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Liu M, Wen Z, Zhang T, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang M. The role of exosomal molecular cargo in exosome biogenesis and disease diagnosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1417758. [PMID: 38983854 PMCID: PMC11231912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1417758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes represent a type of extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal pathway that transport diverse molecular cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These cargoes have emerged as crucial elements impacting disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and are integral to the process of exosome formation. This review delves into the essential molecular cargoes implicated in the phases of exosome production and release. Emphasis is placed on their significance as cancer biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, accompanied by an exploration of the obstacles and feasible applications linked to these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linghan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Maoyuan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, GanZhou, China
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2
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Lee YJ, Shin KJ, Chae YC. Regulation of cargo selection in exosome biogenesis and its biomedical applications in cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:877-889. [PMID: 38580812 PMCID: PMC11059157 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are increasingly recognized as potent mediators of intercellular communication due to their capacity to transport a diverse array of bioactive molecules. They assume vital roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes and hold significant promise as emerging disease biomarkers, therapeutic agents, and carriers for drug delivery. Exosomes encompass specific groups of membrane proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, cytosolic proteins, and other signaling molecules within their interior. These cargo molecules dictate targeting specificity and functional roles upon reaching recipient cells. Despite our growing understanding of the significance of exosomes in diverse biological processes, the molecular mechanisms governing the selective sorting and packaging of cargo within exosomes have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize current insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sorting of various molecules into exosomes, the resulting biological functions, and potential clinical applications, with a particular emphasis on their relevance in cancer and other diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the loading processes and mechanisms involved in exosome cargo sorting is essential for uncovering the physiological and pathological roles of exosomes, identifying therapeutic targets, and advancing the clinical development of exosome-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Buttiens K, Maksoudian C, Perez Gilabert I, Rios Luci C, Manshian BB, Soenen SJ. Inorganic Nanoparticles Change Cancer-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Secretion Levels and Cargo Composition, Resulting in Secondary Biological Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:66-83. [PMID: 38163254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the medical exploitation of nanotechnology has been largely increasing and finding its way into translational research and clinical applications. Despite their biomedical potential, uncertainties persist regarding the intricate role that nanomaterials may play on altering physiology in healthy and diseased tissues. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as an important pathway for intercellular communication and known to be mediators of cellular stress. EVs are currently explored for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, including nanoformulations, to treat and diagnose cancer or other diseases. Here, we aimed to investigate whether nanomaterials could have a possible impact on EV functionality, their safety, and whether EVs can play a role in nanomaterial toxicity profiles. To evaluate this, the impact of inorganic nanomaterial administration on EVs derived from murine melanoma and human breast cancer cells was tested. Cells were incubated with subtoxic concentrations of 4 different biomedically relevant inorganic nanoparticles (NPs): gold, silver, silicon dioxide, or iron oxide. The results displayed a clear NP and cell-type-dependent effect on increasing or decreasing EV secretion. Furthermore, the expression pattern of several EV-derived miRNAs was significantly changed upon NP exposure, compared to nontreated cells. Detailed pathway analysis and additional studies confirmed that EVs obtained from NP-exposed cells could influence immunological responses and cellular physiology. Together, these data reveal that NPs can have wide-ranging effects which can result in toxicity concerns or enhanced therapeutic potential as a secondary enhanced effect mediated and enhanced by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Buttiens
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christy Maksoudian
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irati Perez Gilabert
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Rios Luci
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bella B Manshian
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- NanoHealth and Optical Imaging Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Alam MR, Rahman MM, Li Z. The link between intracellular calcium signaling and exosomal PD-L1 in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Genes Dis 2024; 11:321-334. [PMID: 37588227 PMCID: PMC10425812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles containing microRNA, RNA, DNA fragments, and proteins that are transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. Tumor cells release exosomes to reprogram the factors associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) causing tumor metastasis and immune escape. Emerging evidence revealed that cancer cell-derived exosomes carry immune inhibitory molecule program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) that binds with receptor program death protein 1 (PD-1) and promote tumor progression by escaping immune response. Currently, some FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies are clinically used for cancer treatment by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Despite notable treatment outcomes, some patients show poor drug response. Exosomal PD-L1 plays a vital role in lowering the treatment response, showing resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy through recapitulating the effect of cell surface PD-L1. To enhance therapeutic response, inhibition of exosomal PD-L1 is required. Calcium signaling is the central regulator of tumorigenesis and can regulate exosome biogenesis and secretion by modulating Rab GTPase family and membrane fusion factors. Immune checkpoints are also connected with calcium signaling and calcium channel blockers like amlodipine, nifedipine, lercanidipine, diltiazem, and verapamil were also reported to suppress cellular PD-L1 expression. Therefore, to enhance the PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy response, the reduction of exosomal PD-L1 secretion from cancer cells is in our therapeutic consideration. In this review, we proposed a therapeutic strategy by targeting calcium signaling to inhibit the expression of PD-L1-containing exosome levels that could reduce the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy resistance and increase the patient's drug response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rakibul Alam
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2H7, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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5
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yan W. The role of extracellular vesicles in skeletal muscle wasting. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2462-2472. [PMID: 37867162 PMCID: PMC10751420 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is a complicated metabolic syndrome accompanied by multiple diseases ranging from cancer to metabolic disorders and infectious conditions. The loss of muscle mass significantly impairs muscle function, resulting in poor quality of life and high mortality of associated diseases. The fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms inducing muscle wasting have been well established, and those related pathways can be activated by a variety of extracellular signals, including inflammatory cytokines and catabolic stimuli. As an emerging messenger of cell-to-cell communications, extracellular vesicles (EVs) also get involved in the progression of muscle wasting by transferring bioactive cargoes including various proteins and non-coding RNAs to skeletal muscle. Like a double-edged sword, EVs play either a pro-wasting or anti-wasting role in the progression of muscle wasting, highly dependent on their parental cells as well as the specific type of cargo they encapsulate. This review aims to illustrate the current knowledge about the biological function of EVs cargoes in skeletal muscle wasting. Additionally, the potential therapeutic implications of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of skeletal muscle wasting are also discussed. Simultaneously, several outstanding questions are included to shed light on future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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6
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Nørgård MØ, Lund PM, Kalisi N, Andresen TL, Larsen JB, Vogel S, Svenningsen P. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species modify extracellular vesicles secretion rate. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:355-366. [PMID: 37674540 PMCID: PMC10478507 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion rate is stimulated by hypoxia that causes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-1 signaling; however, their contribution to the increased EV secretion rate is unknown. We found that the EV marker secretion rate in our EV reporter cell line CD9truc-EGFP was unaffected by the HIF-1α stabilizer roxadustat; yet, ETC stimulation by dichloroacetic acid (DCA) significantly increased EV secretion. The DCA-induced EV secretion was blocked by the antioxidant TEMPO and rotenone, an inhibitor of the ETC's Complex I. Under hypoxic conditions, the limited oxygen reduction impedes the ETC's Complex III. To mimic this, we inhibited Complex III with antimycin A, which increased ROS-dependent EV secretion. The electron transport between Complex I and III is accomplished by coenzyme Q created by the mevalonate pathway and tyrosine metabolites. Blocking an early step in the mevalonate pathway using pitavastatin augmented the DCA-induced EV secretion, and 4-nitrobenzoate-an inhibitor of the condensation of the mevalonate pathway with tyrosine metabolites-increased ROS-dependent EV secretion. Our findings indicate that hypoxia-mimetics targeting the ETC modify EV secretion and that ROS produced by the ETC is a potent stimulus for EV secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Ø. Nørgård
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Philip M. Lund
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Nazmie Kalisi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Jannik B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of BiopharmaceuticalsTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Stefan Vogel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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7
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Martin S, McConnell R, Harrison R, Jang SC, Sia CL, Kamerkar S, Duboff A, Jacob L, Finn J, Estes S. Therapeutic extracellular vesicle production is substantially increased by inhibition of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2685-2699. [PMID: 37060550 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new therapeutic modality with the promise to treat many diseases through their ability to deliver diverse molecular cargo. As with other emerging modalities transitioning into the industrialization phase, all aspects of the manufacturing process are rich with opportunities to enhance the ability to deliver these medicines to patients. With the goal of improving cell culture EV productivity, we have utilized high throughput siRNA screens to identify the underlying genetic pathways that regulate EV productivity to inform rational host cell line engineering and media development approaches. The screens identified multiple metabolic pathways of potential interest; one of which was validated and shown to be a ready implementable, cost-effective strategy to increase EV titers. We show that both EV volumetric and specific productivity from HEK293 and CHO-S were increased in a dose and cell line-dependent manner up to ninefold when cholesterol synthesis was inhibited by the inclusion of statins in the cell culture media. In addition, we show in response to statin treatment, elevation of EV markers in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cell culture media suggesting this approach can also be applicable to MSC EVs. Furthermore, we show that the EVs produced from statin-treated HEK293 cultures are effectively loaded by both endogenous and exogenous loading methods and have equivalent in vitro or in vivo potency relative to EVs from untreated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su Chul Jang
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Duboff
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Jacob
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Scott Estes
- Codiak BioSciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Hu M, Kenific CM, Boudreau N, Lyden D. Tumor-derived nanoseeds condition the soil for metastatic organotropism. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:70-82. [PMID: 37178822 PMCID: PMC10362948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumors secrete a variety of factors to turn distant microenvironments into favorable and fertile 'soil' for subsequent metastases. Among these 'seeding' factors that initiate pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of particular interest as tumor EVs can direct organotropism depending on their surface integrin profiles. In addition, EVs also contain versatile, bioactive cargo, which include proteins, metabolites, lipids, RNA, and DNA fragments. The cargo incorporated into EVs is collectively shed from cancer cells and cancer-associated stromal cells. Increased understanding of how tumor EVs promote PMN establishment and detection of EVs in bodily fluids highlight how tumor EVs could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as provide a therapeutic target for metastasis prevention. This review focuses on tumor-derived EVs and how they direct organotropism and subsequently modulate stromal and immune microenvironments at distal sites to facilitate PMN formation. We also outline the progress made thus far towards clinical applications of tumor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Hu
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Sekhavati N, Noori E, Abbasifard M, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. How statin drugs affect exosomes? J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:171-180. [PMID: 36565475 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce serum cholesterol and isoprenoids by the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in the mevalonate pathway. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (30-200 nm) released by all cells that regulate cell-to-cell communication in health and disease by transferring functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. There are many reports that show an effect of statins on exosomes, from their production and release to their content and performance. In this review, we have summarized existing data on the impact of statins on the biosynthesis, secretion, content, uptake and function of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sekhavati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Noori
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Formation of pre-metastatic niches induced by tumor extracellular vesicles in lung metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106669. [PMID: 36681367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of malignant tumors that metastasize into the lung as one of their most common sites of dissemination. The successful infiltration of tumor cells into distant organs is the result of the cooperation between tumor cells and distant host cells. When tumor cells have not yet reached distant organs, in situ tumor cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying important biological information. In recent years, scholars have found that tumor cells-derived EVs act as the bridge between orthotopic tumors and secondary metastases by promoting the formation of a pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which plays a key role in awakening dormant circulating tumor cells and promoting tumor cell colonization. This review provides an overview of multiple routes and mechanisms underlying PMN formation induced by EVs and summaries study findings that underline a potential role of EVs in the intervention of lung PMN, both as a target or a carrier for drug design. In this review, the underlying mechanisms of EVs in lung PMN formation are highlighted as well as potential applications to lung metastasis diagnosis and treatment.
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11
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Modified lipidomic profile of cancer-associated small extracellular vesicles facilitates tumorigenic behaviours and contributes to disease progression. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100935. [PMID: 36443198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a key feature of cancer cells, which involves the alteration of amino acids, glucose and lipids to support aggressive cancer phenotypes. Changes in lipid metabolism alter cancer growth characteristics, membrane integrity and signalling pathways. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular environment, where they participate in cell-to-cell communication. Lipids are involved in the formation and cargo assortment of sEVs, resulting in their selective packaging in these vesicles. Further, sEVs participate in different aspects of cancer development, such as proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Various lipidomic studies have indicated the enrichment of specific lipids in sEVs derived from tumour cells, which aid in their pathological functioning. This paper summarises how the modified lipid profile of sEVs contributes to carcinogenesis and disease progression.
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12
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Su C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Guo J, Hou Y, Wang X, Qin Z, Gao J, Sun Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Xian X, Cui X, Zhang J, Tang J. Atherosclerosis: The Involvement of Immunity, Cytokines and Cells in Pathogenesis, and Potential Novel Therapeutics. Aging Dis 2022:AD.2022.1208. [PMID: 37163428 PMCID: PMC10389830 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a leading contributor to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, atherosclerosis has become one of the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) negatively impacting patients worldwide. The endothelial injury is considered to be the initial step of the development of atherosclerosis, resulting in immune cell migration and activation as well as inflammatory factor secretion, which further leads to acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, the inflammation and lipid accumulation at the lesions stimulate specific responses from different types of cells, contributing to the pathological progression of atherosclerosis. As a result, recent studies have focused on using molecular biological approaches such as gene editing and nanotechnology to mediate cellular response during atherosclerotic development for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we systematically discuss inflammatory pathogenesis during the development of atherosclerosis from a cellular level with a focus on the blood cells, including all types of immune cells, together with crucial cells within the blood vessel, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, the latest progression of molecular-cellular based therapy for atherosclerosis is also discussed. We hope this review article could be beneficial for the clinical management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yachen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yichen Dai
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunoediting and Their Potential as Oncoimmunotherapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010082. [PMID: 36612080 PMCID: PMC9817790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) within and around a tumor is a complex interacting mixture of tumor cells with various stromal cells, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. In the early steps of tumor formation, the local microenvironment tends to oppose carcinogenesis, while with cancer progression, the microenvironment skews into a protumoral TME and the tumor influences stromal cells to provide tumor-supporting functions. The creation and development of cancer are dependent on escape from immune recognition predominantly by influencing stromal cells, particularly immune cells, to suppress antitumor immunity. This overall process is generally called immunoediting and has been categorized into three phases; elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Interaction of tumor cells with stromal cells in the TME is mediated generally by cell-to-cell contact, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The least well studied are EVs (especially exosomes), which are nanoparticle-sized bilayer membrane vesicles released by many cell types that participate in cell/cell communication. EVs carry various proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and small molecules that influence cells that ingest the EVs. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) play a significant role in every stage of immunoediting, and their cargoes change from immune-activating in the early stages of immunoediting into immunosuppressing in the escape phase. In addition, their cargos change with different treatments or stress conditions and can be influenced to be more immune stimulatory against cancer. This review focuses on the emerging understanding of how TEVs affect the differentiation and effector functions of stromal cells and their role in immunoediting, from the early stages of immunoediting to immune escape. Consideration of how TEVs can be therapeutically utilized includes different treatments that can modify TEV to support cancer immunotherapy.
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Kim JH, Lee CH, Baek MC. Dissecting exosome inhibitors: therapeutic insights into small-molecule chemicals against cancer. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1833-1843. [PMID: 36446847 PMCID: PMC9707221 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of cancer biology has revealed unique methods of communication between cells through extracellular vesicles called exosomes. Exosomes are released from a broad spectrum of cell types and serve as functional mediators under physiological or pathological conditions. Hence, blocking the release of exosome bio carriers may prove useful for slowing the progression of certain types of cancers. Therefore, efforts are being made to develop exosome inhibitors to be used both as research tools and as therapies in clinical trials. Thus, studies on exosomes may lead to a breakthrough in cancer research, for which new clinical targets for different types of cancers are urgently needed. In this review, we briefly outline exosome inhibitors and discuss their modes of action and potential for use as therapeutic tools for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Kim
- grid.412072.20000 0004 0621 4958Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, 42472 South Korea
| | - Chan-Hyeong Lee
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Moon-Chang Baek
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, Exosome Convergence Research Center (ECRC), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
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15
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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16
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Han QF, Li WJ, Hu KS, Gao J, Zhai WL, Yang JH, Zhang SJ. Exosome biogenesis: machinery, regulation, and therapeutic implications in cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:207. [PMID: 36320056 PMCID: PMC9623991 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are well-known key mediators of intercellular communication and contribute to various physiological and pathological processes. Their biogenesis involves four key steps, including cargo sorting, MVB formation and maturation, transport of MVBs, and MVB fusion with the plasma membrane. Each process is modulated through the competition or coordination of multiple mechanisms, whereby diverse repertoires of molecular cargos are sorted into distinct subpopulations of exosomes, resulting in the high heterogeneity of exosomes. Intriguingly, cancer cells exploit various strategies, such as aberrant gene expression, posttranslational modifications, and altered signaling pathways, to regulate the biogenesis, composition, and eventually functions of exosomes to promote cancer progression. Therefore, exosome biogenesis-targeted therapy is being actively explored. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in understanding the machinery of exosome biogenesis and how it is regulated in the context of cancer. In particular, we highlight pharmacological targeting of exosome biogenesis as a promising cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Fang Han
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wen-Jia Li
- grid.412536.70000 0004 1791 7851Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Kai-Shun Hu
- grid.412536.70000 0004 1791 7851Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Jie Gao
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,Henan Diagnosis & Treatment League for Hepatopathy, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wen-Long Zhai
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Clinical Systems Biology Key Laboratories of Henan, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Henan Research Centre for Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,Henan Diagnosis & Treatment League for Hepatopathy, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,Henan Engineering & Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgical Diseases, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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17
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Chernova T, Grosso S, Sun XM, Tenor AR, Cabeza JZ, Craxton A, Self EL, Nakas A, Cain K, MacFarlane M, Willis AE. Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Malignant Mesothelioma Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Induce Pro-Oncogenic Changes in Healthy Mesothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12469. [PMID: 36293328 PMCID: PMC9604431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumour of the pleura (MPM) or peritoneum with a clinical presentation at an advanced stage of the disease. Current therapies only marginally improve survival and there is an urgent need to identify new treatments. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent the main component of a vast stroma within MPM and play an important role in the tumour microenvironment. The influence of CAFs on cancer progression, aggressiveness and metastasis is well understood; however, the role of CAF-derived extracellular vesicles (CAF-EVs) in the promotion of tumour development and invasiveness is underexplored. We purified CAF-EVs from MPM-associated cells and healthy dermal human fibroblasts and examined their effect on cell proliferation and motility. The data show that exposure of healthy mesothelial cells to EVs derived from CAFs, but not from normal dermal human fibroblasts (NDHF) resulted in activating pro-oncogenic signalling pathways and increased proliferation and motility. Consistent with its role in suppressing Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) activation (which in MPM is a result of Hippo pathway inactivation), treatment with Simvastatin ameliorated the pro-oncogenic effects instigated by CAF-EVs by mechanisms involving both a reduction in EV number and changes in EV cargo. Collectively, these data determine the significance of CAF-derived EVs in mesothelioma development and progression and suggest new targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Stefano Grosso
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Angela Rubio Tenor
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Andrew Craxton
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Emily L. Self
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Kelvin Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Anne E. Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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18
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Lucotti S, Kenific CM, Zhang H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109288. [PMID: 36052513 PMCID: PMC9475536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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19
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The emerging role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Yi X, Chen J, Huang D, Feng S, Yang T, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao M, Wu J, Zhong T. Current perspectives on clinical use of exosomes as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:966981. [PMID: 36119470 PMCID: PMC9472136 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.966981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogeneous subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that biogenesis from endosomes. Besides, exosomes contain a variety of molecular cargoes including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which play a key role in the mechanism of exosome formation. Meanwhile, exosomes are involved with physiological and pathological conditions. The molecular profile of exosomes reflects the type and pathophysiological status of the originating cells so could potentially be exploited for diagnostic of cancer. This review aims to describe important molecular cargoes involved in exosome biogenesis. In addition, we highlight exogenous factors, especially autophagy, hypoxia and pharmacology, that regulate the release of exosomes and their corresponding cargoes. Particularly, we also emphasize exosome molecular cargoes as potential biomarkers in liquid biopsy for diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- English Teaching and Research Section, Gannan Healthcare Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tong Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Minghong Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong,
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21
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Choe EJ, Lee CH, Bae JH, Park JM, Park SS, Baek MC. Atorvastatin Enhances the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Therapy and Suppresses the Cellular and Extracellular Vesicle PD-L1. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081660. [PMID: 36015287 PMCID: PMC9414447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to clinical studies, statins improve the efficacy of programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy for breast cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we showed that atorvastatin (ATO) decreased the content of PD-L1 in extracellular vesicles (EVs) by reducing cellular PD-L1 expression and inhibiting EV secretion in breast cancer cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. ATO reduced EV secretion by regulating the Rab proteins involved in EV biogenesis and secretion. ATO-mediated inhibition of the Ras-activated MAPK signaling pathway downregulated PD-L1 expression. In addition, ATO strongly promoted antitumor efficacy by inducing T cell-mediated tumor destruction when combined with an anti-PD-L1 antibody. Moreover, suppression of EV PD-L1 by ATO improved the reactivity of anti-PD-L1 therapy by enhancing T-cell activity in draining lymph nodes of EMT6-bearing immunocompetent mice. Therefore, ATO is a potential therapeutic drug that improves antitumor immunity by inhibiting EV PD-L1, particularly in response to immune escape during cancer.
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22
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Mitani F, Lin J, Sakamoto T, Uehara R, Hikita T, Yoshida T, Setiawan A, Arai M, Oneyama C. Asteltoxin inhibits extracellular vesicle production through AMPK/mTOR-mediated activation of lysosome function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6674. [PMID: 35461323 PMCID: PMC9035176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells secrete aberrantly large amounts of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, which originate from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Because EVs potentially contribute to tumor progression, EV inhibitors are of interest as novel therapeutics. We screened a fungal natural product library. Using cancer cells engineered to secrete luciferase-labeled EVs, we identified asteltoxin, which inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthase, as an EV inhibitor. Low concentrations of asteltoxin inhibited EV secretion without inducing mitochondrial damage. Asteltoxin attenuated cellular ATP levels and induced AMPK-mediated mTORC1 inactivation. Consequently, MiT/TFE transcription factors are translocated into the nucleus, promoting transcription of lysosomal genes and lysosome activation. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that the number of lysosomes increased relative to that of MVBs and the level of EVs decreased after treatment with asteltoxin or rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor. These findings suggest that asteltoxin represents a new type of EV inhibitor that controls MVB fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Mitani
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jianyu Lin
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Target and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Uehara
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hikita
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andi Setiawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Masayoshi Arai
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chitose Oneyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Target and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. .,JST, PRESTO, Nagoya, Japan.
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23
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The Role of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases and Tumor-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061005. [PMID: 35326456 PMCID: PMC8947057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a decisive role in inducing tumorigenesis, promoting tumor development, tumor invasion and migration. The interaction of cancer cells with their surrounding stromal cells and inflammatory cells further forms an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). The large number of cells present within the TME, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), macrophages, neutrophils, etc., play different roles in the changing TME. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles released by various types of cells, participate in a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. As an important communication medium between cells, exosomes continuously regulate the inflammatory microenvironment. In this review, we focused on the role of exosomes in inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. In addition, we also summarized the functions of exosomes released by various cells in inflammatory diseases and in the TME during the transformation of inflammatory diseases to tumors. We discussed in depth the potential of exosomes as targets and tools to treat inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation.
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24
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Majka M, Kleibert M, Wojciechowska M. Impact of the Main Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Plasma Extracellular Vesicles and Their Influence on the Heart's Vulnerability to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2021; 10:3331. [PMID: 34943838 PMCID: PMC8699798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cardiovascular deaths are associated with acute coronary syndrome, especially ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Therapeutic reperfusion alone can contribute up to 40 percent of total infarct size following coronary artery occlusion, which is called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Its size depends on many factors, including the main risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, such as age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and total cholesterol level as well as obesity, diabetes, and physical effort. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated particles released by every type of cell, which can carry content that affects the functioning of other tissues. Their role is essential in the communication between healthy and dysfunctional cells. In this article, data on the variability of the content of EVs in patients with the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors is presented, and their influence on IRI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Majka
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.)
- Invasive Cardiology Unit, Independent Public Specialist Western Hospital John Paul II, Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland
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25
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The Importance of Exosomal PD-L1 in Cancer Progression and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113247. [PMID: 34831468 PMCID: PMC8619537 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to its receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) can lead to the inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which is one of the mechanisms for immune escape of tumors. Immunotherapy based on this mechanism has been applied in clinic with some remaining issues such as drug resistance. Exosomal PD-L1 derived from tumor cells is considered to play a key role in mediating drug resistance. Here, the effects of various tumor-derived exosomes and tumor-derived exosomal PD-L1 on tumor progression are summarized and discussed. Researchers have found that high expression of exosomal PD-L1 can inhibit T cell activation in in vitro experiments, but the function of exosomal PD-L1 in vivo remains controversial. In addition, the circulating exosomal PD-L1 has high potential to act as an indicator to evaluate the clinical effect. Moreover, therapeutic strategy targeting exosomal PD-L1 is discussed, such as inhibiting the biogenesis or secretion of exosomes. Besides, some specific methods based on the strategy of inhibiting exosomes are concluded. Further study of exosomal PD-L1 may provide an effective and safe approach for tumor treatment, and targeting exosomal PD-L1 by inhibiting exosomes may be a potential method for tumor treatment.
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Vautrot V, Bentayeb H, Causse S, Garrido C, Gobbo J. Tumor-Derived Exosomes: Hidden Players in PD-1/PD-L1 Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184537. [PMID: 34572764 PMCID: PMC8467727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immunotherapies such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 have garnered increasing importance in cancer therapy, leading to substantial improvements in patient care and survival. However, a certain proportion of patients present tumors that resist these treatments. Exosomes, small vesicles secreted by almost every cell, including tumor cells, have proven to be key actors in this resistance. In this review, we describe the involvement of immune checkpoints and immune modulators in tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) in the context of cancer. We will focus on the most promising proteins under scrutiny for use in combination with PD-1 blockade therapy in a clinical setting: PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, CD73/39, LAG-3, and TIGIT. Finally, we will discuss how they can change the game in immunotherapy, notably through their role in immunoresistance and how they can guide therapeutic decisions, as well as the current obstacles in the field. Abstract Recently, immunotherapy has garnered increasing importance in cancer therapy, leading to substantial improvements in patient care and survival. By blocking the immune checkpoints—protein regulators of the immune system—immunotherapy prevents immune tolerance toward tumors and reactivates the immune system, prompting it to fight cancer cell growth and diffusion. A widespread strategy for this is the blockade of the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1. However, while patients generally respond well to immunotherapy, a certain proportion of patients present tumors that resist these treatments. This portion can be very high in some cancers and hinders cancer curability. For this reason, current efforts are focusing on combining PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy with the targeting of other immune checkpoints to counter resistance and achieve better results. Exosomes, small vesicles secreted by almost any cell, including tumor cells, have proven to be key actors in this resistance. The exosomes released by tumor cells spread the immune-suppressive properties of the tumor throughout the tumor microenvironment and participate in establishing metastatic niches. In this review, we will describe immune checkpoints and immune modulators whose presence in tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) has been established. We will focus on the most promising proteins under scrutiny for use in combination with PD-1 blockade therapy in a clinical setting, such as PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, CD73/39, LAG-3, and TIGIT. We will explore the immunosuppressive impact of these exosomal proteins on a variety of immune cells. Finally, we will discuss how they can change the game in immunotherapy and guide therapeutic decisions, as well as the current limits of this approach. Depending on the viewpoint, these exosomal proteins may either provide key missing information on tumor growth and resistance mechanisms or they may be the next big challenge to overcome in improving cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Vautrot
- Research Center UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC, INSERM, F-21000 Dijon, France; (V.V.); (H.B.); (S.C.); (C.G.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches Sciences de la Santé, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21079 Dijon, France
| | - Hafidha Bentayeb
- Research Center UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC, INSERM, F-21000 Dijon, France; (V.V.); (H.B.); (S.C.); (C.G.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches Sciences de la Santé, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21079 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Causse
- Research Center UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC, INSERM, F-21000 Dijon, France; (V.V.); (H.B.); (S.C.); (C.G.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches Sciences de la Santé, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- Research Center UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC, INSERM, F-21000 Dijon, France; (V.V.); (H.B.); (S.C.); (C.G.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches Sciences de la Santé, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21079 Dijon, France
| | - Jessica Gobbo
- Research Center UMR 1231, Label Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer and LipSTIC, INSERM, F-21000 Dijon, France; (V.V.); (H.B.); (S.C.); (C.G.)
- Unité de Formation et de Recherches Sciences de la Santé, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21079 Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Early Phase Unit INCa CLIP², Department of Oncology, F-21079 Dijon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1432, Module Plurithématique, INSERM, F-21079 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
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Das Gupta A, Krawczynska N, Nelson ER. Extracellular Vesicles-The Next Frontier in Endocrinology. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6310412. [PMID: 34180968 PMCID: PMC8294678 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are emerging as important carriers of signals in normal and pathological physiology. As EVs are a long-range communication or signaling modality-just like hormones are-the field of endocrinology is uniquely poised to offer insight into their functional biology and regulation. EVs are membrane-bound particles secreted by many different cell types and can have local or systemic effects, being transported in body fluids. They express transmembrane proteins, some of which are shared between EVs and some being specific to the tissue of origin, that can interact with target cells directly (much like hormones can). They also contain cargo within them that includes DNA, RNA, miRNA, and various metabolites. They can fuse with target cells to empty their cargo and alter their target cell physiology in this way also. Similar to the endocrine system, the EV system is likely to be under homeostatic control, making the regulation of their biogenesis and secretion important aspects to study. In this review, we briefly highlight select examples of how EVs are implicated in normal physiology and disease states. We also discuss what is known about their biogenesis and regulation of secretion. We hope that this paper inspires the endocrinology field to use our collective expertise to explore these new multimodal "hormones."
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Erik R. Nelson, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 407 S Goodwin Ave (MC-114), Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Lin TY, Lan WH, Chiu YF, Feng CL, Chiu CH, Kuo CJ, Lai CH. Statins' Regulation of the Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori and the Production of ROS May Inhibit the Development of Gastric Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1293. [PMID: 34439541 PMCID: PMC8389206 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, statins are used to treat high cholesterol levels. They exhibit pleiotropic effects, such as the prevention of cardiovascular disease and decreased cancer mortality. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers, ranking as the third leading global cause of cancer-related deaths, and is mainly attributed to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. During their co-evolution with hosts, H. pylori has developed the ability to use the cellular components of the host to evade the immune system and multiply in intracellular niches. Certain H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), and cholesterol-α-glucosyltransferase (CGT), have been shown to exploit host cholesterol during pathogenesis. Therefore, using statins to antagonize cholesterol synthesis might prove to be an ideal strategy for reducing the occurrence of H. pylori-related GC. This review discusses the current understanding of the interplay of H. pylori virulence factors with cholesterol and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which may prove to be novel therapeutic targets for the development of effective treatment strategies against H. pylori-associated GC. We also summarize the findings of several clinical studies on the association between statin therapy and the development of GC, especially in terms of cancer risk and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-F.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Research Center for Emerging Viral, Infections Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsi Lan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-F.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Research Center for Emerging Viral, Infections Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-F.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Research Center for Emerging Viral, Infections Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lung Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu 30272, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-F.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Research Center for Emerging Viral, Infections Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Microbiota Therapy Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-F.C.); (C.-H.C.)
- Chang Gung Microbiota Therapy Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Research Center for Emerging Viral, Infections Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Ibáñez F, Montesinos J, Area-Gomez E, Guerri C, Pascual M. Ethanol Induces Extracellular Vesicle Secretion by Altering Lipid Metabolism through the Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes and Sphingomyelinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168438. [PMID: 34445139 PMCID: PMC8395151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence pinpoints extracellular vesicles (EVs) as key players in intercellular communication. Given the importance of cholesterol and sphingomyelin in EV biology, and the relevance of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) in cholesterol/sphingomyelin homeostasis, we evaluated if MAMs and sphingomyelinases (SMases) could participate in ethanol-induced EV release. EVs were isolated from the extracellular medium of BV2 microglia treated or not with ethanol (50 and 100 mM). Radioactive metabolic tracers combined with thin layer chromatography were used as quantitative methods to assay phospholipid transfer, SMase activity and cholesterol uptake/esterification. Inhibitors of SMase (desipramine and GW4869) and MAM (cyclosporin A) activities were also utilized. Our data show that ethanol increases the secretion and inflammatory molecule concentration of EVs. Ethanol also upregulates MAM activity and alters lipid metabolism by increasing cholesterol uptake, cholesterol esterification and SMase activity in microglia. Notably, the inhibition of either SMase or MAM activity prevented the ethanol-induced increase in EV secretion. Collectively, these results strongly support a lipid-driven mechanism, specifically via SMases and MAM, to explain the effect of ethanol on EV secretion in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - Jorge Montesinos
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
| | - María Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (F.I.); (C.G.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-961-625-635 (M.P.); Fax: +34-963-864-642 (M.P.)
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30
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Wu J, Xie Q, Liu Y, Gao Y, Qu Z, Mo L, Xu Y, Chen R, Shi L. A Small Vimentin-Binding Molecule Blocks Cancer Exosome Release and Reduces Cancer Cell Mobility. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627394. [PMID: 34305581 PMCID: PMC8297618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein with diverse roles in health and disease far beyond its structural functions. Exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are key mediators for intercellular communication, contributing to tissue homeostasis and the progression of various diseases, especially the metastasis of cancers. In this study, we evaluated a novel vimentin-binding compound (R491) for its anti-cancer activities and its roles in cancer exosome release. The compound R491 induced a rapid and reversible intracellular vacuolization in various types of cancer cells. This phenotype did not result in an inhibition of cancer cell growth, which was consistent with our finding from a protein array that R491 did not reduce levels of major oncoproteins in cancer cells. Morphological and quantitative analyses on the intracellular vacuoles and extracellular exosomes revealed that in response to R491 treatment, the exosomes released from the cells were significantly reduced, while the exosomes retained as intra-luminal vesicles inside the cells were subsequently degraded. Vim+/− cells had lower amounts of vimentin and accordingly, lower amounts of both the retained and the released exosomes than Vim+/+ cells had, while the vimentin-binding compound R491 inhibited only the release of exosomes. Further functional tests showed that R491 significantly reduced the migration and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and decreased the amount of exosome in the blood in mice. Our study suggests that vimentin promotes exosome release, and small-molecule compounds that target vimentin are able to both block cancer exosome release and reduce cancer cell motility, and therefore could have potential applications for inhibiting cancer invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Luoda Biosciences, Inc., Chuzhou, China
| | - Qian Xie
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Qu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lian Mo
- Aluda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruihuan Chen
- Luoda Biosciences, Inc., Chuzhou, China.,Aluda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Liyun Shi
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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31
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Donoso‐Quezada J, Ayala‐Mar S, González‐Valdez J. The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications. Traffic 2021; 22:204-220. [PMID: 34053166 PMCID: PMC8361711 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that in recent years have received special attention for their regulatory functions in numerous biological processes. Recent evidence suggests a correlation between the composition of exosomes in body fluids and the progression of some disorders, such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. In consequence, numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the composition of these vesicles, aiming to develop new biomarkers for diagnosis and to find novel therapeutic targets. On their part, lipids represent one of the most important components of exosomes, with important structural and regulatory functions during exosome biogenesis, release, targeting and cellular uptake. Therefore, exosome lipidomics has emerged as an innovative discipline for the discovery of novel lipid species with biomedical applications. This review summarizes the current knowledge about exosome lipids and their roles in exosome biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, it presents the state-of-the-art analytical procedures used in exosome lipidomics while emphasizing how this emerging discipline is providing new insights for future applications of exosome lipids in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ayala‐Mar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
| | - José González‐Valdez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
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Baek AE, Krawczynska N, Das Gupta A, Dvoretskiy SV, You S, Park J, Deng YH, Sorrells JE, Smith BP, Ma L, Nelson AT, McDowell HB, Sprenger A, Henn MA, Madak-Erdogan Z, Kong H, Boppart SA, Boppart MD, Nelson ER. The Cholesterol Metabolite 27HC Increases Secretion of Extracellular Vesicles Which Promote Breast Cancer Progression. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6271123. [PMID: 33959755 PMCID: PMC8197285 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been implicated in the clinical progression of breast cancer, a disease that continues to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Previous work has identified the cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) as a major mediator of the effects of cholesterol on breast tumor growth and progression. 27HC can act as an estrogen receptor (ER) modulator to promote the growth of ERα+ tumors, and as a liver X receptor (LXR) ligand in myeloid immune cells to establish an immune-suppressive program. In fact, the metastatic properties of 27HC require the presence of myeloid cells with neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils; PMNs) being essential for the increase in lung metastasis in murine models. In an effort to further elucidate the mechanisms by which 27HC alters breast cancer progression, we made the striking finding that 27HC promoted the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a diverse assortment of membrane bound particles that includes exosomes. The resulting EVs had a size distribution that was skewed slightly larger than EVs generated by treating cells with vehicle. The increase in EV secretion and size was consistent across 3 different subtypes: primary murine PMNs, RAW264.7 monocytic cells, and 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells. Label-free analysis of 27HC-EVs indicated that they had a different metabolite composition to those from vehicle-treated cells. Importantly, 27HC-EVs from primary PMNs promoted tumor growth and metastasis in 2 different syngeneic models, demonstrating the potential role of 27HC-induced EVs in the progression of breast cancer. EVs from PMNs were taken up by cancer cells, macrophages, and PMNs, but not T cells. Since EVs did not alter proliferation of cancer cells, it is likely that their protumor effects are mediated through interactions with myeloid cells. Interestingly, RNA-seq analysis of tumors from 27HC-EV-treated mice do not display significantly altered transcriptomes, suggesting that the effects of 27HC-EVs occur early on in tumor establishment and growth. Future work will be required to elucidate the mechanisms by which 27HC increases EV secretion, and how these EVs promote breast cancer progression. Collectively, however, our data indicate that EV secretion and content can be regulated by a cholesterol metabolite, which may have detrimental effects in terms of disease progression, important findings given the prevalence of both breast cancer and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Baek
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Current Affiliation: A. E. Baek’s current affiliation is of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Sixian You
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jaena Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yu-Heng Deng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Janet E Sorrells
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brandi Patrice Smith
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam T Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hannah B McDowell
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashabari Sprenger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madeline A Henn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: Erik R. Nelson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 S Goodwin Ave (MC-114), Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail:
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Hayatudin R, Fong Z, Ming LC, Goh BH, Lee WL, Kifli N. Overcoming Chemoresistance via Extracellular Vesicle Inhibition. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:629874. [PMID: 33842540 PMCID: PMC8024536 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.629874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ever-growing number of cancer deaths worldwide, researchers have been working hard to identify the key reasons behind the failure of cancer therapies so the efficacy of those therapies may be improved. Based on extensive research activities and observations done by researchers, chemoresistance has been identified as a major contributor to the drastic number of deaths among cancer patients. Several factors have been linked to formation of chemoresistance, such as chemotherapy drug efflux, immunosuppression, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Lately, increasing evidence has shed light on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the regulation of chemoresistance. However, there is limited research into the possibility that inhibiting EV release or uptake in cancer cells may curb chemoresistance, allowing chemotherapy drugs to target cancer cells without restriction. Prominent inhibitors of EV uptake and release in cancer cells have been compiled and contrasted in this review. This is in the hope of sparking greater interest in the field of EV-mediated chemoresistance, as well as to provide an overview of the field for fundamental and clinical research communities, particularly in the field of cancer resistance research. In-depth studies of EV-mediated chemoresistance and EV inhibitors in cancer cells would spur significant improvement in cancer treatments which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeesah Hayatudin
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Zhijack Fong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
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Gao Y, Qin Y, Wan C, Sun Y, Meng J, Huang J, Hu Y, Jin H, Yang K. Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638357. [PMID: 33791224 PMCID: PMC8005721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their biogenesis and cargoes. Numerous studies have shown that EVs regulate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer growth and metastasis remain to be fully elucidated. As endogenous products, small extracellular vesicles are an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents. However, several aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers or anticancer agents. In this review, we summarize the utility of cancer-related small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancers and predict treatment outcomes. We also review findings from preclinical and clinical studies of small extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapies and summarize interventional clinical trials registered in the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Finally, we discuss the main challenges limiting the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles and recommend possible approaches to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030388. [PMID: 33808038 PMCID: PMC8001426 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of a lipid bilayer containing transmembrane and soluble proteins. Subtypes of EVs include ectosomes (microparticles/microvesicles), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies that can be released by various tissues into biological fluids. EV cargo can modulate physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells through near- and long-distance intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that origin, amount, and internal cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) of EVs are variable under different pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The early detection and management of CVD reduce premature morbidity and mortality. Circulating EVs have attracted great interest as a potential biomarker for diagnostics and follow-up of CVD. This review highlights the role of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic follow-up of CVD, and also for drug delivery. Despite the great potential of EVs as a tool to study the pathophysiology of CVD, further studies are needed to increase the spectrum of EV-associated applications.
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Zhang H, Lu J, Liu J, Zhang G, Lu A. Advances in the discovery of exosome inhibitors in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:1322-1330. [PMID: 32543905 PMCID: PMC7717571 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1754814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles released by most eukaryotic cells. They are considered to play an essential role in cell-to-cell communication, and It is also found that they serve as functional mediators in many severe diseases, including progression of various types of cancers. Inhibition of exosome release may slow the progression of some cancers; thus, exosome has been an attractive target for cancer treatment. Over the years, considerable efforts have been made to discover novel, highly potent and excellently selective exosome inhibitors. Most of these inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds, some of which are currently existed drugs and found to have the potential to inhibit exosome release. In this review, we briefly discussed the development of exosome inhibitors that are currently discovered and provided guidance for the future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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Zocchi MR, Tosetti F, Benelli R, Poggi A. Cancer Nanomedicine Special Issue Review Anticancer Drug Delivery with Nanoparticles: Extracellular Vesicles or Synthetic Nanobeads as Therapeutic Tools for Conventional Treatment or Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071886. [PMID: 32668783 PMCID: PMC7409190 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural and synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed as drug carriers in cancer treatment, since they can increase drug accumulation in target tissues, optimizing the therapeutic effect. As an example, extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes (Exo), can become drug vehicles through endogenous or exogenous loading, amplifying the anticancer effects at the tumor site. In turn, synthetic nanoparticles (NP) can carry therapeutic molecules inside their core, improving solubility and stability, preventing degradation, and controlling their release. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in nanotechnology applied for theranostic use, distinguishing between passive and active targeting of these vehicles. In addition, examples of these models are reported: EV as transporters of conventional anticancer drugs; Exo or NP as carriers of small molecules that induce an anti-tumor immune response. Finally, we focus on two types of nanoparticles used to stimulate an anticancer immune response: Exo carried with A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease-10 inhibitors and NP loaded with aminobisphosphonates. The former would reduce the release of decoy ligands that impair tumor cell recognition, while the latter would activate the peculiar anti-tumor response exerted by γδ T cells, creating a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberto Benelli
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.T.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Barnes BJ, Somerville CC. Modulating Cytokine Production via Select Packaging and Secretion From Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1040. [PMID: 32547552 PMCID: PMC7272603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors that play vital roles in systemic function due to their ability to initiate and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Another important mechanism of intercellular communication that has gained significant attention in the past 10 years is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are released by all cells during normal physiology, in states of resting and activation, as well as during disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that cytokines may be packaged into EVs, and the packaging of cytokines into EVs, along with their ultimate secretion, may also be regulated by cytokines. Importantly, the repertoire of biomolecules packaged into EVs is shaped by the biological state of the cell (resting vs. activated and healthy vs. disease) and the EV biogenesis pathway involved, thus providing mechanisms by which EV packaging and secretion may be modulated. Given the critical role of cytokines in driving acute and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as their role in establishing the tumor immune microenvironment, in this review, we will focus on these disease settings and summarize recent progress and mechanisms by which cytokines may be packaged within and modulated by EVs, as a therapeutic option for regulating innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Carter C Somerville
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Wei J, Hollabaugh C, Miller J, Geiger PC, Flynn BC. Molecular Cardioprotection and the Role of Exosomes: The Future Is Not Far Away. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35:780-785. [PMID: 32571657 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. During the past several decades, research into the role of specific intracellular mediators, called exosomes, has advanced the understanding of molecular cardioprotection. Exosomes and the micro-RNAs within them may be potential targets for the development of genetically engineered or biosimilar medications for patients in heart failure or with ischemic cardiac disease. This review discusses anesthetic implications of exosome production and the future micro-RNA applications for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | | | - Joshua Miller
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Brigid C Flynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.
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