separating 2.2 mm rods, 229 ps TOF resolution and 19% scatter fraction. With the TOF gain for a 20 cm diameter object (an assumed head diameter), the peak noise-equivalent count rate was 144 kcps at 9.8 kBq ml-1and the sensitivity was 25 kcps MBq-1. Overall, the VRAIN provided excellent image quality in phantom and human studies. In the human FDG images, small brain nuclei and gray matter structures were clearly visualized with high contrast and low noise.Significance.We demonstrated the excellent imaging performance of VRAIN, which supported the advantages of the hemispherical detector arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Akamatsu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Miwako Takahashi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tashima
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwao
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshida
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Taiga Yamaya
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
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Evaluation of a High-Sensitivity Organ-Targeted PET Camera. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134678. [PMID: 35808181 PMCID: PMC9269056 DOI: 10.3390/s22134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Radialis organ-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) Camera with standardized tests and through assessment of clinical-imaging results. Sensitivity, count-rate performance, and spatial resolution were evaluated according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU-4 standards, with necessary modifications to accommodate the planar detector design. The detectability of small objects was shown with micro hotspot phantom images. The clinical performance of the camera was also demonstrated through breast cancer images acquired with varying injected doses of 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) and qualitatively compared with sample digital full-field mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-body (WB) PET images. Micro hotspot phantom sources were visualized down to 1.35 mm-diameter rods. Spatial resolution was calculated to be 2.3 ± 0.1 mm for the in-plane resolution and 6.8 ± 0.1 mm for the cross-plane resolution using maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstruction. The system peak noise equivalent count rate was 17.8 kcps at a 18F-FDG concentration of 10.5 kBq/mL. System scatter fraction was 24%. The overall efficiency at the peak noise equivalent count rate was 5400 cps/MBq. The maximum axial sensitivity achieved was 3.5%, with an average system sensitivity of 2.4%. Selected results from clinical trials demonstrate capability of imaging lesions at the chest wall and identifying false-negative X-ray findings and false-positive MRI findings, even at up to a 10-fold dose reduction in comparison with standard 18F-FDG doses (i.e., at 37 MBq or 1 mCi). The evaluation of the organ-targeted Radialis PET Camera indicates that it is a promising technology for high-image-quality, low-dose PET imaging. High-efficiency radiotracer detection also opens an opportunity to reduce administered doses of radiopharmaceuticals and, therefore, patient exposure to radiation.
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Dao V, Mikhaylova E, Ahnen ML, Fischer J, Thielemans K, Tsoumpas C. Evaluation of STIR Library Adapted for PET Scanners with Non-Cylindrical Geometry. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8060172. [PMID: 35735971 PMCID: PMC9225016 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR) is an open source C++ library used to reconstruct single photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) data. STIR has an experimental scanner geometry modelling feature to accurately model detector placement. In this study, we test and improve this new feature using several types of data: Monte Carlo simulations and measured phantom data acquired from a dedicated brain PET prototype scanner. The results show that the new geometry class applied to non-cylindrical PET scanners improved spatial resolution, uniformity, and image contrast. These are directly observed in the reconstructions of small features in the test quality phantom. Overall, we conclude that the revised "BlocksOnCylindrical" class will be a valuable addition to the next STIR software release with adjustments of existing features (Single Scatter Simulation, forward projection, attenuation corrections) to "BlocksOnCylindrical".
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Dao
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Max L. Ahnen
- Positrigo AG, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.M.); (M.L.A.); (J.F.)
- Institute of Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jannis Fischer
- Positrigo AG, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.M.); (M.L.A.); (J.F.)
- Institute of Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London NW1 2BU, UK;
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Algorithms Software Consulting Ltd., London SW15 5HX, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Performance evaluation of dedicated brain PET scanner with motion correction system. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:746-755. [PMID: 35698016 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various motion correction (MC) algorithms for positron emission tomography (PET) have been proposed to accelerate the diagnostic performance and research in brain activity and neurology. We have incorporated MC system-based optical motion tracking into the brain-dedicated time-of-flight PET scanner. In this study, we evaluate the performance characteristics of the developed PET scanner when performing MC in accordance with the standards and guidelines for the brain PET scanner. METHODS We evaluate the spatial resolution, scatter fraction, count rate characteristics, sensitivity, and image quality of PET images. The MC evaluation is measured in terms of the spatial resolution and image quality that affect movement. RESULTS In the basic performance evaluation, the average spatial resolution by iterative reconstruction was 2.2 mm at 10 mm offset position. The measured peak noise equivalent count rate was 38.0 kcps at 16.7 kBq/mL. The scatter fraction and system sensitivity were 43.9% and 22.4 cps/(Bq/mL), respectively. The image contrast recovery was between 43.2% (10 mm sphere) and 72.0% (37 mm sphere). In the MC performance evaluation, the average spatial resolution was 2.7 mm at 10 mm offset position, when the phantom stage with the point source translates to ± 15 mm along the y-axis. The image contrast recovery was between 34.2 % (10 mm sphere) and 66.8 % (37 mm sphere). CONCLUSIONS The reconstructed images using MC were restored to their nearly identical state as those at rest. Therefore, it is concluded that this scanner can observe more natural brain activity.
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Leung EK, Abdelhafez YG, Berg E, Xie Z, Zhang X, Bayerlein R, Spencer B, Li E, Omidvari N, Selfridge A, Cherry SR, Qi J, Badawi RD. Relating 18F-FDG image signal-to-noise ratio to time-of-flight noise-equivalent count rate in total-body PET using the uEXPLORER scanner. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac72f1. [PMID: 35609588 PMCID: PMC9275089 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac72f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective.This work assessed the relationship between image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and total-body noise-equivalent count rate (NECR)-for both non-time-of-flight (TOF) NECR and TOF-NECR-in a long uniform water cylinder and 14 healthy human subjects using the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner.Approach.A TOF-NEC expression was modified for list-mode PET data, and both the non-TOF NECR and TOF-NECR were compared using datasets from a long uniform water cylinder and 14 human subjects scanned up to 12 h after radiotracer injection.Main results.The TOF-NECR for the uniform water cylinder was found to be linearly proportional to the TOF-reconstructed image SNR2in the range of radioactivity concentrations studied, but not for non-TOF NECR as indicated by the reducedR2value. The results suggest that the use of TOF-NECR to estimate the count rate performance of TOF-enabled PET systems may be more appropriate for predicting the SNR of TOF-reconstructed images.Significance.Image quality in PET is commonly characterized by image SNR and, correspondingly, the NECR. While the use of NECR for predicting image quality in conventional PET systems is well-studied, the relationship between SNR and NECR has not been examined in detail in long axial field-of-view total-body PET systems, especially for human subjects. Furthermore, the current NEMA NU 2-2018 standard does not account for count rate performance gains due to TOF in the NECR evaluation. The relationship between image SNR and total-body NECR in long axial FOV PET was assessed for the first time using the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K. Leung
- Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States,UIH America, Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Eric Berg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhaoheng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xuezhu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Reimund Bayerlein
- Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Spencer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Negar Omidvari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Selfridge
- Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Simon R. Cherry
- Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jinyi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ramsey D. Badawi
- Department of Radiology, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Hunter WCJ, DeWitt DQ, Miyaoka RS. Performance Characteristics of a Dual-Sided Position-Sensitive Sparse-Sensor Detector for Gamma-ray Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 6:385-392. [PMID: 35372738 PMCID: PMC8974312 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3087465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We characterize the performance of a dualsided position-sensitive sparse sensor (DS-PS3) array detector for positron emission tomography (PET). The DS-PS3 detector is designed as a high performance, cost effective PET detector for organ-specific imaging systems (e.g., brain, breast, etc.). Methods Two sparse 4-by-4 arrays of silicon photomultipliers (18.5% SiPM fill-factor) coupled through segmented light guide are used to readout a 15-by-15 array of 2-mm-pitch, 20-mm-long LSYO crystals. Uniform flood data were used for crystal identification, depth determination, and position-dependent energy resolution. Intrinsic-spatial and depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolutions were determined by stepping a collimated gamma-ray source over the front and side, respectively. Results We measured an average intrinsic spatial resolution of 2.14 ± 0.07 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM). DOI FWHM resolution varied from 2.2 mm for crystals over sensors to 5.3 mm for crystals between sensors. Average DOI resolution was 3.6 ± 0.8 mm FHWM. Average energy resolution for the detector module was 16.6% with a range of 11.3% to 25.8%. Conclusions We have demonstrated use of a dual-sided sparse sensor arrays to enable low-cost high-performance decoding of three-dimensional positioning within a PET detector using an 18.5% sensor fill-factor.
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21
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Masturzo L, Carra P, Erba PA, Morrocchi M, Pilleri A, Sportelli G, Belcari N. Monte Carlo Characterization of the Trimage Brain PET System. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8020021. [PMID: 35200724 PMCID: PMC8878795 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRIMAGE project aims to develop a brain-dedicated PET/MR/EEG (Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance/Electroencephalogram) system that is able to perform simultaneous PET, MR and EEG acquisitions. The PET component consists of a full ring with 18 sectors. Each sector includes three square detector modules based on dual sstaggered LYSO:Ce matrices read out by SiPMs. Using Monte Carlo simulations and following NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) guidelines, image quality procedures have been applied to evaluate the performance of the PET component of the system. The performance are reported in terms of spatial resolution, uniformity, recovery coefficient, spill over ratio, noise equivalent count rate (NECR) and scatter fraction. The results show that the TRIMAGE system is at the top of the current brain PET technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Masturzo
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Pietro Carra
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Section, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Anna Erba
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine and Surgery, Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Morrocchi
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Section, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pilleri
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Giancarlo Sportelli
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Section, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (N.B.)
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Pisa Section, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Abstract
In this partial review and partial attempt at vision of what may be the future of dedicated brain PET scanners, the key implementations of the PET technique, we postulate that we are still on a development path and there is still a lot to be done in order to develop optimal brain imagers. Optimized for particular imaging tasks and protocols, and also mobile, that can be used outside the PET center, in addition to the expected improvements in sensitivity and resolution. For this multi-application concept to be more practical, flexible, adaptable designs are preferred. This task is greatly facilitated by the improved TOF performance that allows for more open, adjustable, limited angular coverage geometries without creating image artifacts. As achieving uniform very high resolution in the whole body is not practical due to technological limits and high costs, hybrid systems using a moderate-resolution total body scanner (such as J-PET) combined with a very high performing brain imager could be a very attractive approach. As well, as using magnification inserts in the total body or long-axial length imagers to visualize selected targets with higher resolution. In addition, multigamma imagers combining PET with Compton imaging should be developed to enable multitracer imaging.
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Validation technique and improvements introduced in a new dedicated brain positron emission tomograph (CareMiBrain). Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021. [PMID: 34059483 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing a PET dedicated to the brain (CareMiBrain) has evolved from its initial approach to diagnosis and monitoring of dementias, to the more ambitious of creating a revolutionary clinical pathway for the knowledge and personalized treatment of multiple neurological diseases. The main innovative feature of CareMiBrain is the use of detectors with continuous crystals, which allow a high resolution determination of the depth of annihilation photons interaction within the thickness of the scintillation crystal. The technical validation phase of the equipment consisted of a pilot, prospective and observational study whose objective was to obtain the first images (40 patients), analyze them and make adjustments in the acquisition, reconstruction and correction parameters, comparing the image quality of the CareMiBrain equipment with that of the whole-body PET-CT. Thanks to the team meetings and the joint analysis of the images, it was possible to detect its weak points and some of its causes. The calibration, acquisition and processing processes, as well as the reconstruction, were optimized, the number of iterations was set to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio, the random correction was optimized and a post-processing algorithm was included in the reconstruction algorithm. The main technical improvements implemented in this phase of technical validation carried out through collaboration of the Services of Nuclear Medicine and Neurology of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos with the Spanish company Oncovision will be exposed in a project financed with funds from the European Union (Horizon 2020 innovation program, 713323).
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Cabrera-Martín MN, González-Pavón G, Sanchís Hernández M, Morera-Ballester C, Matías-Guiu JA, Carreras Delgado JL. Validation technique and improvements introduced in a new dedicated brain positron emission tomograph (CareMiBrain). Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2021; 40:239-248. [PMID: 34218886 DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing a PET dedicated to the brain (CareMiBrain) has evolved from its initial approach to diagnosis and monitoring of dementias, to the more ambitious of creating a revolutionary clinical pathway for the knowledge and personalized treatment of multiple neurological diseases. The main innovative feature of CareMiBrain is the use of detectors with continuous crystals, which allow a high resolution determination of the depth of annihilation photons interaction within the thickness of the scintillation crystal. The technical validation phase of the equipment consisted of a pilot, prospective and observational study whose objective was to obtain the first images (40 patients), analyze them and make adjustments in the acquisition, reconstruction and correction parameters, comparing the image quality of the CareMiBrain equipment with that of the whole-body PET/CT. Thanks to the team meetings and the joint analysis of the images, it was possible to detect its weak points and some of its causes. The calibration, acquisition and processing processes, as well as the reconstruction, were optimized, the number of iterations was set to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio, the random correction was optimized and a post-processing algorithm was included in the reconstruction algorithm. The main technical improvements implemented in this phase of technical validation carried out through collaboration of the Services of Nuclear Medicine and Neurology of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos with the Spanish company Oncovision will be exposed in a project financed with funds from the European Union (Horizon 2020 innovation program, 713323).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nieves Cabrera-Martín
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Jordi A Matías-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Carreras Delgado
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Gonzalez-Montoro A, Gonzalez AJ, Pourashraf S, Miyaoka RS, Bruyndonckx P, Chinn G, Pierce LA, Levin CS. Evolution of PET Detectors and Event Positioning Algorithms Using Monolithic Scintillation Crystals. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3059181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Jung J, Choi Y, Park K, Kim Y, Jung JH. A diode-based symmetric charge division circuit with grounding path to reduce signal crosstalk and improve detector performance. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Surti S, Del Guerra A, Zaidi H. Total-body PET is ready for prime time. Med Phys 2020; 48:3-6. [PMID: 33012033 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Surti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6055, USA
| | - Alberto Del Guerra
- Department of Physics "E.Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
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Toufique Y, Bouhali O, Negre P, O' Doherty J. Simulation study of a coincidence detection system for non-invasive determination of arterial blood time-activity curve measurements. EJNMMI Phys 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32383043 PMCID: PMC7205938 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-020-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial sampling in PET studies for the purposes of kinetic modeling remains an invasive, time-intensive, and expensive procedure. Alternatives to derive the blood time-activity curve (BTAC) non-invasively are either reliant on large vessels in the field of view or are laborious to implement and analyze as well as being prone to many processing errors. An alternative method is proposed in this work by the simulation of a non-invasive coincidence detection unit. Results We utilized GATE simulations of a human forearm phantom with a blood flow model, as well as a model for dynamic radioactive bolus activity concentration based on clinical measurements. A fixed configuration of 14 and, also separately, 8 detectors were employed around the phantom, and simulations were performed to investigate signal detection parameters. Bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals proved to show the highest count rate capability and sensitivity to a simulated BTAC with a maximum coincidence rate of 575 cps. Repeatable location of the blood vessels in the forearm allowed a half-ring design with only 8 detectors. Using this configuration, maximum coincident rates of 250 cps and 42 cps were achieved with simulation of activity concentration determined from 15O and 18F arterial blood sampling. NECR simulated in a water phantom at 3 different vertical positions inside the 8-detector system (Y = − 1 cm, Y = − 2 cm, and Y = −3 cm) was 8360 cps, 13,041 cps, and 20,476 cps at an activity of 3.5 MBq. Addition of extra axial detection rings to the half-ring configuration provided increases in system sensitivity by a factor of approximately 10. Conclusions Initial simulations demonstrated that the configuration of a single half-ring 8 detector of monolithic BGO crystals could describe the simulated BTAC in a clinically relevant forearm phantom with good signal properties, and an increased number of axial detection rings can provide increased sensitivity of the system. The system would find use in the derivation of the BTAC for use in the application of kinetic models without physical arterial sampling or reliance on image-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Toufique
- Advanced Scientific Computing Center, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Othmane Bouhali
- Advanced Scientific Computing Center, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pauline Negre
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jim O' Doherty
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Oliver S, Moliner L, Ilisie V, Benlloch J, Rodríguez-Álvarez M. Simulation Study for Designing a Dedicated Cardiac TOF-PET System. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051311. [PMID: 32121227 PMCID: PMC7085583 DOI: 10.3390/s20051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of dedicated positron emission tomography scanners is an active area of research, especially aiming at the improvement of lesion detection and in support of cancer treatment and management. Recently, dedicated Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems with different configurations for specific organs have been developed for improving detection effectiveness. Open geometries are always subject to distortion and artifacts in the reconstructed images. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the optimal geometry for a novel cardiac PET system that will be developed by our team, and determine the time resolution needed to achieve reasonable image quality for the chosen geometry. The proposed geometries consist of 36 modules. These modules are arranged in two sets of two plates, each one with different configurations. We performed Monte Carlo simulations with different TOF resolutions, in order to test the image quality improvement in each case. Our results show, as expected, that increasing TOF resolution reduces distortion and artifact effects. We can conclude that a TOF resolution of the order of 200 ps is needed to reduce the artifacts, to acceptable levels, generated in the simulated cardiac-PET open geometries.
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