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Hammarén R, Goldstein ST, Schlebusch CM. Eurasian back-migration into Northeast Africa was a complex and multifaceted process. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290423. [PMID: 37939042 PMCID: PMC10631636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified Northeast Africa as an important area for human movements during the Holocene. Eurasian populations have moved back into Northeastern Africa and contributed to the genetic composition of its people. By gathering the largest reference dataset to date of Northeast, North, and East African as well as Middle Eastern populations, we give new depth to our knowledge of Northeast African demographic history. By employing local ancestry methods, we isolated the Non-African parts of modern-day Northeast African genomes and identified the best putative source populations. Egyptians and Sudanese Copts bore most similarities to Levantine populations whilst other populations in the region generally had predominantly genetic contributions from the Arabian peninsula rather than Levantine populations for their Non-African genetic component. We also date admixture events and investigated which factors influenced the date of admixture and find that major linguistic families were associated with the date of Eurasian admixture. Taken as a whole we detect complex patterns of admixture and diverse origins of Eurasian admixture in Northeast African populations of today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard Hammarén
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Steven T. Goldstein
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Carina M. Schlebusch
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Mekonnen D, Munshea A, Nibret E, Adnew B, Herrera-Leon S, Amor Aramendia A, Benito A, Abascal E, Jacqueline C, Aseffa A, Herrera-Leon L. Comparative whole-genome sequence analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenitis patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1211267. [PMID: 37455714 PMCID: PMC10348828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), is a chronic infectious disease with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms. This study set out to investigate and compare the genomic diversity and transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates obtained from tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) and pulmonary TB (PTB) cases in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted using two groups of samples collected between February 2021 and June 2022 (Group 1) and between June 2020 and June 2022 (Group 2) in Northwest Ethiopia. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 200 heat-inactivated Mtb isolates. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed from 161 isolates having ≥1 ng DNA/μl using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 technology. Results From the total 161 isolates sequenced, 146 Mtb isolates were successfully genotyped into three lineages (L) and 18 sub-lineages. The Euro-American (EA, L4) lineage was the prevailing (n = 100; 68.5%) followed by Central Asian (CAS, L3, n = 43; 25.3%) and then L7 (n = 3; 2.05%). The L4.2.2.ETH sub-lineage accounted for 19.9%, while Haarlem estimated at 13.7%. The phylogenetic tree revealed distinct Mtb clusters between PTB and TBLN isolates even though there was no difference at lineages and sub-lineages levels. The clustering rate (CR) and recent transmission index (RTI) for PTB were 30 and 15%, respectively. Similarly, the CR and RTI for TBLN were 31.1 and 18 %, respectively. Conclusion and recommendations PTB and TBLN isolates showed no Mtb lineages and sub-lineages difference. However, at the threshold of five allelic distances, Mtb isolates obtained from PTB and TBLN form distinct complexes in the phylogenetic tree, which indicates the presence of Mtb genomic variation among the two clinical forms. The high rate of clustering and RTI among TBLN implied that TBLN was likely the result of recent transmission and/or reactivation from short latency. Hence, the high incidence rate of TBLN in the Amhara region could be the result of Mtb genomic diversity and rapid clinical progression from primary infection and/or short latency. To validate this conclusion, a similar community-based study with a large sample size and better sampling technique is highly desirable. Additionally, analysis of genomic variants other than phylogenetic informative regions could give insightful information. Combined analysis of the host and the pathogen genome (GXG) together with environmental (GxGxE) factors could give comprehensive co-evolutionary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Silvia Herrera-Leon
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Benito
- National Center of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Abascal
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Camille Jacqueline
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Laura Herrera-Leon
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Ragsdale AP, Weaver TD, Atkinson EG, Hoal EG, Möller M, Henn BM, Gravel S. A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa. Nature 2023; 617:755-763. [PMID: 37198480 PMCID: PMC10208968 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite broad agreement that Homo sapiens originated in Africa, considerable uncertainty surrounds specific models of divergence and migration across the continent1. Progress is hampered by a shortage of fossil and genomic data, as well as variability in previous estimates of divergence times1. Here we seek to discriminate among such models by considering linkage disequilibrium and diversity-based statistics, optimized for rapid, complex demographic inference2. We infer detailed demographic models for populations across Africa, including eastern and western representatives, and newly sequenced whole genomes from 44 Nama (Khoe-San) individuals from southern Africa. We infer a reticulated African population history in which present-day population structure dates back to Marine Isotope Stage 5. The earliest population divergence among contemporary populations occurred 120,000 to 135,000 years ago and was preceded by links between two or more weakly differentiated ancestral Homo populations connected by gene flow over hundreds of thousands of years. Such weakly structured stem models explain patterns of polymorphism that had previously been attributed to contributions from archaic hominins in Africa2-7. In contrast to models with archaic introgression, we predict that fossil remains from coexisting ancestral populations should be genetically and morphologically similar, and that only an inferred 1-4% of genetic differentiation among contemporary human populations can be attributed to genetic drift between stem populations. We show that model misspecification explains the variation in previous estimates of divergence times, and argue that studying a range of models is key to making robust inferences about deep history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Ragsdale
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy D Weaver
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brenna M Henn
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Simon Gravel
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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4
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Mekonnen D, Munshea A, Nibret E, Derbie A, Wubetu M, Taye M, Zeru T, Bezabih B, Azage M, Bobosha K, Aseffa A. Rapid Bioethical Assessment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Host Genetic Study in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: Towards a Context-Specific Ethical Approach. Ethiop J Health Sci 2023; 33:413-422. [PMID: 37576164 PMCID: PMC10416330 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid Ethical Assessment (REA) is a rapid qualitative study anticipated to understand the ethical sphere of the research setting prior to recruiting study subjects. This study assessed the communities' knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) and research, understand the social arrangements advisable for recruiting research participant and appraised the information provision and consent process. Methods The study was conducted in Amhara region, Ethiopia from 5th-30th January 2021. Google-based survey, face-to-face in-depth interview and focus group discussion were carried out to collect the data from researchers, data collectors, health professionals, TB program officers. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess the knowledge of TB patients and healthy controls about TB, research, gene, (co)evolution and consent process. Results Over 71% of researchers were not satisfied with the current consent process, and 82.7% of researchers agreed that the best interest of the research participants was not adequately addressed in the current research practices in ANRS. TB patients and healthy controls misunderstood research and its goals. Participants advised the researchers to approach the community with the assistance of health extension workers (HEW) or religious/local leaders. Combined use of verbal and written based information provision at individual participant level is the preferred way for information provision. Conclusions The adherence of researchers to standard information provision and consent process was very low. Healthy controls and TB patients have low level of knowledge and awareness about research, ethics and genomic research-related common terms. Hence, public education is required to strengthen the research ethics in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Abaineh Munshea
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Nibret
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Awoke Derbie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- The Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Wubetu
- Department of Ethiopia Langue(s) and Literature-Amharic, Faculty of Humanities, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Taye
- Health Biotechnology Division, Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Zeru
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Ethiopia
| | | | - Muluken Azage
- Department of Environmental Health, School of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
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Wang Y, Kahaer A, Shi W, Guo H, Rexiti P. Morphometric measurement of lumbar pedicle in different regions: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:30. [PMID: 36631862 PMCID: PMC9832728 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To collect the data of pedicle width and height in different areas, and to investigate the difference and variation rule of pedicle width and height. METHODS Comprehensive search of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Web of science databases was performed. Collected data were imported into SPSS, and one-way ANOVA test and post hoc test were used to determine whether there were statistical differences in pedicle width and height between the different regions. RESULTS Oceania had the largest pedicle width and height, followed by Americans. West Asian had the largest pedicle width in Asia, followed by East and Southeast Asian, and Chinese and South Asian had similar pedicle width. Different from the variation pattern of pedicle width, the pedicle height of Chinese, East and Southeast Asian and West Asian in Asian range is similar, but the pedicle height of South Asian is significantly smaller than the first three, and has statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS People in different regions have similar patterns of variation in pedicle width and height even though they belong to different ethnic groups. This phenomenon is particularly prominent and pronounced in populations in geographically close areas, which may be related to inter-ethnic integration due to population movement between adjacent areas. There is a relationship between the morphological characteristics of the human lumbar pedicle and geographical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Wang
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993First Clinical Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Alafate Kahaer
- grid.412631.3Departments of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- grid.13394.3c0000 0004 1799 3993First Clinical Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hailong Guo
- grid.412631.3Departments of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Paerhati Rexiti
- grid.412631.3Departments of Spine Surgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
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6
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McQuillan MA, Ranciaro A, Hansen MEB, Fan S, Beggs W, Belay G, Woldemeskel D, Tishkoff SA. Signatures of Convergent Evolution and Natural Selection at the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Region are Correlated with Agriculture in Ethnically Diverse Africans. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac183. [PMID: 36026493 PMCID: PMC9547508 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family of genes encodes enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of ethanol into acetaldehyde. Nucleotide variation in ADH genes can affect the catalytic properties of these enzymes and is associated with a variety of traits, including alcoholism and cancer. Some ADH variants, including the ADH1B*48His (rs1229984) mutation in the ADH1B gene, reduce the risk of alcoholism and are under positive selection in multiple human populations. The advent of Neolithic agriculture and associated increase in fermented foods and beverages is hypothesized to have been a selective force acting on such variants. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in populations outside of Asia. Here, we use genome-wide selection scans to show that the ADH gene region is enriched for variants showing strong signals of positive selection in multiple Afroasiatic-speaking, agriculturalist populations from Ethiopia, and that this signal is unique among sub-Saharan Africans. We also observe strong selection signals at putatively functional variants in nearby lipid metabolism genes, which may influence evolutionary dynamics at the ADH region. Finally, we show that haplotypes carrying these selected variants were introduced into Northeast Africa from a West-Eurasian source within the last ∼2,000 years and experienced positive selection following admixture. These selection signals are not evident in nearby, genetically similar populations that practice hunting/gathering or pastoralist subsistence lifestyles, supporting the hypothesis that the emergence of agriculture shapes patterns of selection at ADH genes. Together, these results enhance our understanding of how adaptations to diverse environments and diets have influenced the African genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Shaohua Fan
- Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - William Beggs
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Woldemeskel
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Mörseburg A, Pagani L, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Kivisild T. Response to Wyckelsma et al.: Loss of α-actinin-3 during human evolution provides superior cold resilience and muscle heat generation. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:967-972. [PMID: 35523147 PMCID: PMC9118108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The common loss-of-function mutation R577X in the structural muscle protein ACTN3 emerged as a potential target of positive selection from early studies and has been the focus of insightful physiological work suggesting a significant impact on muscle metabolism. Adaptation to cold climates has been proposed as a key adaptive mechanism explaining its global allele frequency patterns. Here, we re-examine this hypothesis analyzing modern (n = 3,626) and ancient (n = 1,651) genomic data by using allele-frequency as well as haplotype homozygosity-based methods. The presented results are more consistent with genetic drift rather than selection in cold climates as the main driver of the ACTN3 R577X frequency distribution in human populations across the world. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Wyckelsma et al. (2021),1 published in The American Journal of Human Genetics. See also the response by Wyckelsma et al. (2022),2 published in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mörseburg
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Boris Malyarchuk
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya str. 18, Magadan 685000, Russia
| | - Miroslava Derenko
- Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya str. 18, Magadan 685000, Russia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 3000, Belgium.
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8
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Aneli S, Saupe T, Montinaro F, Solnik A, Molinaro L, Scaggion C, Carrara N, Raveane A, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Scheib CL, Pagani L. The Genetic Origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean Southern Italian Iron Age Context. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac014. [PMID: 35038748 PMCID: PMC8826970 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical location and shape of Apulia, a narrow land stretching out in the sea at the South of Italy, made this region a Mediterranean crossroads connecting Western Europe and the Balkans. Such movements culminated at the beginning of the Iron Age with the Iapygian civilization which consisted of three cultures: Peucetians, Messapians, and Daunians. Among them, the Daunians left a peculiar cultural heritage, with one-of-a-kind stelae and pottery, but, despite the extensive archaeological literature, their origin has been lost to time. In order to shed light on this and to provide a genetic picture of Iron Age Southern Italy, we collected and sequenced human remains from three archaeological sites geographically located in Northern Apulia (the area historically inhabited by Daunians) and radiocarbon dated between 1157 and 275 calBCE. We find that Iron Age Apulian samples are still distant from the genetic variability of modern-day Apulians, they show a degree of genetic heterogeneity comparable with the cosmopolitan Republican and Imperial Roman civilization, even though a few kilometers and centuries separate them, and they are well inserted into the Iron Age Pan-Mediterranean genetic landscape. Our study provides for the first time a window on the genetic make-up of pre-Roman Apulia, whose increasing connectivity within the Mediterranean landscape, would have contributed to laying the foundation for modern genetic variability. In this light, the genetic profile of Daunians may be compatible with an at least partial autochthonous origin, with plausible contributions from the Balkan peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aneli
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Tina Saupe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ludovica Molinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Scaggion
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Carrara
- Anthropology Museum, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raveane
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Pagani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Mughal MR, DeGiorgio M. Properties and unbiased estimation of F- and D-statistics in samples containing related and inbred individuals. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab090. [PMID: 34849832 PMCID: PMC8733448 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Patterson F- and D-statistics are commonly used measures for quantifying population relationships and for testing hypotheses about demographic history. These statistics make use of allele frequency information across populations to infer different aspects of population history, such as population structure and introgression events. Inclusion of related or inbred individuals can bias such statistics, which may often lead to the filtering of such individuals. Here, we derive statistical properties of the F- and D-statistics, including their biases due to the inclusion of related or inbred individuals, their variances, and their corresponding mean squared errors. Moreover, for those statistics that are biased, we develop unbiased estimators and evaluate the variances of these new quantities. Comparisons of the new unbiased statistics to the originals demonstrates that our newly derived statistics often have lower error across a wide population parameter space. Furthermore, we apply these unbiased estimators using several global human populations with the inclusion of related individuals to highlight their application on an empirical dataset. Finally, we implement these unbiased estimators in open-source software package funbiased for easy application by the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehreen R Mughal
- Bioinformatics and Genomics at the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida
Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Hellenthal G, Bird N, Morris S. Structure and ancestry patterns of Ethiopians in genome-wide autosomal DNA. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R42-R48. [PMID: 33547782 PMCID: PMC8242491 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review some of the current insights derived from the analyses of new large-scale, genome-wide autosomal variation data studies incorporating Ethiopians. Consistent with their substantial degree of cultural and linguistic diversity, genetic diversity among Ethiopians is higher than that seen across much larger geographic regions worldwide. This genetic variation is associated in part with ethnic identity, geography and linguistic classification. Numerous and varied admixture events have been inferred in Ethiopian groups, for example, involving sources related to present-day groups in West Eurasia and North Africa, with inferred dates spanning a few hundred to more than 4500 years ago. These disparate inferred ancestry patterns are correlated in part with groups' broad linguistic classifications, though with some notable exceptions. While deciphering these complex genetic signals remains challenging with available data, these studies and other projects focused on resolving competing hypotheses on the origins of specific ethnolinguistic groups demonstrate how genetic analyses can complement findings from anthropological and linguistic studies on Ethiopians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Hellenthal
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nancy Bird
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sam Morris
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Mulindwa J, Noyes H, Ilboudo H, Pagani L, Nyangiri O, Kimuda MP, Ahouty B, Asina OF, Ofon E, Kamoto K, Kabore JW, Koffi M, Ngoyi DM, Simo G, Chisi J, Sidibe I, Enyaru J, Simuunza M, Alibu P, Jamonneau V, Camara M, Tait A, Hall N, Bucheton B, MacLeod A, Hertz-Fowler C, Matovu E, Matovu E, Sidibe I, Mumba D, Koffi M, Simo G, Chisi J, Alibu VP, Macleod A, Bucheton B, Hertzfowler C, Elliot A, Camara M, Bishop O, Mulindwa J, Nyangiri O, Kimuda MP, Ofon E, Ahouty B, Kabore J. High Levels of Genetic Diversity within Nilo-Saharan Populations: Implications for Human Adaptation. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:473-486. [PMID: 32781046 PMCID: PMC7477016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa contains more human genetic variation than any other continent, but the majority of the population-scale analyses of the African peoples have focused on just two of the four major linguistic groups, the Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, leaving the Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan populations under-represented. In order to assess genetic variation and signatures of selection within a Nilo-Saharan population and between the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic, we sequenced 50 genomes from the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara population of North-West Uganda and 250 genomes from 6 previously unsequenced Niger-Congo populations. We compared these data to data from a further 16 Eurasian and African populations including the Gumuz, another putative Nilo-Saharan population from Ethiopia. Of the 21 million variants identified in the Nilo-Saharan population, 3.57 million (17%) were not represented in dbSNP and included predicted non-synonymous mutations with possible phenotypic effects. We found greater genetic differentiation between the Nilo-Saharan Lugbara and Gumuz populations than between any two Afro-Asiatic or Niger-Congo populations. F3 tests showed that Gumuz contributed a genetic component to most Niger-Congo B populations whereas Lugabara did not. We scanned the genomes of the Lugbara for evidence of selective sweeps. We found selective sweeps at four loci (SLC24A5, SNX13, TYRP1, and UVRAG) associated with skin pigmentation, three of which already have been reported to be under selection. These selective sweeps point toward adaptations to the intense UV radiation of the Sahel.
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