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Klein LJ, Gaye S, Crawford M. A Model of Linear Response with Progressive Decay Equally Suited for RiboGreen® Quantitation of RNA and Dissolution of Solid Oral Dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00240-5. [PMID: 38971409 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
A new regression model is presented which offers flexibility, freedom from subjective determinations of linear range, and very wide applicability to measurement systems of industrial importance. This "progressive decay" model starts as a deceptively simple ordinary differential equation. We show here that its solution faithfully describes real but seemingly unconnected data from a plate-based assay for quantitation of RNA with RiboGreen® and dissolution data for a triple fixed-dose combination solid oral dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
| | - Susannah Gaye
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Morgan Crawford
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065 USA
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2
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Kirk MM, Dobson JA, Mattock JPM, Coltman CE, Steele JR. Do the feet of male and female netball players differ in shape? Implications for shoe design. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:483-489. [PMID: 38594899 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2338335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A large proportion of netball players suffer foot-related problems and pain and are dissatisfied with current netball-specific footwear. To improve the fit and functionality of netball-specific shoes, we must understand the shape of these players' feet and determine whether any sex differences exist. Five hundred and two representative-level netball players (n = 251 male; n = 251 female) had their feet three-dimensionally scanned. We then used a validated MATLAB code to automatically extract 10 measurements to characterise each participant's foot shape. Differences between men and women for the absolute values and those normalised to foot length and stature were identified using independent samples t-tests with a Bonferroni adjusted alpha level. The size and shape of male netball players' feet differed significantly from their female counterparts. Males had significantly larger absolute and normalised foot measurements than females, notably at the ball of the foot, heel and instep (p < 0.001). Netball shoe manufacturers should develop unique lasts for each sex and foot size and should offer a more extensive range of shoe lengths and widths to netball players. Such considerations will help optimise shoe fit and comfort and, in turn, reduce foot-related problems and pain associated with ill-fitting footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison M Kirk
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jessica A Dobson
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua P M Mattock
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Celeste E Coltman
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Julie R Steele
- Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Medical, Indigenous & Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health, University of Wollongong, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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3
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Sacco R, Munoz MA, Billuart F, Lalevée M, Beldame J. Validation of an Automated Optical Scanner for a Comprehensive Anthropometric Analysis of the Foot and Ankle. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:968. [PMID: 37627853 PMCID: PMC10451213 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the reproducibility of foot and ankle anthropometric measurements with a three-dimensional (3D) optical scanner. Methods: We evaluated thirty-nine different anthropometric parameters obtained with a 3D Laser UPOD-S Full-Foot Scanner in a healthy population of twenty subjects. We determined the variance of the measurements for each foot/ankle, and the average variance among different subjects. Results: For 40 feet and ankles (15 women and 5 men; mean age 35.62 +/- 9.54 years, range 9-75 years), the average variance was 1.4 ± 2 (range 0.1 to 8). Overall, the mean absolute measurement error was <1 mm, with a maximum variance percentage of 8.3%. Forefoot and midfoot circumferences had a low variance <2.5, with variance percentages <1%. Hindfoot circumferences, malleolar heights, and the length of the first and fifth metatarsal to the ground contact points showed the highest variance (range 1 to 7). Conclusions: The UPOD-S Full-Foot optical Scanner achieved a good reproducibility in a large set of foot and ankle anthropometric measurements. It is a valuable tool for clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sacco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France; (R.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Marie-Aude Munoz
- Centre Médical Achille, 200 Avenue des Prés d’Arènes, 34070 Montpellier, France;
| | - Fabien Billuart
- UFR Simone Veil-Santé, Université de Paris-Saclay, 2, Avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
- Laboratoire D’analyse du Mouvement, Institut de Formation en Masso-Kinésithérapie Saint-Michel, 68, Rue du Commerce, 75015 Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche ERPHAN, UR 20201, UVSQ, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Matthieu Lalevée
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France; (R.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Julien Beldame
- ICP-Clinique Blomet, 136 Bis Rue Blomet, 75015 Paris, France
- Clinique Megival, 1328 Avenue de la Maison Blanche, 76550 Saint Aubin sur Scie, France
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Beldame J, Sacco R, Munoz MA, Masse M, Lalevée M. Assessment of the Efficiency of Measuring Foot and Ankle Edema with a 3D Portable Scanner. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050549. [PMID: 37237619 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To prospectively evaluate the reliability of a portable optical scanner compared to the water displacement technique for volumetric measurements of the foot and ankle and to compare the acquisition time associated with these two methods. Methods: Foot volume was measured in 29 healthy volunteers (58 feet, 24 females and 5 males) by a 3D scanner (UPOD-S 3D Laser Full-Foot Scanner®) and by water displacement volumetry. Measurements were performed on both feet, up to a height of 10 cm above the ground. The acquisition time for each method was evaluated. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient, and a Student's t-test were performed. Results: Mean foot volume was 869.7 +/- 165.1 cm3 (3D scanner) versus 867.9 +/- 155.4 cm3 (water-displacement volumetry) (p < 10-5). The concordance of measurements was 0.93, indicative of a high correlation between the two techniques. Volumes were 47.8 cm3 lower when using the 3D scanner versus water volumetry. After statistically correcting this underestimation, the concordance was improved (0.98, residual bias = -0.03 +/- 35.1 cm3). The mean examination time was 4.2 +/- 1.7 min (3D optical scanner) versus 11.1 +/- 2.9 min (water volumeter) (p < 10-4). Conclusions: Ankle/foot volumetric measurements performed using this portable 3D scanner are reliable and fast and can be used in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Beldame
- ICP-Clinique Blomet, 136 bis Rue Blomet, 75015 Paris, France
- Clinique Megival, 1328 Avenue de la Maison Blanche, 76550 Saint Aubin sur Scie, France
| | - Riccardo Sacco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Aude Munoz
- Centre Médical Achille, 200 Avenue des Prés d'Arènes, 34070 Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Masse
- CKS, Centre kiné sport Dieppe, 32 Rue Louis Blériot, Neuville les Dieppe, 76370 Dieppe, France
| | - Matthieu Lalevée
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France
- CETAPS EA3832, Research Center for Sports and Athletic Activities Transformations, University of Rouen Normandy, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Allan JJ, Munteanu SE, Bonanno DR, Buldt AK, Choppin S, Bullas A, Pearce N, Menz HB. Methodological and statistical approaches for the assessment of foot shape using three-dimensional foot scanning: a scoping review. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37106385 PMCID: PMC10134589 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to: (i) review and provide a narrative synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) foot surface scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocols, and (ii) develop a set of recommendations for standardising the reporting of 3D foot scanning approaches. METHODS A systematic search of the SCOPUS, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases were conducted to identify papers reporting 3D foot scanning protocols and analysis techniques. To be included, studies were required to be published in English, have more than ten participants, and involve the use of static 3D surface scans of the foot. Papers were excluded if they reported two-dimensional footprints only, 3D scans that did not include the medial arch, dynamic scans, or derived foot data from a full body scan. RESULTS The search yielded 78 relevant studies from 17 different countries. The available evidence showed a large variation in scanning protocols. The subcategories displaying the most variation included scanner specifications (model, type, accuracy, resolution, capture duration), scanning conditions (markers, weightbearing, number of scans), foot measurements and definitions used, and statistical analysis approaches. A 16-item checklist was developed to improve the consistency of reporting of future 3D scanning studies. CONCLUSION 3D foot scanning methodological and statistical analysis protocol consistency and reporting has been lacking in the literature to date. Improved reporting of the included subcategories could assist in data pooling and facilitate collaboration between researchers. As a result, larger sample sizes and diversification of population groups could be obtained to vastly improve the quantification of foot shape and inform the development of orthotic and footwear interventions and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Allan
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Shannon E Munteanu
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel R Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew K Buldt
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Simon Choppin
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
| | - Natalie Pearce
- La Trobe Library, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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Mueller J, Richter M, Schaefer K, Ganz J, Lohscheller J, Mueller S. How to measure children's feet: 3D foot scanning compared with established 2D manual or digital methods. J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 37061747 PMCID: PMC10105443 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In infants and young children, a wide heterogeneity of foot shape is typical. Therefore, children, who are additionally influenced by rapid growth and maturation, are a very special cohort for foot measurements and the footwear industry. The importance of foot measurements for footwear fit, design, as well as clinical applications has been sufficiently described. New measurement techniques (3D foot scanning) allow the assessment of the individual foot shape. However, the validity in comparison to conventional methods remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare 3D foot scanning with two established measurement methods (2D digital scanning/manual foot measurements). METHODS Two hundred seventy seven children (125 m / 152 f; mean ± SD: 8.0 ± 1.5yrs; 130.2 ± 10.7cm; 28.0 ± 7.3kg) were included into the study. After collection of basic data (sex, age (yrs), body height (cm), body weight (kg)) geometry of the right foot was measured in static condition (stance) with three different measurement systems (fixed order): manual foot measurement, 2D foot scanning (2D desk scanner) and 3D foot scanning (hand-held 3D scanner). Main outcomes were foot length, foot width (projected; anatomical; instep), heel width and anatomical foot ball breadth. Analysis of variances for dependent samples was applied to test for differences between foot measurement methods (Post-hoc analysis: Tukey-Kramer-Test; α=0.05). RESULTS Significant differences were found for all outcome measures comparing the three methods (p<0.0001). The span of foot length differences ranged from 3 to 6mm with 2D scans showing the smallest and 3D scans the largest deviations. Foot width measurements in comparison of 3D and 2D scans showed consistently higher values for 3D measurements with the differences ranging from 1mm to 3mm. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggests that when comparing foot data, it is important to consider the differences caused by new measurement methods. Differences of about 0.6cm are relevant when measuring foot length, as this is the difference of a complete shoe size (Parisian point). Hence, correction factors may be required to compare the results of different measurements appropriately. The presented results may have relevance in the field of ergonomics (shoe industry) as well as clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Mueller
- Department of Computer Science, Therapy Sciences, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany.
| | - Monika Richter
- Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V, Department of Shoe Technical Research and Development, PFI Germany, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schaefer
- Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V, Department of Shoe Technical Research and Development, PFI Germany, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Jonathan Ganz
- Department of Computer Science, Therapy Sciences, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany
- AImotion Bavaria, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Lohscheller
- Department of Computer Science, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany
| | - Steffen Mueller
- Department of Computer Science, Therapy Sciences, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany
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Footwear-to-feet examination and analysis: Comparing worn footwear to persons and human remains. Sci Justice 2023; 63:54-60. [PMID: 36631181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Footwear-to-feet examination and analysis refers to the process of examining and analyzing footwear in regard to criminal matters. This examination and analysis has been done to include or exclude an individual as the wearer of the footwear in question and to help associate or disassociate human remains to footwear. This review of the subject describes its investigative applications, the research that underpins the process, and considers its legal admissibility. The process of footwear-to-feet examination and analysis is scientifically valid and has been widely accepted. As a result, law enforcement and forensic scientists should be aware of the use of this process to assist in criminal investigations.
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Hoey C, Wang A, Raymond RJ, Ulagenthian A, Okholm Kryger K. Foot morphological variations between different ethnicities and sex: a systematic review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2148294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Hoey
- Faculty of Orthopaedics, Bon Secours Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Albert Wang
- William Harvey Research Institute, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Ashwin Ulagenthian
- The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrine Okholm Kryger
- The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, London, UK
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Mei Q, Kim HK, Xiang L, Shim V, Wang A, Baker JS, Gu Y, Fernandez J. Toward improved understanding of foot shape, foot posture, and foot biomechanics during running: A narrative review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1062598. [PMID: 36569759 PMCID: PMC9773215 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1062598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current narrative review has explored known associations between foot shape, foot posture, and foot conditions during running. The artificial intelligence was found to be a useful metric of foot posture but was less useful in developing and obese individuals. Care should be taken when using the foot posture index to associate pronation with injury risk, and the Achilles tendon and longitudinal arch angles are required to elucidate the risk. The statistical shape modeling (SSM) may derive learnt information from population-based inference and fill in missing data from personalized information. Bone shapes and tissue morphology have been associated with pathology, gender, age, and height and may develop rapid population-specific foot classifiers. Based on this review, future studies are suggested for 1) tracking the internal multi-segmental foot motion and mapping the biplanar 2D motion to 3D shape motion using the SSM; 2) implementing multivariate machine learning or convolutional neural network to address nonlinear correlations in foot mechanics with shape or posture; 3) standardizing wearable data for rapid prediction of instant mechanics, load accumulation, injury risks and adaptation in foot tissue and bones, and correlation with shapes; 4) analyzing dynamic shape and posture via marker-less and real-time techniques under real-life scenarios for precise evaluation of clinical foot conditions and performance-fit footwear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichang Mei
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Qichang Mei, , ; Yaodong Gu, ,
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,*Correspondence: Qichang Mei, , ; Yaodong Gu, ,
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Crossland SR, Siddle HJ, Culmer P, Brockett CL. A plantar surface shear strain methodology utilising Digital Image Correlation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105482. [PMID: 36209589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase in the global diabetic population is leading to an increase in associated complications such as diabetic foot ulceration (DFU), associated amputations, morbidity, which substantial treatment costs. Early identification of DFU risk is therefore of great benefit. International guidelines recommend off-loading is the most important intervention for healing and prevention of DFU, with current research focused on pressure measurement techniques. The contribution of strain to DFU formation is not well understood due to challenges in measurement. The limited data available in the literature suggest that plantar strain is involved in ulcer formation. As a consequence, there is a need for plantar strain measurement systems to advance understanding and inform clinical treatment. A method was developed to determine plantar strain based on a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) approach. A speckle pattern is applied to the plantar aspect of the foot using a low ink transference method. A raised walkway with transparent panels is combined with a calibrated camera to capture images of the plantar aspect throughout a single stance phase. Plantar strain is then determined using 2D DIC and custom analysis summarises these data into clinically relevant metrics. A feasibility study involving six healthy participants was used to assess the efficacy of this new technique. The feasibility study successfully captured plantar surface strain characteristics continuously throughout the stance phase for all participants. Peak mean and averaged mean strains varied in location between participants when mapped into anatomical regions of plantar interest, ranging from the calcaneus to the metatarsal heads and hallux. This method provides the ability to measure plantar skin strain for use in both research and clinical environments. It has the potential to inform improved understanding of the role of strain in DFU formation. Further studies using this technique can support these ambitions and help differentiate between healthy and abnormal plantar strain regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Crossland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Heidi J Siddle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Culmer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire L Brockett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Jiao Y, Džeroski S, Jurca A. Analysis of hallux valgus angles automatically extracted from 3D foot scans taken in North America, Europe, and Asia. ERGONOMICS 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36269073 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2139415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The forefoot is the foot part most affected by ill-fitting shoes. Footwear fitting considers the measurements of length, width, and arch length. Toe shape has not yet been used in sizing feet and fitting shoes. This study aims to investigate the variation in toe shape, as measured by the hallux valgus angle. An automatic and reproducible hallux valgus angle measuring method using 3D foot scans with no palpation markers is proposed and applied to about half a million samples collected across North America, Europe, and Asia. The measuring method is robust and can detect the medial contour along the proximal phalanx even in extreme cases. The hallux valgus angle has a normal distribution with long tails on both sides in the general population. Large dispersions of HVA values were observed for both genders and in all three geographical regions. Practitioner summary: The hallux valgus angle has a broad distribution in the general population. Females have larger hallux valgus angles than males, and people from Asia have larger hallux valgus angles than people from North America and Europe. Shoe toe boxes should be designed to fit the actual shapes of shoppers' toes. The proposed method for measuring HVA opens a new opportunity to study the causal relationship between shoe wearing habits and HVA on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sašo Džeroski
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ales Jurca
- Volumental AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Pandey A, Yuk J, Chang B, Fish FE, Jung S. Slamming dynamics of diving and its implications for diving-related injuries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5888. [PMID: 35895822 PMCID: PMC9328685 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In nature, many animals dive into water at high speeds, e.g., humans dive from cliffs, birds plunge, and aquatic animals porpoise and breach. Diving provides opportunities for animals to find prey and escape from predators and is a source of great excitement for humans. However, diving from high platforms can cause severe injuries to a diver. In this study, we demonstrate how similarity in the morphology of diving fronts unifies the slamming force across diving animals and humans. By measuring a time-averaged impulse that increases linearly with the impact height, we are able to estimate the unsteady hydrodynamic forces that an average human body experiences during the slamming phase of a feet-first, hand-first, or head-first dive. We evaluate whether the unsteady forces put the diver at risk of muscle or bone injuries for a particular diving height. Therefore, this study sheds light on a hydrodynamics-based protocol for safe high diving and an evolutionary driver for animal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Pandey
- Biological & Environmental Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jisoo Yuk
- Biological & Environmental Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian Chang
- Cambridge Design Partnership, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA
| | - Frank E. Fish
- Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA
| | - Sunghwan Jung
- Biological & Environmental Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Alizadehsaravi L, Bruijn SM, Muijres W, Koster RAJ, van Dieën JH. Improvement in gait stability in older adults after ten sessions of standing balance training. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0242115. [PMID: 35895709 PMCID: PMC9328559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance training aims to improve balance and transfer acquired skills to real-life tasks. How older adults adapt gait to different conditions, and whether these adaptations are altered by balance training, remains unclear. We hypothesized that reorganization of modular control of muscle activity is a mechanism underlying adaptation of gait to training and environmental constraints. We investigated the transfer of standing balance training, shown to enhance unipedal balance control, to gait and adaptations in neuromuscular control of gait between normal and narrow-base walking in twenty-two older adults (72.6 ± 4.2 years). At baseline, after one, and after ten training sessions, kinematics and EMG of normal and narrow-base treadmill walking were measured. Gait parameters and temporal activation profiles of five muscle synergies were compared between time-points and gait conditions. Effects of balance training and an interaction between training and gait condition on step width were found, but not on synergies. After ten training sessions step width decreased in narrow-base walking, while step width variability decreased in both conditions. Trunk center of mass displacement and velocity, and the local divergence exponent, were lower in narrow-base compared to normal walking. Activation duration in narrow-base compared to normal walking was shorter for synergies associated with dominant leg weight acceptance and non-dominant leg stance, and longer for the synergy associated with non-dominant heel-strike. Time of peak activation associated with dominant leg stance occurred earlier in narrow-base compared to normal walking, while it was delayed in synergies associated with heel-strikes and non-dominant leg stance. The adaptations of synergies to narrow-base walking may be interpreted as related to more cautious weight transfer to the new stance leg and enhanced control over center of mass movement in the stance phase. The improvement of gait stability due to standing balance training is promising for less mobile older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Alizadehsaravi
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd M. Bruijn
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Muijres
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. J. Koster
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. van Dieën
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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14
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Breet MC, Venter R. Are habitually barefoot children compelled to wear ill-fitting school shoes? A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:187. [PMID: 35395740 PMCID: PMC8991688 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research shows that ill-fitting shoes can negatively impact the development of the pediatric foot, in a very direct manner. The primary aim of the study was to determine if the dimensions of available prescribed school shoes fit the foot dimensions of habitually barefoot South African children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted where static standing foot measurements of children and adolescents from urban and rural schools were obtained with a mobile caliper. The maximum heel-toe-length and foot width with an added 10 mm toe- and width fit allowance to each participant, were compared to the corresponding school shoe length and shoe width available in retail. A mixed model ANOVA was used to compare foot dimensions between gender, age and side. Results Six hundred and ninety-eight school children (N = 698) (431 girls; 267 boys; average age 10.86 years, SD = 2.55) were participants. A total of seventy-seven (N = 77) black coloured prescribed school shoes currently available in retail ranging from different styles and brands were measured. Results show that, comparing the shoe length and maximum heel-toe-length of participants, as well as taking 10 mm toe allowance into account, fifty-nine percent (59%) of children wore shoes that were not the correct length. With regards to the shoe width and the added 10 mm of width fit allowance, ninety-eight percent (98%) of the shoes worn by participants were too narrow for their feet. Conclusions Results confirmed that school shoes currently available in retail, are not suited for the habitually barefoot population studied. It is recommended that the shoe manufacturing industry should consider the shoe width of school shoes for children and adolescents in habitually barefoot populations to avoid the long-term negative effect of ill-fitting shoes on the pediatric foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise Carina Breet
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Ranel Venter
- Movement Laboratory, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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15
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Costa T, Coelho L, Silva MF. Automatic Segmentation of Monofilament Testing Sites in Plantar Images for Diabetic Foot Management. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030086. [PMID: 35324775 PMCID: PMC8945470 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and it is the leading cause of foot ulceration and amputations. The Semmes–Weinstein monofilament examination (SWME) is a widely used, low-cost, evidence-based tool for predicting the prognosis of diabetic foot patients. The examination can be quick, but due to the high prevalence of the disease, many healthcare professionals can be assigned to this task several days per month. In an ongoing project, it is our objective to minimize the intervention of humans in the SWME by using an automated testing system relying on computer vision. In this paper we present the project’s first part, constituting a system for automatically identifying the SWME testing sites from digital images. For this, we have created a database of plantar images and developed a segmentation system, based on image processing and deep learning—both of which are novelties. From the 9 testing sites, the system was able to correctly identify most 8 in more than 80% of the images, and 3 of the testing sites were correctly identified in more than 97.8% of the images.
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16
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Bäcklund T, Grip H, Öhberg F, Sundström N. Single sensor measurement of heel-height during the push-off phase of gait. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34678800 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. In healthy gait a forceful push-off is needed to get an efficient leg swing and propulsion, and a high heel lift makes a forceful push-off possible. The power of the push-off is decreased with increased age and in persons with impaired balance and gait. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a wearable equipment (Striton) and algorithms to estimate vertical heel-height during gait from a single optical distance sensor is reliable and feasible for clinical applications.Approach. To assess heel-height with the Striton system an optical distance sensor was used to measure the distance to the floor along the shank. An algorithm was created to transform this measure to a vertical distance. The heel-height was validated in an experimental setup, against a 3D motion capture system (MCS), and test-retest and day-to-day tests were performed on 10 elderly persons. As a reference material 83 elderly persons were included, and heel-height was measured before and after surgery in four patients with the neurological disorder idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).Main results. In the experimental setup the accuracy was high with a maximum error of 2% at all distances, target colours and inclination angles, and the correlation to the MCS wasR= 0.94. Test-retest and day-to-day tests were equal within ±1.2 cm. Mean heel-height of the elderly persons was 16.5 ± 0.6 cm and in the patients with iNPH heel-height was increased from 11.2 cm at baseline to 15.3 cm after surgery.Significance. Striton can reliably measure heel-height during gait, with low test-retest and day-to-day variability. The system was easy to attach, and simple to use, which makes it suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bäcklund
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomebdical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helena Grip
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomebdical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Öhberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomebdical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nina Sundström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Biomebdical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Solomin L, Ukhanov K, Kirienko A, Herzenberg JE. Foot Deformity Correction Planning in the Sagittal Plane Based on the Vitruvian Foot First Metatarsal Mechanical Axis and Calcaneus Anatomic Axis. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 60:973-982. [PMID: 34006435 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test a novel planning method for simultaneous midfoot and hindfoot deformity correction, based on reference lines and angles (RLA) of the talus, calcaneus and first metatarsal in 64 normal radiographs from 55 patients. Talus Joint Line (TJL), from the border of the articular surface of the talus and the posterior process of talus, and mechanical axis of the first metatarsal form the mechanical Lateral Talometatarsal Angle (mLTMA) = 23.6º (±3.2). The length of the first metatarsal line was measured from its intersections with the TJL and first metatarsal head and it was 4.3 (±0.94) times longer that TJL (k). For hindfoot correction planning, we used an axis of the calcaneus formed by a line starting at the middle of the back of the calcaneal tuberosity and going perpendicular to a line from the top point to the bottom point of the calcaneal tuberosity. The intersection of the calcaneal line and the anterior continuation of TJL form the lateral heel angle (LHA) = 15.2º (±3.4).The following parameters were identified: the length from the intersection point of the lines and anterior point of TJL was 2.56 ± 1.1 longer than TJL (k1). The length from the intersection point and posterior border of the calcaneus was 4.59 ± 1.0 times longer than TJL (k2). Planning using the new method was demonstrated and confirmed on 3 case examples. A novel method for analysis and planning of midfoot and hindfoot sagittal plane deformity correction may be used separately or simultaneously for complex deformity correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Solomin
- Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of General Surgery, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin Ukhanov
- Vreden Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - John E Herzenberg
- International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Honert E, LeVangie M, Nigg B. Malleoli positions do not scale with foot length: implications for footwear comfort. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1917677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Honert
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Benno Nigg
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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19
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Fontanella CG, Arduino A, Toniolo I, Zampieri C, Bortolan L, Carniel EL. Computational methods for the investigation of ski boots ergonomics. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-021-00352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSki boots are known to cause vasoconstriction in the wearer’s lower limbs and, thus, cause a “cold leg” phenomenon. To address this problem, this work provides a computational framework for analysing interactions between the ski boot and the lower limb. The geometry of the lower limb was derived from magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography techniques and anthropometric data. The geometry of the ski boot shell was obtained by means of three-dimensional computer aided design models from a manufacturer. Concerning the ski boot liner, laser scanning techniques were implemented to capture the geometry of each layer. The mechanical models of the ski boot and the lower limb were identified and validated by means of coupled experimental investigations and computational analyses. The computational models were exploited to simulate the buckling process and to investigate interaction phenomena between the boot and the lower limb. Similarly, experimental activities were performed to further analyse the buckling phenomena. The obtained computational and experimental results were compared regarding both interaction pressure and displacements between the buckle and the corresponding buckle hooks. These comparisons provided reasonable agreement (mean value of discrepancy between the model and mean experimental results in the tibial region: 20%), underlining the model’s capability to correctly interpret results from experimental measurements. Results identified the critical areas of the leg, such as the tibial region, the calcaneal region of the foot and the anterior sole, which may suffer the most due to the hydrostatic pressure and compressive strain exerted on them. The results highlight that computational methods allow investigation of the interaction phenomena between the lower leg and ski boot, potentially providing an effective framework for a more comfortable and ergonomic design of ski boots.
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20
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Dias C, Rahman NA, Zaiter A. Evacuation under flooded conditions: Experimental investigation of the influence of water depth on walking behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 2021; 58:102192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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21
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Hassan NM, Buldt AK, Shields N, Landorf KB, Menz HB, Munteanu SE. Differences in foot dimensions between children and adolescents with and without Down syndrome. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:3959-3966. [PMID: 33705670 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1895897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the differences in foot dimensions between children with and without Down syndrome using three-dimensional (3D) foot scans. METHODS 51 children with and 51 children without Down syndrome had a 3D scan taken of their right foot to compare the absolute and normalised (for height or foot length) measurements. RESULTS Normalised foot length was shorter in children with Down syndrome (MD -11.62 mm, 95% CI -15.06 to -8.18, p < 0.001). When normalised for foot length, ball of foot length (MD 2.87 mm, 95% CI 1.17 to 4.58, p = 0.001), diagonal and horizontal foot width (MD 3.65 mm, 95% CI 1.65 to 5.66, p < 0.001; MD 4.80 mm, 95% CI 2.88 to 6.72, p < 0.001, respectively), ball and instep girth (MD 10.60 mm, 95% CI 5.96 to 15.25, p < 0.001; MD 7.92 mm, 95% CI 3.02 to 12.82, p = 0.002, respectively) and fifth toe height (MD 3.14 mm, 95% CI 2.22 to 4.07, p < 0.001) were greater in children with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Children with Down syndrome have shorter, wider feet with greater girth and fifthtoe height measurements relative to children without Down syndrome. These findings have implications for footwear fit and the manufacturing of population-specific footwear.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONFootwear-fitting issues arise as a result of the unique foot shape of children with Down syndrome.There are substantial variations in the foot shape of children with and without Down syndrome.Children with Down syndrome require wider, deeper footwear at a given length to accommodate their foot dimensions.These findings have implications for the manufacturing of population-specific footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen M Hassan
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,Living with Disability Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew K Buldt
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nora Shields
- Living with Disability Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karl B Landorf
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon E Munteanu
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Kim I, Nam KE, Kang M, Ahn MY, Lee JI, Nam YS. Novel, user-friendly landmarks for localizing Baxter's nerve: A cadaveric study. Clin Anat 2021; 34:1022-1027. [PMID: 33617076 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of Baxter's nerve (BN) has proven challenging for less experienced practitioners using ultrasonography due to a lack of adequate landmarks. This study aimed to establish novel, user-friendly anatomical landmarks and to describe useful structures to localize BN. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined 10 fresh cadaveric feet and identified the interobserver agreement of measuring three surface landmarks: the most medially protruded point on the medial malleolus (P), the navicular tuberosity (Q), and the center of the calcaneus (B). Next, 24 fresh cadaveric feet were used to identify the point of BN entry into the quadratus plantae (QP) muscle, which corresponds to the proximal BN impingement site. The rectangular coordinate system consisted of the origin (point P), X-axis, extension line P-Q, and Y-axis (the perpendicular line to the X-axis). To consider various foot sizes, the X and Y values were divided by the P-Q length and were designated as the ratios X and Y. RESULTS Points P and Q showed smaller interobserver differences than that of point B. Ratios X and Y were 61.25 and 99.80%, respectively, for the QP. BN arose from the lateral plantar nerve in 20 of 24 specimens. The adjacent vessel was <3 mm from the entrapment site of BN in 20 of 24 specimens. CONCLUSION New landmarks will improve the precision of localizing the entrapment site of BN and will provide advanced guidelines for podiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Nam
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Art, The Incheon Catholic University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Taylor NAS, Lee JY, Kim S, Notley SR. Physiological interactions with personal-protective clothing, physically demanding work and global warming: An Asia-Pacific perspective. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102858. [PMID: 33863427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Asia-Pacific contains over half of the world's population, 21 countries have a Gross Domestic Product <25% of the world's largest economy, many countries have tropical climates and all suffer the impact of global warming. That 'perfect storm' exacerbates the risk of occupational heat illness, yet first responders must perform physically demanding work wearing personal-protective clothing and equipment. Unfortunately, the Eurocentric emphasis of past research has sometimes reduced its applicability to other ethnic groups. To redress that imbalance, relevant contemporary research has been reviewed, to which has been added information applicable to people of Asian, Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry. An epidemiological triad is used to identify the causal agents and host factors of work intolerance within hot-humid climates, commencing with the size dependency of resting metabolism and heat production accompanying load carriage, followed by a progression from the impact of single-layered clothing through to encapsulating ensembles. A morphological hypothesis is presented to account for inter-individual differences in heat production and heat loss, which seems to explain apparent ethnic- and gender-related differences in thermoregulation, at least within thermally compensable states. The mechanisms underlying work intolerance, cardiovascular insufficiency and heat illness are reviewed, along with epidemiological data from the Asia-Pacific. Finally, evidence-based preventative and treatment strategies are presented and updated concerning moisture-management fabrics and barriers, dehydration, pre- and post-exercise cooling, and heat adaptation. An extensive reference list is provided, with >25 recommendations enabling physiologists, occupational health specialists, policy makers, purchasing officers and manufacturers to rapidly extract interpretative outcomes pertinent to the Asia-Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Kim
- Human Convergence Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean R Notley
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Footprint Curvature in Spanish Women: Implications for Footwear Fit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061876. [PMID: 32183182 PMCID: PMC7142565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The incorrect adjustment of footwear produces alterations in the foot that affect quality of life. The usual measurements for shoe design are lengths, widths and girths, but these measures are insufficient. The foot presents an angle between the forefoot and the rearfoot in the transverse plane, which is associated with foot pronation, hallux valgus and metatarsus adductus. Here, we aimed at identifying the groups formed by the angulations between the forefoot and rearfoot using a sample of footprints from 102 Spanish women. The angle between the forefoot and rearfoot was measured according to the method described by Bunch. A cluster analysis was performed using the K-means algorithm. Footprints were grouped into three types: curved, semi-curved and straight, according to the degrees of angulation between the forefoot and rearfoot. There is great variability in the morphology of the foot. Based on our findings, to achieve a better footwear fit, we propose the manufacture of three types of lasts with different curvatures.
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