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Aqsha A, Winoto HP, Adhi TP, Adisasmito S, Ramli Y, Siddiq L, Pratama FB, Ramdani MR, Indarto A. Sequential Esterification-Diels-Alder Reactions for Improving Pine Rosin Durability within Road Marking Paint. Molecules 2023; 28:5236. [PMID: 37446897 PMCID: PMC10343265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine rosin, which is derived from Pinus merkusii resin, a natural product, has demonstrated potential as a road marking binder. Although pine rosin has an excellent shinning property, it has some limitations, such as instability and color change. To tackle these issues, modified rosin has been developed through sequential esterification and Diels-Alder reactions, and it has shown better properties than untreated rosin. In this study, from the evaluation of untreated and treated rosins, the treated rosin showed some improvements, such as a lower acid value and higher stability, as shown by the color consistency during the oxidation test at 150 °C for 24 h in open-air conditions. Additionally, as road marking paint, the modified rosin is blended with blending materials in the range of 18-28 wt.%. The modified rosin has a softening point of 170-210 °C, a hardness of 50-71 HD, and a weight loss of 1.33-5.12 mg during the wearing test. These results are comparable to or better than those of commercially available road marking products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsha Aqsha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (H.P.W.); (T.P.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC), Mashudi No. 1, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.S.); (F.B.P.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Haryo Pandu Winoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (H.P.W.); (T.P.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Tri Partono Adhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (H.P.W.); (T.P.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sanggono Adisasmito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (H.P.W.); (T.P.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Yusrin Ramli
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1-Bunkyocho, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan;
| | - Lathifuddin Siddiq
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC), Mashudi No. 1, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.S.); (F.B.P.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Fauzi Bhakti Pratama
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC), Mashudi No. 1, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.S.); (F.B.P.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ramdani
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC), Mashudi No. 1, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.S.); (F.B.P.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Antonius Indarto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (H.P.W.); (T.P.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC), Mashudi No. 1, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.S.); (F.B.P.); (M.R.R.)
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Collins S, Stuart B, Ueland M. The use of lipids from textiles as soft-tissue biomarkers of human decomposition. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 343:111547. [PMID: 36608407 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI) in complex death investigations involving human remains, is a vital task faced by law enforcement. Establishing the PMI in a case can significantly aid in the reconstruction of forensically relevant events surrounding that death. However, due to the complexities surrounding the decomposition of human remains, the determination of the PMI still remains a challenge in some cases. Thus, the identification of biomarkers of human decomposition are an emerging, and essential, area of research. Previous studies have also demonstrated great success in the use of textiles as a host to indirectly capture decomposition by-products. This study reports the successful adaptation and optimisation of an analytical chemical workflow for the targeted analysis of lipids from textiles associated with decomposing human remains using gas-chromatography (GC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This study discusses novel information regarding the complex challenges of matrix effects observed with decomposition samples. In addition, the first lipid profiles obtained from textiles associated with two decomposing human donors from the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research (AFTER) using GC-MS/MS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Collins
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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D'Agostino A, Di Marco G, Marvelli S, Marchesini M, Rizzoli E, Rolfo MF, Canini A, Gismondi A. Neolithic dental calculi provide evidence for environmental proxies and consumption of wild edible fruits and herbs in central Apennines. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1384. [PMID: 36536113 PMCID: PMC9763411 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Looking for a biological fingerprint relative to new aspects of the relationship between humans and natural environment during prehistoric times is challenging. Although many issues still need to be addressed in terms of authentication and identification, microparticles hidden in ancient dental calculus can provide interesting information for bridging this gap of knowledge. Here, we show evidence about the role of edible plants for the early Neolithic individuals in the central Apennines of the Italian peninsula and relative cultural landscape. Dental calculi from human and animal specimens exhumed at Grotta Mora Cavorso (Lazio), one of the largest prehistoric burial deposits, have returned an archaeobotanical record made up of several types of palaeoecological proxies. The organic fraction of this matrix was investigated by a multidisciplinary approach, whose novelty consisted in the application of next generation sequencing to ancient plant DNA fragments, specifically codifying for maturase K barcode gene. Panicoideae and Triticeae starches, together with genetic indicators of Rosaceae fruits, figs, and Lamiaceae herbs, suggested subsistence practices most likely still based on wild plant resources. On the other hand, pollen, and non-pollen palynomorphs allowed us to outline a general vegetational framework dominated by woodland patches alternated with meadows, where semi-permanent settlements could have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia D'Agostino
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Marco
- Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Marvelli
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Archeobotanica-C.A.A. Giorgio Nicoli, San Giovanni in Persiceto, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Marchesini
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Archeobotanica-C.A.A. Giorgio Nicoli, San Giovanni in Persiceto, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rizzoli
- Laboratorio di Palinologia e Archeobotanica-C.A.A. Giorgio Nicoli, San Giovanni in Persiceto, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Federico Rolfo
- Department of History, Culture and Society, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Canini
- Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Gismondi
- Laboratory of Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Frahm E, Adler DS, Gasparyan B, Luo B, Mallol C, Pajović G, Tostevin GB, Yeritsyan B, Monnier G. Every contact leaves a trace: Documenting contamination in lithic residue studies at the Middle Palaeolithic sites of Lusakert Cave 1 (Armenia) and Crvena Stijena (Montenegro). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266362. [PMID: 35390045 PMCID: PMC8989205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of organic lithic micro-residues have, over the last decade, shifted from entirely morphological observations using visible-light microscopy to compositional ones using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy, providing a seemingly objective chemical basis for residue identifications. Contamination, though, remains a problem that can affect these results. Modern contaminants, accumulated during the post-excavation lives of artifacts, are pervasive, subtle, and even “invisible” (unlisted ingredients in common lab products). Ancient contamination is a second issue. The aim of residue analysis is to recognize residues related to use, but other types of residues can also accumulate on artifacts. Caves are subject to various taphonomic forces and organic inputs, and use-related residues can degrade into secondary compounds. This organic “background noise” must be taken into consideration. Here we show that residue contamination is more pervasive than is often appreciated, as revealed by our studies of Middle Palaeolithic artifacts from two sites: Lusakert Cave 1 in Armenia and Crvena Stijena in Montenegro. First, we explain how artifacts from Lusakert Cave 1, despite being handled following specialized protocols, were tainted by a modern-day contaminant from an unanticipated source: a release agent used inside the zip-top bags that are ubiquitous in the field and lab. Second, we document that, when non-artifact “controls” are studied alongside artifacts from Crvena Stijena, comparisons reveal that organic residues are adhered to both, indicating that they are prevalent throughout the sediments and not necessarily related to use. We provide suggestions for reducing contamination and increasing the reliability of residue studies. Ultimately, we propose that archaeologists working in the field of residue studies must start with the null hypothesis that miniscule organic residues reflect contamination, either ancient or modern, and systematically proceed to rule out all possible contaminants before interpreting them as evidence of an artifact’s use in the distant past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellery Frahm
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel S. Adler
- Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Boris Gasparyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Bing Luo
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carolina Mallol
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Antropología e Historia Antigua, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Gilbert B. Tostevin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Benik Yeritsyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Gilliane Monnier
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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