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Abdelnabi MN, Hassan GS, Shoukry NH. Role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in modulating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437046. [PMID: 39156888 PMCID: PMC11327067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that span simple steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and fibrosis and may progress to cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of MASLD is multifactorial and is driven by environmental, genetic, metabolic and immune factors. This review will focus on the role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. IL-17 and IL-22 are produced by similar adaptive and innate immune cells such as Th17 and innate lymphoid cells, respectively. IL-17-related signaling is upregulated during MASLD resulting in increased chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the liver microenvironment, enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells and T cells leading to exacerbation of inflammation and liver disease progression. IL-17 may also act directly by activating hepatic stellate cells resulting in increased fibrosis. In contrast, IL-22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a dominantly protective signature in MASLD and is currently being tested as a therapeutic strategy. IL-22 also exhibits beneficial metabolic effects and abrogates MASH-related inflammation and fibrosis development via inducing the production of anti-oxidants and anti-apoptotic factors. A sex-dependent effect has been attributed to both cytokines, most importantly to IL-22 in MASLD or related conditions. Altogether, IL-17 and IL-22 are key effectors in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. We will review the role of these two cytokines and cells that produce them in the development of MASLD, their interaction with host factors driving MASLD including sexual dimorphism, and their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Gautam J, Aggarwal H, Kumari D, Gupta SK, Kumar Y, Dikshit M. A methionine-choline-deficient diet induces nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alters the lipidome, metabolome, and gut microbiome profile in the C57BL/6J mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024:159545. [PMID: 39089643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice is a well-established model. Our study aims to elucidate the factors influencing liver pathology in the MCD mouse model by examining physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes using histology, molecular techniques, and OMICS approaches (lipidomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard chow diet, a methionine-choline-sufficient (MCS) diet, or an MCD diet for 10 weeks. The MCD diet resulted in reduced body weight and fat mass, along with decreased plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels. However, it notably induced steatosis, inflammation, and alterations in gene expression associated with lipogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis, and the synthesis of apolipoproteins, sphingolipids, ceramides, and carboxylesterases. Lipid analysis revealed significant changes in plasma and tissues: most ceramide non-hydroxy-sphingosine lipids significantly decreased in the liver and plasma but increased in the adipose tissue of MCD diet-fed animals. Oxidized glycerophospholipids mostly increased in the liver but decreased in the adipose tissue of the MCD diet-fed group. The gut microbiome of the MCD diet-fed group showed an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Metabolomic profiling demonstrated that the MCD diet significantly altered amino acid biosynthesis, metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism pathways in plasma, liver, fecal, and cecal samples. LC-MS data indicated higher total plasma bile acid intensity and reduced fecal glycohyodeoxycholic acid intensity in the MCD diet group. This study demonstrates that although the MCD diet induces hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms underlying NASH in this model differ from those in human NASH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Hobby Aggarwal
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Kumari
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Non-communicable Disease Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
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Spaggiari R, Angelini S, Di Vincenzo A, Scaglione G, Morrone S, Finello V, Fagioli S, Castaldo F, Sanz JM, Sergi D, Passaro A. Ceramides as Emerging Players in Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Their Pathogenetic Effects and Regulation by Diet. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100252. [PMID: 38876397 PMCID: PMC11263787 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired lipid metabolism is a pivotal driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this regard, the accumulation of ceramides within the circulation as well as in metabolically active tissues and atherosclerotic plaques is a direct consequence of derailed lipid metabolism. Ceramides may be at the nexus between impaired lipid metabolism and CVD. Indeed, although on one hand ceramides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD, on the other specific ceramide subspecies have also been proposed as predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events. This review will provide an updated overview of the role of ceramides in the pathogenesis of CVD, as well as their pathogenetic mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the manuscript will cover the importance of ceramides as biomarkers to predict cardiovascular events and the role of diet, both in terms of nutrients and dietary patterns, in modulating ceramide metabolism and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Spaggiari
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sharon Angelini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Vincenzo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gerarda Scaglione
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Morrone
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Finello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sofia Fagioli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Castaldo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Juana M Sanz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Ramos-Molina B, Rossell J, Pérez-Montes de Oca A, Pardina E, Genua I, Rojo-López MI, Julián MT, Alonso N, Julve J, Mauricio D. Therapeutic implications for sphingolipid metabolism in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1400961. [PMID: 38962680 PMCID: PMC11220194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a leading cause of chronic liver disease, has increased worldwide along with the epidemics of obesity and related dysmetabolic conditions characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). MASLD can be defined as an excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes that occurs when the hepatic lipid metabolism is totally surpassed. This metabolic lipid inflexibility constitutes a central node in the pathogenesis of MASLD and is frequently linked to the overproduction of lipotoxic species, increased cellular stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. A compelling body of evidence suggests that the accumulation of lipid species derived from sphingolipid metabolism, such as ceramides, contributes significantly to the structural and functional tissue damage observed in more severe grades of MASLD by triggering inflammatory and fibrogenic mechanisms. In this context, MASLD can further progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which represents the advanced form of MASLD, and hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of sphingolipid species as drivers of MASH and the mechanisms involved in the disease. In addition, given the absence of approved therapies and the limited options for treating MASH, we discuss the feasibility of therapeutic strategies to protect against MASH and other severe manifestations by modulating sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Group of Obesity, Diabetes & Metabolism, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Joana Rossell
- Group of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Institut de Recerca SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva Pardina
- Department de Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Genua
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina I. Rojo-López
- Group of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Institut de Recerca SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Julián
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Núria Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Group of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Institut de Recerca SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Group of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Institut de Recerca SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic/Central University of Catalonia (UVIC/UCC), Vic, Spain
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Herrera-Marcos LV, Martínez-Beamonte R, Arnal C, Barranquero C, Puente-Lanzarote JJ, Lou-Bonafonte JM, Gonzalo-Romeo G, Mocciaro G, Jenkins B, Surra JC, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Alastrué-Vera V, Letosa J, García-Gil A, Güemes A, Koulman A, Osada J. Lipidomic signatures discriminate subtle hepatic changes in the progression of porcine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G411-G425. [PMID: 38375587 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00264.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in common strains of pigs has been achieved using a diet high in saturated fat, fructose, cholesterol, and cholate and deficient in choline and methionine. The aim of the present work was to characterize the hepatic and plasma lipidomic changes that accompany the progression of NASH and its reversal by switching pigs back to a chow diet. One month of this extreme steatotic diet was sufficient to induce porcine NASH. The lipidomic platform using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyzed 467 lipid species. Seven hepatic phospholipids [PC(30:0), PC(32:0), PC(33:0), PC(33:1), PC(34:0), PC(34:3) and PC(36:2)] significantly discriminated the time of dietary exposure, and PC(30:0), PC(33:0), PC(33:1) and PC(34:0) showed rapid adaptation in the reversion period. Three transcripts (CS, MAT1A, and SPP1) showed significant changes associated with hepatic triglycerides and PC(33:0). Plasma lipidomics revealed that these species [FA 16:0, FA 18:0, LPC(17:1), PA(40:5), PC(37:1), TG(45:0), TG(47:2) and TG(51:0)] were able to discriminate the time of dietary exposure. Among them, FA 16:0, FA 18:0, LPC(17:1) and PA(40:5) changed the trend in the reversion phase. Plasma LDL-cholesterol and IL12P40 were good parameters to study the progression of NASH, but their capacity was surpassed by hepatic [PC(33:0), PC(33:1), and PC(34:0)] or plasma lipid [FA 16:0, FA 18:0, and LPC(17:1)] species. Taken together, these lipid species can be used as biomarkers of metabolic changes in the progression and regression of NASH in this model. The lipid changes suggest that the development of NASH also affects peripheral lipid metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A NASH stage was obtained in crossbred pigs. Hepatic [PC(33:0), PC(33:1) and PC(34:0)] or plasma [FA 16:0, FA 18:0 and LPC(17:1)] species were sensitive parameters to detect subtle changes in development and regression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). These findings may delineate the liquid biopsy to detect subtle changes in progression or in treatments. Furthermore, phospholipid changes according to the insult-inducing NASH may play an important role in accepting or rejecting fatty livers in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis V Herrera-Marcos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Arnal
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Barranquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Puente-Lanzarote
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M Lou-Bonafonte
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gonzalo-Romeo
- Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación, División de Experimentación Animal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gabriele Mocciaro
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín C Surra
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología, Medicina Legal y Forense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Letosa
- Industrial Zootécnica Aragonesa S.L. (INZAR, S.L.), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agustín García-Gil
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Güemes
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yang J, Dai M, Wang Y, Yan Z, Mao S, Liu A, Lu C. A CDAHFD-induced mouse model mimicking human NASH in the metabolism of hepatic phosphatidylcholines and acyl carnitines. Food Funct 2024; 15:2982-2995. [PMID: 38411344 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of a cluster of conditions associated with lipid metabolism disorders. Ideal animal models mimicking the human NASH need to be explored to better understand the pathogenesis. A choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) has recently been used to induce the NASH model, but the advantages are not established. NASH models were induced using the well-known traditional methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 5 weeks and the recently used CDAHFD for 3 weeks. Liver phenotypes were analyzed to evaluate the differences in markers related to NASH. Lipidomics and metabolism analyses were used to investigate the effects of dietary regimens on the lipidome of the liver. The CDAHFD induced stronger NASH responses than the MCD, including lipid deposition, liver injury, inflammation, bile acid overload and hepatocyte proliferation. A significant difference in the hepatic lipidome was revealed between the CDAHFD and MCD-induced NASH models. In particular, the CDAHFD reduced the hepatic levels of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and acylcarnitines (ACs), which was supported by the metabolism analysis and in line with the tendency of human NASH. Pathologically, the CDAHFD could effectively induce a more human-like NASH model over the traditional MCD. The hepatic PCs, ACs and their metabolism in CDAHFD-treated mice were down-regulated, similar to those in human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
| | - Manyun Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Zheng Yan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Shuqi Mao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
| | - Aiming Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Caide Lu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
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7
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Ohene-Marfo P, Nguyen HVM, Mohammed S, Thadathil N, Tran A, Nicklas EH, Wang D, Selvarani R, Farriester JW, Varshney R, Kinter M, Richardson A, Rudolph MC, Deepa SS. Non-Necroptotic Roles of MLKL in Diet-Induced Obesity, Liver Pathology, and Insulin Sensitivity: Insights from a High-Fat, High-Fructose, High-Cholesterol Diet Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2813. [PMID: 38474061 PMCID: PMC10931720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a key player in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) progression. Necroptosis, an inflammatory cell death pathway, is elevated in MAFLD patients and mouse models, yet its role is unclear due to the diverse mouse models and inhibition strategies. In our study, we inhibited necroptosis by targeting mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), the terminal effector of necroptosis, in a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol (HFHFrHC) mouse model of diet-induced MAFLD. Despite the HFHFrHC diet upregulating MLKL (2.5-fold), WT mice livers showed no increase in necroptosis markers or associated proinflammatory cytokines. Surprisingly, Mlkl-/- mice experienced exacerbated liver inflammation without protection from diet-induced liver damage, steatosis, or fibrosis. In contrast, Mlkl+/- mice showed a significant reduction in these parameters that was associated with elevated Pparα and Pparγ levels. Both Mlkl-/- and Mlkl+/- mice on the HFHFrHC diet resisted diet-induced obesity, attributed to the increased beiging, enhanced oxygen consumption, and energy expenditure due to adipose tissue, and exhibited improved insulin sensitivity. These findings highlight the tissue-specific effects of MLKL on the liver and adipose tissue, and they suggest a dose-dependent effect of MLKL on liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Ohene-Marfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Hoang Van M. Nguyen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Nidheesh Thadathil
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Albert Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Evan H. Nicklas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Ramasamy Selvarani
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Jacob W. Farriester
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rohan Varshney
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Oklahoma Center for Geroscience & Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael C. Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sathyaseelan S. Deepa
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (P.O.-M.); (N.T.); (A.T.); (E.H.N.); (D.W.); (R.S.); (J.W.F.); (R.V.); (A.R.); (M.C.R.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
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8
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Ohene-Marfo P, Nguyen HVM, Mohammed S, Thadathil N, Tran A, Nicklas EH, Wang D, Selvarani R, Farriester J, Varshney R, Kinter M, Richardson A, Rudolph M, Deepa SS. Non-Necroptotic Roles of MLKL in Diet-Induced Obesity, Liver Pathology, and Insulin Sensitivity: Insights from a High Fat, High Fructose, High Cholesterol Diet Mouse Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575102. [PMID: 38260537 PMCID: PMC10802562 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a key player in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) progression. Necroptosis, an inflammatory cell death pathway, is elevated in MAFLD patients and mouse models, yet its role is unclear due to diverse mouse models and inhibition strategies. In our study, we inhibited necroptosis by targeting mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL), the terminal effector of necroptosis, in a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol (HFHFrHC) mouse model of diet-induced MAFLD mouse model. Despite HFHFrHC diet upregulating MLKL (2.5-fold), WT mice livers showed no increase in necroptosis markers or associated proinflammatory cytokines. Surprisingly, Mlkl -/- mice experienced exacerbated liver inflammation without protection from diet-induced liver damage, steatosis, or fibrosis. In contrast, Mlkl +/- mice showed significant reduction in these parameters that was associated with elevated Pparα and Pparγ levels. Both Mlkl -/- and Mlkl +/- mice on HFHFrHC diet resisted diet-induced obesity, attributed to increased beiging, enhanced oxygen consumption and energy expenditure due to adipose tissue, and exhibited improved insulin sensitivity. These findings highlight the tissue specific effects of MLKL on the liver and adipose tissue, and suggest a dose-dependent effect of MLKL on liver pathology.
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9
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Rodriguez-Ramiro I, Pastor-Fernández A, López-Aceituno JL, Garcia-Dominguez E, Sierra-Ramirez A, Valverde AM, Martinez-Pastor B, Efeyan A, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Fernandez-Marcos PJ. Pharmacological and genetic increases in liver NADPH levels ameliorate NASH progression in female mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:448-461. [PMID: 38036067 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the fastest growing liver diseases worldwide, and oxidative stress is one of NASH main key drivers. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is the ultimate donor of reductive power to a number of antioxidant defences. Here, we explored the potential of increasing NADPH levels to prevent NASH progression. We used nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation or a G6PD-tg mouse line harbouring an additional copy of the human G6PD gene. In a NASH mouse model induced by feeding mice a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet for three weeks, both tools increased the hepatic levels of NADPH and ameliorated the NASH phenotype induced by the MCD intervention, but only in female mice. Boosting NADPH levels in females increased the liver expression of the antioxidant genes Gsta3, Sod1 and Txnrd1 in NR-treated mice, or of Gsr for G6PD-tg mice. Both strategies significantly reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation. NR-treated female mice showed a reduction of steatosis accompanied by a drop of the hepatic triglyceride levels, that was not observed in G6PD-tg mice. NR-treated mice tended to reduce their lobular inflammation, showed a reduction of the NK cell population and diminished transcription of the damage marker Lcn2. G6PD-tg female mice exhibited a reduction of their lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning induced by the MCD diet, that was related to a reduction of the monocyte-derived macrophage population and the Tnfa, Ccl2 and Lcn2 gene expression. As conclusion, boosting hepatic NADPH levels attenuated the oxidative lipid damage and the exhausted antioxidant gene expression specifically in female mice in two different models of NASH, preventing the progression of the inflammatory process and hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Rodriguez-Ramiro
- Metabolic Syndrome Group - BIOPROMET. Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrés Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Syndrome Group - BIOPROMET. Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Aceituno
- Metabolic Syndrome Group - BIOPROMET. Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Dominguez
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Sierra-Ramirez
- Metabolic Syndrome Group - BIOPROMET. Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, E28029, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Bárbara Martinez-Pastor
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Metabolism and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo J Fernandez-Marcos
- Metabolic Syndrome Group - BIOPROMET. Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, E28049, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Thomaz MS, Sertorio MN, Gazarini ML, Ribeiro DA, Pisani LP, Nagaoka MR. Effect of Kinins on the Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Mice Treated with a Methionine-Choline Deficient Diet. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2199. [PMID: 37626696 PMCID: PMC10452290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver is the leading cause of hepatic disease worldwide and ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to cell injury, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The kinins' role in the liver has been studied in experimental fibrosis, partial hepatectomy, and ischemia-reperfusion and is related to cell death and regeneration. We investigated its role in experimental NASH induced by a methionine-choline deficient diet for 4 weeks. After that, liver perfusion was performed, and bradykinin (BK) or des-Arg9-BK was infused. Cell death was evaluated by cathepsin-B and caspase-3 activity and oxidative stress by catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins. In control livers, DABK increased CAT activity, which was reversed by antagonist DALBK. In the NASH group, kinins tend to decrease antioxidant activity, with SOD activity being significantly reduced by BK and DABK. Malondialdehyde levels increased in all NASH groups, but carbonylated protein did not. DABK significantly decreased cathepsin-B in the NASH group, while caspase-3 was increased by BK in control animals. Our results suggest that B1R and/or B2R activation did not induce oxidative stress but affected the antioxidant system, reducing SOD in the NASH group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcia Regina Nagaoka
- Department of Biosciences, Instituto Saúde Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil; (M.S.T.)
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11
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Han J, Li S, Wang W, Jiang X, Liu C, Lei L, Li Y, Sheng R, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Si S. SIRT1 Activator E1231 Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5052-5070. [PMID: 37367070 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases. Silencing information regulator 1 (SIRT1) was demonstrated to modulate cholesterol and lipid metabolism in NAFLD. Here, a novel SIRT1 activator, E1231, was studied for its potential improvement effects on NAFLD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFHC) for 40 weeks to create a NAFLD mouse model, and E1231 was administered by oral gavage (50 mg/kg body weight, once/day) for 4 weeks. Liver-related plasma biochemistry parameter tests, Oil Red O staining, and hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that E1231 treatment ameliorated plasma dyslipidemia, plasma marker levels of liver damage (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), liver total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) contents, and obviously decreased hepatic steatosis score and NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) in the NAFLD mouse model. Western blot results showed that E1231 treatment significantly regulated lipid-metabolism-related protein expression. In particular, E1231 treatment increased SIRT1, PGC-1α, and p-AMPKα protein expression but decreased ACC and SCD-1 protein expression. Additionally, in vitro studies demonstrated that E1231 inhibited lipid accumulation and improved mitochondrial function in free-fatty-acid-challenged hepatocytes, and required SIRT1 activation. In conclusion, this study illustrated that the SIRT1 activator E1231 alleviated HFHC-induced NAFLD development and improved liver injury by regulating the SIRT1-AMPKα pathway, and might be a promising candidate compound for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shunwang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weizhi Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xinhai Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yining Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ren Sheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yexiang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanni Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuyi Si
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, National Center for Screening Novel Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Tiantan Xili 1#, Beijing 100050, China
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12
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Rein-Fischboeck L, Pohl R, Haberl EM, Mages W, Girke P, Liebisch G, Krautbauer S, Buechler C. Lower adiposity does not protect beta-2 syntrophin null mice from hepatic steatosis and inflammation in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gene 2023; 859:147209. [PMID: 36681100 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adiposity is strongly associated with liver steatosis, which predisposes to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mice with loss of the molecular adapter protein beta-2 syntrophin (SNTB2) have greatly reduced intra-abdominal fat mass. Hepatic expression of proteins with a role in fatty acid metabolism such as fatty acid synthase was nevertheless normal. This was also the case for proteins regulating cholesterol synthesis and uptake. Yet, a slight induction of hepatic cholesterol was noticed in the mutant mice. When mice were fed a methionine choline deficient (MCD) diet to induce NASH, liver cholesteryl ester content was induced in the wild type but not the mutant mice. Serum cholesterol of the mice fed a MCD diet declined and this was significant for the SNTB2 null mice. Though the mutant mice lost less fat mass than the wild type animals, hepatic triglyceride levels were similar between the groups. Proteins involved in fatty acid or cholesterol metabolism such as fatty acid synthase, apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor did not differ between the genotypes. Hepatic oxidative stress and liver inflammation of mutant and wild type mice were comparable. Mutant mice had lower hepatic levels of secondary bile acids and higher cholesterol storage in epididymal fat, and this may partly prevent hepatic cholesterol deposition. In summary, the current study shows that SNTB2 null mice have low intra-abdominal fat mass and do not accumulate hepatic cholesteryl esters when fed a MCD diet. Nevertheless, the SNTB2 null mice develop a similar NASH pathology as wild type mice suggesting a minor role of intra-abdominal fat and liver cholesteryl esters in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mages
- Department of Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Girke
- Department of Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Chin KY, Ekeuku SO, Chew DCH, Trias A. Tocotrienol in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040834. [PMID: 36839192 PMCID: PMC9965814 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) requires innovative management strategies, but an effective pharmacological agent has yet to be found. Apart from weight loss and lifestyle adjustments, one isomer of the vitamin E family-alpha-tocopherol-is currently recommended for nondiabetic steatohepatitis patients. Another member of the vitamin E family, tocotrienol (T3), has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that reach beyond those of alpha-tocopherol, making it a potential agent for use in NAFLD management. This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of the effects of T3 supplementation on NAFLD from both clinical and preclinical perspectives. A literature search was performed in October 2022 using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Original research articles reporting NAFLD outcomes were included in this review. The search located 12 articles (8 animal studies and 4 human studies). The literature reports state that T3 isomers or natural mixtures (derived from palm or annatto) improved NAFLD outcomes (liver histology, ultrasound or liver profile). However, the improvement depended on the severity of NAFLD, study period and type of intervention (isomers/mixture of different compositions). Mechanistically, T3 improved lipid metabolism and prevented liver steatosis, and reduced mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and ultimately liver fibrosis. In summary, T3 could be a potential agent for use in managing NAFLD, pending more comprehensive preclinical and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9145-9573
| | - Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Deborah Chia Hsin Chew
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Anne Trias
- American River Nutrition, Hadley, MA 01035, USA
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Flessa CM, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kyrou I, Leca BM, Lianou M, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415791. [PMID: 36555433 PMCID: PMC9780957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is noted worldwide due to the adoption of western-type lifestyles and eating habits. This makes the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the development of newly approved treatments of utmost necessity. Animal models are indispensable tools for achieving these ends. Although the ideal mouse model for human NAFLD does not exist yet, several models have arisen with the combination of dietary interventions, genetic manipulations and/or administration of chemical substances. Herein, we present the most common mouse models used in the research of NAFLD, either for the whole disease spectrum or for a particular disease stage (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with the challenges facing the researchers who aim to develop and use animal models for translational research in NAFLD. Based on these characteristics and the specific study aims/needs, researchers should select the most appropriate model with caution when translating results from animal to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M. Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Maria Lianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
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15
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Chua D, Low ZS, Cheam GX, Ng AS, Tan NS. Utility of Human Relevant Preclinical Animal Models in Navigating NAFLD to MAFLD Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314762. [PMID: 36499091 PMCID: PMC9737809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is an emerging contributor to disease burden worldwide. The past decades of work established the heterogeneous nature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) etiology and systemic contributions to the pathogenesis of the disease. This called for the proposal of a redefinition in 2020 to that of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to better reflect the current understanding of the disease. To date, several clinical cohort studies comparing NAFLD and MAFLD hint at the relevancy of the new nomenclature in enriching for patients with more severe hepatic injury and extrahepatic comorbidities. However, the underlying systemic pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Preclinical animal models have been imperative in elucidating key biological mechanisms in various contexts, including intrahepatic disease progression, interorgan crosstalk and systemic dysregulation. Furthermore, they are integral in developing novel therapeutics against MAFLD. However, substantial contextual variabilities exist across different models due to the lack of standardization in several aspects. As such, it is crucial to understand the strengths and weaknesses of existing models to better align them to the human condition. In this review, we consolidate the implications arising from the change in nomenclature and summarize MAFLD pathogenesis. Subsequently, we provide an updated evaluation of existing MAFLD preclinical models in alignment with the new definitions and perspectives to improve their translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
| | - Zun Siong Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Guo Xiang Cheam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Aik Seng Ng
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +65-63162941 (N.S.T.); Fax: +65-67913856 (N.S.T.)
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16
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Jiang J, Ma Y, Liu Y, Lu D, Gao X, Krausz KW, Desai D, Amin SG, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ, Xie C. Glycine-β-muricholic acid antagonizes the intestinal farnesoid X receptor-ceramide axis and ameliorates NASH in mice. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3363-3378. [PMID: 36196594 PMCID: PMC9701488 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly developing pathology around the world, with limited treatment options available. Some farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists have been applied in clinical trials for NASH, but side effects such as pruritus and low-density lipoprotein elevation have been reported. Intestinal FXR is recognized as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) is an intestine-specific FXR antagonist previously shown to have favorable metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. Herein, we identify a role for Gly-MCA in the pathogenesis of NASH, and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Gly-MCA improved lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and collagen deposition in two different NASH models. Mechanistically, Gly-MCA decreased intestine-derived ceramides by suppressing ceramide synthesis-related genes via decreasing intestinal FXR signaling, leading to lower liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proinflammatory cytokine production. The role of bile acid metabolism and adiposity was excluded in the suppression of NASH by Gly-MCA, and a correlation was found between intestine-derived ceramides and NASH severity. This study revealed that Gly-MCA, an intestine-specific FXR antagonist, has beneficial effects on NASH by reducing ceramide levels circulating to liver via lowering intestinal FXR signaling, and ceramide production, followed by decreased liver ER stress and NASH progression. Intestinal FXR is a promising drug target and Gly-MCA a novel agent for the prevention and treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yuandi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Shantu G. Amin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and CarcinogenesisThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cen Xie
- School of Chinese Materia MedicaNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina,State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina,University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina,Department of Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Pennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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17
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Akbari G, Mard SA, Savari F, Barati B, Sameri MJ. Characterization of diet based nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rodent models: Histological and biochemical outcomes. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:813-824. [PMID: 35475465 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the most common chronic liver disease, is rapidly increasing worldwide. This complex disorder can include simple liver steatosis to more serious stages of nonalcoholic fibrosis and steatohepatitis (NASH). One of the critical concerns in NASH research is selecting and confiding in relying on preclinical animal models and experimental methods that can accurately reflect the situation in human NASH. Recently, creating nutritional models of NASH with a closer dietary pattern in human has been providing reliable, simple, and reproducible tools that hope to create a better landscape for showing the recapitulation of disease pathophysiology. This review focuses on recent research on rodent models (mice, rats, and hamsters) in the induction of the dietary model of NAFLD /NASH. This research tries to compile the different dietary compositions of NASH, time frames required for disease development, and their impact on liver histological features as well as metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaidafeh Akbari
- Medical Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Alimentary Tract Research Center, Department of Physiology, The school of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Feryal Savari
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran.
| | - Barat Barati
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Maryam J Sameri
- Department of Physiology, The School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishpur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Physiology, The School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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18
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MCD Diet Rat Model Induces Alterations in Zinc and Iron during NAFLD Progression from Steatosis to Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126817. [PMID: 35743260 PMCID: PMC9224179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the effects of the methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet on serum and hepatic zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) and their relationships with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their modulators (TIMPs and RECK) as well as hepatic fatty acids using male Wistar rats fed 2-, 4- and 8-week MCD diets. Serum and hepatic Zn decrease after an 8-week MCD diet. Serum Fe increases after an 8-week MCD diet and the same occurs for hepatic Fe. An increase in hepatic MMP activity, associated with a decrease in RECK and TIMPs, is found in the MCD 8-week group. Liver Fe shows a positive correlation versus MMPs and RECK, and an inverse correlation versus TIMPs. A positive correlation is found comparing liver Zn with stearic, vaccenic and arachidonic acids, and an inverse correlation is found with linolenic and docosatetraenoic acids. An opposite trend is found between liver Fe versus these fatty acids. During NAFLD progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis, MCD rats exhibit an increase in Zn and a decrease in Fe levels both in serum and tissue associated with alterations in hepatic MMPs and their inhibitors, and fatty acids. The correlations detected between Zn and Fe versus extracellular matrix modulators and fatty acids support their potential role as therapeutic targets.
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19
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Circadian rhythm of lipid metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1191-1204. [PMID: 35604112 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids comprise a diverse group of metabolites that are indispensable as energy storage molecules, cellular membrane components and mediators of inter- and intra-cellular signaling processes. Lipid homeostasis plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health in mammals including human beings. A growing body of evidence suggests that the circadian clock system ensures temporal orchestration of lipid homeostasis, and that perturbation of such diurnal regulation leads to the development of metabolic disorders comprising obesity and type 2 diabetes. In view of the emerging role of circadian regulation in maintaining lipid homeostasis, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge on lipid metabolic pathways controlled by the mammalian circadian system. Furthermore, we review the emerging connection between the development of human metabolic diseases and changes in lipid metabolites that belong to major classes of lipids. Finally, we highlight the mechanisms underlying circadian organization of lipid metabolic rhythms upon the physiological situation, and the consequences of circadian clock dysfunction for dysregulation of lipid metabolism.
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20
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Errafii K, Khalifa O, Al-Akl NS, Arredouani A. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Exendin-4 Improves Steatosis in HepG2 Cells by Modulating Signaling Pathways Related to Lipid Metabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051020. [PMID: 35625757 PMCID: PMC9138370 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
No therapy exists for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) showed a beneficial effect on NAFLD, although the underpinning mechanisms remain unclear due to their pleiotropic effects. We examined the implicated signaling pathways using comparative transcriptomics in a cell model of steatosis to overcome pleiotropy. We treated steatotic HepG2 cells with the GLP-1RA Exendin-4 (Ex-4). We compared the transcriptome profiles of untreated steatotic, and Ex-4-treated steatotic cells, and used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify the signaling pathways and associated genes involved in the protective effect of Ex-4. Ex-4 treatment significantly reduces steatosis. RNA-seq analysis revealed 209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between steatotic and untreated cells, with farnesoid X receptor/retinoid X receptor (FXR/RXR) (p = 8.9 × 10−7) activation being the top regulated canonical pathway identified by IPA. Furthermore, 1644 DEGs were identified between steatotic cells and Ex-4-treated cells, with liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) (p = 2.02 × 10−7) and FXR/RXR (p = 3.28 × 10−7) activation being the two top canonical pathways. The top molecular and cellular functions between untreated and steatotic cells were lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and small molecular biochemistry, while organismal injury and abnormalities, endocrine system disorders, and gastrointestinal disease were the top three molecular and cellular functions between Ex-4-treated and steatotic cells. Genes overlapping steatotic cells and Ex-4-treated cells were associated with several lipid metabolism processes. Unique transcriptomic differences exist between steatotic cells and Ex-4-treated steatotic cells, providing an important resource for understanding the mechanisms that underpin the protective effect of GLP-1RAs on NAFLD and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Errafii
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (O.K.); (N.S.A.-A.)
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43151, Morocco
| | - Olfa Khalifa
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (O.K.); (N.S.A.-A.)
| | - Neyla S. Al-Akl
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (O.K.); (N.S.A.-A.)
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (O.K.); (N.S.A.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Martin-Grau M, Marrachelli VG, Monleon D. Rodent models and metabolomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: What can we learn? World J Hepatol 2022; 14:304-318. [PMID: 35317178 PMCID: PMC8891675 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades, affecting up to 25% of the world’s population. NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic steatosis and continues with development of an inflammatory response called steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis. Several molecular and metabolic changes are required for the hepatocyte to finally vary its function; hence a “multiple hit” hypothesis seems a more accurate proposal. Previous studies and current knowledge suggest that in most cases, NAFLD initiates and progresses through most of nine hallmarks of the disease, although the triggers and mechanisms for these can vary widely. The use of animal models remains crucial for understanding the disease and for developing tools based on biological knowledge. Among certain requirements to be met, a good model must imitate certain aspects of the human NAFLD disorder, be reliable and reproducible, have low mortality, and be compatible with a simple and feasible method. Metabolism studies in these models provides a direct reflection of the workings of the cell and may be a useful approach to better understand the initiation and progression of the disease. Metabolomics seems a valid tool for studying metabolic pathways and crosstalk between organs affected in animal models of NAFLD and for the discovery and validation of relevant biomarkers with biological understanding. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to NAFLD hallmarks, the five groups of animal models available for studying NAFLD and the potential role of metabolomics in the study of experimental NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin-Grau
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Vannina G Marrachelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid 28029, Spain
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22
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Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Affects Lipid Accumulation and Metabolism in a Human Liver-Derived Cell Line. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030579. [PMID: 35276938 PMCID: PMC8839386 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of lysoPE on lipogenesis and lipolysis were investigated in a cultured human liver-derived cell line. The intracellular lipid profile was investigated in detail using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to better understand the underlying mechanism. The expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and catabolism was analyzed using real-time PCR. LysoPE supplementation induced cellular lipid droplet formation and altered triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles. Furthermore, lysoPE downregulated expression of the TAG hydrolyzation regulation factor ATGL, and reduced the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes SREBP1 and SCD1. LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic profiling revealed that the addition of lysoPE 18:2 increased the PE species containing linoleic acyl, as well as the CE 18:2 species, likely due to the incorporation of linoleic acyl from lysoPE 18:2. Collectively, these findings suggest that lysoPE 18:2 is involved in lipid droplet formation by suppressing lipolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, lysoPE might play a pathological role in the induction of fatty liver disease.
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23
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Hypothyroidism-Associated Dyslipidemia: Potential Molecular Mechanisms Leading to NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312797. [PMID: 34884625 PMCID: PMC8657790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones control lipid metabolism by exhibiting specific effects on the liver and adipose tissue in a coordinated manner. Different diseases of the thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Hypothyroidism-associated dyslipidemia subsequently results in intrahepatic accumulation of fat, leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which leads to the development of hepatic insulin resistance. The prevalence of NAFLD in the western world is increasing, and evidence of its association with hypothyroidism is accumulating. Since hypothyroidism has been identified as a modifiable risk factor of NAFLD and recent data provides evidence that selective thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonists are effective in the treatment of dyslipidemia and NAFLD, interest in potential therapeutic options for NAFLD targeting these receptors is growing. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding clinical and molecular data exploring the association of hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia and NAFLD.
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24
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Goon DE, Ab-Rahim S, Mohd Sakri AH, Mazlan M, Tan JK, Abdul Aziz M, Mohd Noor N, Ibrahim E, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH. Untargeted serum metabolites profiling in high-fat diet mice supplemented with enhanced palm tocotrienol-rich fraction using UHPLC-MS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21001. [PMID: 34697380 PMCID: PMC8546078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive high fat dietary intake promotes risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and predisposed with oxidative stress. Palm based tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has been reported able to ameliorate oxidative stress but exhibited poor bioavailability. Thus, we investigated whether an enhanced formulation of TRF in combination with palm kernel oil (medium-chain triglycerides) (ETRF) could ameliorate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) on leptin-deficient male mice. All the animals were divided into HFD only (HFD group), HFD supplemented with ETRF (ETRF group) and HFD supplemented with TRF (TRF group) and HFD supplemented with PKO (PKO group). After 6 weeks, sera were collected for untargeted metabolite profiling using UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. Univariate analysis unveiled alternation in metabolites for bile acids, amino acids, fatty acids, sphingolipids, and alkaloids. Bile acids, lysine, arachidonic acid, and sphingolipids were downregulated while xanthine and hypoxanthine were upregulated in TRF and ETRF group. The regulation of these metabolites suggests that ETRF may promote better fatty acid oxidation, reduce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory metabolites and acts as anti-inflammatory in fatty liver compared to TRF. Metabolites regulated by ETRF also provide insight of its role in fatty liver. However, further investigation is warranted to identify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Efendy Goon
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Amir Hakimi Mohd Sakri
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Musalmah Mazlan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norizal Mohd Noor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Effendi Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
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25
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Zhai R, Feng L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Li S, Hu Z. Combined Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Dysregulated Genes Expression and Lipid Metabolism Profiles in the Early Stage of Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Front Nutr 2021; 8:733197. [PMID: 34604283 PMCID: PMC8484319 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.733197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease develops from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which then potentially develops into liver cirrhosis. It is a serious threat to human health. Therefore, investigating the formation and development mechanism of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is of great significance. Herein, an early model of NAFLD was successfully established by feeding rats with a high-fat and choline-deficient diet. Liver tissue samples were obtained from rats in the fatty liver model group (NAFL) and normal diet control group (CON). Afterward, transcriptome and lipidomic analysis was performed. Transcriptome results revealed that 178 differentially expressed genes were detected in NAFL and CON groups. Out of which, 105 genes were up-regulated, 73 genes were downregulated, and 8 pathways were significantly enriched. A total of 982 metabolites were detected in lipidomic analysis. Out of which 474 metabolites were significantly different, 273 were up-regulated, 201 were downregulated, and 7 pathways were significantly enriched. Based on the joint analysis, 3 common enrichment pathways were found, including cholesterol metabolism and fat digestion and absorption metabolic pathways. Overall, in the early stage of NAFLD, a small number of genetic changes caused a strong response to lipid components. The strongest reflection was glycerides and glycerophospholipids. A significant increase in fatty acid uptake accompanied by cholesterol metabolism is the most prominent metabolic feature of the liver in the early stage of NAFLD. In the early stage of fatty liver, the liver had shown the characteristics of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Zhai
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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26
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Xie Y, Newberry EP, Brunt EM, Ballentine SJ, Soleymanjahi S, Molitor EA, Davidson NO. Inhibition of chylomicron assembly leads to dissociation of hepatic steatosis from inflammation and fibrosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100123. [PMID: 34563519 PMCID: PMC8515302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating dietary fat absorption may impact progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we asked if inducible inhibition of chylomicron assembly, as observed in intestine-specific microsomal triglyceride (TG) transfer protein knockout mice (Mttp-IKO), could retard NAFLD progression and/or reverse established fibrosis in two dietary models. Mttp-IKO mice fed a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet exhibited reduced hepatic TGs, inflammation, and fibrosis, associated with reduced oxidative stress and downstream activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways. However, when Mttpflox mice were fed an MCD for 5 weeks and then administered tamoxifen to induce Mttp-IKO, hepatic TG was reduced, but inflammation and fibrosis were increased after 10 days of reversal along with adaptive changes in hepatic lipogenic mRNAs. Extending the reversal time, following 5 weeks of MCD feeding to 30 days led to sustained reductions in hepatic TG, but neither inflammation nor fibrosis was decreased, and both intestinal permeability and hepatic lipogenesis were increased. In a second model, similar reductions in hepatic TG were observed when mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose/high-cholesterol (HFFC) diet for 10 weeks, then switched to chow ± tamoxifen (HFFC → chow) or (HFFC → Mttp-IKO chow), but again neither inflammation nor fibrosis was affected. In conclusion, we found that blocking chylomicron assembly attenuates MCD-induced NAFLD progression by reducing steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In contrast, blocking chylomicron assembly in the setting of established hepatic steatosis and fibrosis caused increased intestinal permeability and compensatory shifts in hepatic lipogenesis that mitigate resolution of inflammation and fibrogenic signaling despite 50–90-fold reductions in hepatic TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Newberry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel J Ballentine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saeed Soleymanjahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Molitor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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27
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Errafii K, Al-Akl NS, Khalifa O, Arredouani A. Comprehensive analysis of LncRNAs expression profiles in an in vitro model of steatosis treated with Exendin-4. J Transl Med 2021; 19:235. [PMID: 34078383 PMCID: PMC8173795 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. Currently, no pharmacotherapy exists for NAFLD. However, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have recently emerged as potential therapeutics. Here, we sought to identify the long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) associated with the steatosis improvement induced by the GLP-1R agonist Exendin-4 (Ex-4) in vitro. Methods Steatosis was induced in HepG2 cells with oleic acid. The transcriptomic profiling was performed using total RNA extracted from untreated, steatotic, and Ex-4-treated steatotic cells. We validated a subset of differentially expressed LncRNAs with qRT-PCR and identified the most significantly enriched cellular functions associated with the relevant LncRNAs. Results We confirm that Ex-4 improves steatosis in HepG2 cells. We found 379 and 180 differentially expressed LncRNAs between untreated and steatotic cells and between steatotic and Ex-4-treated steatotic cells, respectively. Interestingly, 22 upregulated LncRNAs in steatotic cells became downregulated with Ex-4 exposure, while 50 downregulated LncRNAs in steatotic cells became upregulated in the presence of Ex-4. Although some LncRNAs, such as MALAT1, H19, and NEAT1, were previously associated with NAFLD, the association of others with steatosis and the positive effect of Ex-4 is being reported for the first time. Functional enrichment analysis identified many critical pathways, including fatty acid and pyruvate metabolism, and insulin, PPAR, Wnt, TGF-β, mTOR, VEGF, NOD-like, and Toll-like receptors signaling pathways. Conclusion Our results suggest that LncRNAs may play essential roles in the mechanisms underlying steatosis improvement in response to GLP-1R agonists and warrant further functional studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02885-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Errafii
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Neyla S Al-Akl
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olfa Khalifa
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar. .,Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box: 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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Deczkowska A, David E, Ramadori P, Pfister D, Safran M, Li B, Giladi A, Jaitin DA, Barboy O, Cohen M, Yofe I, Gur C, Shlomi-Loubaton S, Henri S, Suhail Y, Qiu M, Kam S, Hermon H, Lahat E, Ben Yakov G, Cohen-Ezra O, Davidov Y, Likhter M, Goitein D, Roth S, Weber A, Malissen B, Weiner A, Ben-Ari Z, Heikenwälder M, Elinav E, Amit I. XCR1 + type 1 conventional dendritic cells drive liver pathology in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Med 2021; 27:1043-1054. [PMID: 34017133 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are prevalent liver conditions that underlie the development of life-threatening cirrhosis, liver failure and liver cancer. Chronic necro-inflammation is a critical factor in development of NASH, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation in this disease are poorly understood. Here, using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we comprehensively profiled the immune composition of the mouse liver during NASH. We identified a significant pathology-associated increase in hepatic conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and further defined their source as NASH-induced boost in cycling of cDC progenitors in the bone marrow. Analysis of blood and liver from patients on the NAFLD/NASH spectrum showed that type 1 cDCs (cDC1) were more abundant and activated in disease. Sequencing of physically interacting cDC-T cell pairs from liver-draining lymph nodes revealed that cDCs in NASH promote inflammatory T cell reprogramming, previously associated with NASH worsening. Finally, depletion of cDC1 in XCR1DTA mice or using anti-XCL1-blocking antibody attenuated liver pathology in NASH mouse models. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive characterization of cDC biology in NASH and identifies XCR1+ cDC1 as an important driver of liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. .,Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michal Safran
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Oren Barboy
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Yofe
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chamutal Gur
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Yousuf Suhail
- Chirurgische Klinik, Allgemein, Viszeral und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mengjie Qiu
- Chirurgische Klinik, Allgemein, Viszeral und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shing Kam
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hila Hermon
- Department of Surgery C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eylon Lahat
- Department of Surgery B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gil Ben Yakov
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Yana Davidov
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Mariya Likhter
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - David Goitein
- Department of Surgery C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Susanne Roth
- Chirurgische Klinik, Allgemein, Viszeral und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. .,Division of Microbiome and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Hajduch E, Lachkar F, Ferré P, Foufelle F. Roles of Ceramides in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040792. [PMID: 33669443 PMCID: PMC7920467 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Its prevalence is rapidly increasing and presently affects around 25% of the general population of Western countries, due to the obesity epidemic. Liver fat accumulation induces the synthesis of specific lipid species and particularly ceramides, a sphingolipid. In turn, ceramides have deleterious effects on hepatic metabolism, a phenomenon called lipotoxicity. We review here the evidence showing the role of ceramides in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the mechanisms underlying their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.H.); (F.L.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-27-24-25
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30
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Gariani K, Jornayvaz FR. Pathophysiology of NASH in endocrine diseases. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R52-R65. [PMID: 33449917 PMCID: PMC7983516 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the industrialized world. NAFLD encompasses a whole spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. The latter can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, NASH is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in western countries and therefore represents a global health issue. The pathophysiology of NASH is complex and includes multiple parallel hits. NASH is notably characterized by steatosis as well as evidence of hepatocyte injury and inflammation, with or without fibrosis. NASH is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes and conditions associated with insulin resistance. Moreover, NASH may also be found in many other endocrine diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, male hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency or glucocorticoid excess, for example. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of NASH associated with different endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to F R Jornayvaz:
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31
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Peng C, Stewart AG, Woodman OL, Ritchie RH, Qin CX. Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of Its Mechanism, Models and Medical Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:603926. [PMID: 33343375 PMCID: PMC7745178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) develops from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently, around 25% of the population is estimated to have NAFLD, and 25% of NAFLD patients are estimated to have NASH. NASH is typically characterized by liver steatosis inflammation, and fibrosis driven by metabolic disruptions such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. NASH patients with significant fibrosis have increased risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure. Currently, NASH is the second leading cause for liver transplant in the United States. More importantly, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma from NASH has also been highlighted in recent studies. Patients may have NAFLD for years before progressing into NASH. Although the pathogenesis of NASH is not completely understood, the current “multiple-hits” hypothesis suggests that in addition to fat accumulation, elevated oxidative and ER stress may also drive liver inflammation and fibrosis. The development of clinically relevant animal models and pharmacological treatments for NASH have been hampered by the limited understanding of the disease mechanism and a lack of sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Currently, most pre-clinical animal models are divided into three main groups which includes: genetic models, diet-induced, and toxin + diet-induced animal models. Although dietary models mimic the natural course of NASH in humans, the models often only induce mild liver injury. Many genetic and toxin + diet-induced models rapidly induce the development of metabolic disruption and serious liver injury, but not without their own shortcomings. This review provides an overview of the “multiple-hits” hypothesis and an evaluation of the currently existing animal models of NASH. This review also provides an update on the available interventions for managing NASH as well as pharmacological agents that are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Lancaster, CBR, Australia
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Fernández-Ramos D, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Delacruz-Villar L, Bilbao J, Pagano M, Mosca L, Bizkarguenaga M, Serrano-Macia M, Azkargorta M, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Sot J, Tsvirkun D, van Liempd SM, Goni FM, Alonso C, Martínez-Chantar ML, Elortza F, Hayardeny L, Lu SC, Mato JM. Arachidyl amido cholanoic acid improves liver glucose and lipid homeostasis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via AMPK and mTOR regulation. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5101-5117. [PMID: 32982112 PMCID: PMC7495035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i34.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arachidyl amido cholanoic acid (Aramchol) is a potent downregulator of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protein expression that reduces liver triglycerides and fibrosis in animal models of steatohepatitis. In a phase IIb clinical trial in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 52 wk of treatment with Aramchol reduced blood levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c, an indicator of glycemic control.
AIM To assess lipid and glucose metabolism in mouse hepatocytes and in a NASH mouse model [induced with a 0.1% methionine and choline deficient diet (0.1MCD)] after treatment with Aramchol.
METHODS Isolated primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated with 20 μmol/L Aramchol or vehicle for 48 h. Subsequently, analyses were performed including Western blot, proteomics by mass spectrometry, and fluxomic analysis with 13C-uniformly labeled glucose. For the in vivo part of the study, male C57BL/6J mice were randomly fed a control or 0.1MCD for 4 wk and received 1 or 5 mg/kg/d Aramchol or vehicle by intragastric gavage for the last 2 wk. Liver metabolomics were assessed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-MS for the determination of glucose metabolism-related metabolites.
RESULTS Combination of proteomics and Western blot analyses showed increased AMPK activity while the activity of nutrient sensor mTORC1 was decreased by Aramchol in hepatocytes. This translated into changes in the content of their downstream targets including proteins involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis and oxidation [P-ACCα/β(S79), SCD1, CPT1A/B, HADHA, and HADHB], oxidative phosphorylation (NDUFA9, NDUFB11, NDUFS1, NDUFV1, ETFDH, and UQCRC2), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (MDH2, SUCLA2, and SUCLG2), and ribosome (P-p70S6K[T389] and P-S6[S235/S236]). Flux experiments with 13C-uniformely labeled glucose showed that TCA cycle cataplerosis was reduced by Aramchol in hepatocytes, as indicated by the increase in the number of rounds that malate remained in the TCA cycle. Finally, liver metabolomic analysis showed that glucose homeostasis was improved by Aramchol in 0.1MCD fed mice in a dose-dependent manner, showing normalization of glucose, G6P, F6P, UDP-glucose, and Rbl5P/Xyl5P.
CONCLUSION Aramchol exerts its effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in NASH through activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTORC1, which in turn activate FA β-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fernández-Ramos
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Delacruz-Villar
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Bilbao
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Martina Pagano
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Macia
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Sot
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Leioa 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Darya Tsvirkun
- Pre-clinical and Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Tel Aviv 6578317, Israel
| | | | - Felix M Goni
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Leioa 48940, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIBERehd - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Spain
| | - Liat Hayardeny
- Pre-clinical and Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Tel Aviv 6578317, Israel
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - José M Mato
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERehd - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Thymiakou E, Othman A, Hornemann T, Kardassis D. Defects in High Density Lipoprotein metabolism and hepatic steatosis in mice with liver-specific ablation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4A. Metabolism 2020; 110:154307. [PMID: 32622843 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant concentration, structure and functionality of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with many prevalent diseases, including cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mice with liver-specific ablation of Hnf4α (H4LivKO) present steatosis and dyslipidemia by mechanisms that are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to explore the role of liver HNF4A in HDL metabolism and the development of steatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum and tissue samples were obtained from 6-weeks old H4LivKO mice and their littermate controls. Liver and serum lipids were measured and HDL structure and functionality were assessed. Global gene expression changes in the liver were analyzed by expression arrays, validations were performed by RT-qPCR and DNA-protein interactions were studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). H4LivKO mice presented liver steatosis, increased liver triglyceride content and decreased concentration of serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. Most classes of phospholipids showed significant changes in species ratio and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels were reduced. H4LivKO serum was enriched in the smaller, denser HDL particles, devoid of APOA2 and APOM apolipoproteins, exhibiting decreased activity of paraoxonase-1 but retaining macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity and phospho-AKT activation in endothelial cells. Global gene expression analysis revealed the association of liver HNF4A with known and novel regulators of HDL metabolism as well as NAFLD-susceptibility genes. CONCLUSIONS HNF4A ablation in mouse liver causes hepatic steatosis, perturbations in HDL structure and function and significant global changes in gene expression. This study reveals new targets of HNF4A involved in HDL metabolism and the development of steatosis and enriches our knowledge on HDL functionality in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Genomics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Gene Regulation and Genomics group, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece.
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Nevzorova YA, Boyer-Diaz Z, Cubero FJ, Gracia-Sancho J. Animal models for liver disease - A practical approach for translational research. J Hepatol 2020; 73:423-440. [PMID: 32330604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are crucial for improving our understanding of human pathogenesis, enabling researchers to identify therapeutic targets and test novel drugs. In the current review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the most widely used experimental models of chronic liver disease, starting from early stages of fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic and alcoholic) to steatohepatitis, advanced cirrhosis and end-stage primary liver cancer. We focus on aspects such as reproducibility and practicality, discussing the advantages and weaknesses of available models for researchers who are planning to perform animal studies in the near future. Additionally, we summarise current and prospective models based on human tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoe Boyer-Diaz
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Poss AM, Summers SA. Too Much of a Good Thing? An Evolutionary Theory to Explain the Role of Ceramides in NAFLD. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 32849291 PMCID: PMC7411076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which ranges from the relatively benign and reversible fatty liver (NAFL) to the more advanced and deadly steatohepatitis (NASH), affects a remarkably high percentage of adults in the population. Depending upon severity, NAFLD can increase one's risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Though the dominant histological feature of all forms of the disease is the accumulation of liver triglycerides, these molecules are likely not pathogenic, but rather serve to protect the liver from the damaging consequences of overnutrition. We propose herein that the less abundant ceramides, through evolutionarily-conserved actions intended to help organisms adapt to nutrient excess, drive the cellular events that define NAFL/NASH. In early stages of the disease process, they promote lipid uptake and storage, whilst inhibiting utilization of glucose. In later stages, they stimulate hepatocyte apoptosis and fibrosis. In rodents, blocking ceramide synthesis ameliorates all stages of NAFLD. In humans, serum and liver ceramides correlate with the severity of NAFLD and its comorbidities diabetes and heart disease. These studies identify key roles for ceramides in these hepatic manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Radhakrishnan S, Ke JY, Pellizzon MA. Targeted Nutrient Modifications in Purified Diets Differentially Affect Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Disease Development in Rodent Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa078. [PMID: 32494762 PMCID: PMC7250583 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex spectrum of disorders ranging from simple benign steatosis to more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Although not every patient with NAFLD/NASH develops liver complications, if left untreated it may eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purified diets formulated with specific nutritional components can drive the entire spectrum of NAFLD in rodent models. Although they may not perfectly replicate the clinical and histological features of human NAFLD, they provide a model to gain further understanding of disease progression in humans. Owing to the growing demand of diets for NAFLD research, and for our further understanding of how manipulation of dietary components can alter disease development, we outlined several commonly used dietary approaches for rodent models, including mice, rats, and hamsters, time frames required for disease development and whether other metabolic diseases commonly associated with NAFLD in humans occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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