Dusp8 affects hippocampal size and behavior in mice and humans

Inhibition of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Zona Incerta Alters Basal Metabolic Rate, Behavior, and Serum Glucocorticoids in Male Mice

Background: It has long been known that thyroid disease can lead to changes in energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and anxiety behavior. While these actions have been partially attributed to thyroid hormone (TH) receptor α1 (TRα1) action in the brain, the precise neuroanatomical substrates have remain elusive. Methods: We used PET-CT scans to identify brain regions affected by TH. We then inhibited TRα1 signaling specifically in the most affected region, the zona incerta (ZI), a still mysterious region previously implicated in thermogenesis and anxiety. To this end, we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing a dominant-negative TRα1R384C in wild-type mice and phenotyped the animals. Finally, we used tyrosine hydroxylase-Cre mice to test specifically the contribution of ZI dopaminergic neurons. Results: Our data showed that AAV-mediated inhibition of TRα1 signaling in the ZI lead to increased energy expenditure at thermoneutrality, while body temperature regulation remained unaffected. Moreover, circulating glucocorticoid levels were increased, and a mild habituation problem was observed in the open field test. No effects were observed when TRα1 signaling was selectively inhibited in dopaminergic neurons. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that altered TH signaling in the ZI is not involved in body temperature regulation but can affect basal metabolism and modulates stress responses.

Exosomal miR-423-5p Derived from Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulsation Stress-Stimulated Osteoblasts Improves Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells via DUSP8/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

Exosomes secreted from osteoblasts (OBs) can regulate the angiogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs); however, whether cerebrospinal fluid pulsation (CSFP) stress, a special mechanical stimulation, can influence the cell's communication in the context of angiogenesis remains unknown. In this study, the effect of exosomes derived from CSFP stress-stimulated OBs on facilitating the angiogenesis of ECs was investigated. First, OBs were cultured in a CSFP bioreactor, and exosomes derived from OBs were isolated and identified. Cell Counting Kit 8 assay, transwell migration assay, wound healing migration assay, and tube formation assay were conducted to assess the effects of CSFP stress-stimulated OBs-derived exosomes (CSFP-Exos) on the angiogenesis of ECs. Then high-throughput RNA sequencing was used to determine the miRNA profiles of Non-CSFP stress-stimulated OBs-derived exosomes (NCSFP-Exos) and CSFP-Exos, and the luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to confirm the binging of miR-423-5p to DUSP8. In addition, the Matrigel plug assay was performed to explore whether exosomal miR-423-5p has the same effects in vivo. Our results suggested that CSFP-Exos can promote the angiogenesis of ECs, and miR-423-5p was enriched in CSFP-Exos. Moreover, miR-423-5p could promote the effect of angiogenesis via directly targeting dual-specificity phosphatase 8 (DUSP8), which inhibited the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, exosomal miR-423-5p derived from CSFP stress-stimulated OBs could promote the angiogenesis of ECs by the DUSP8/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) promotes brain repair and improves cognitive outcomes after traumatic brain injury in a FcγRIIB receptor-dependent manner

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a promising immune-modulatory therapy for limiting harmful inflammation and associated secondary tissue loss in neurotrauma. Here, we show that IVIG therapy attenuates spatial learning and memory deficits following a controlled cortical impact mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). These improvements in cognitive outcomes were associated with increased neuronal survival, an overall reduction in brain tissue loss, and a greater preservation of neural connectivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the presence of the main inhibitory FcγRIIB receptor is required for the beneficial effects of IVIG treatment in TBI, with our results simultaneously highlighting the role of this receptor in reducing secondary damage arising from brain injury.

A Pathophysiological Intersection of Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease

Diabetes is among the most prevalent diseases of the modern world and is strongly linked to an increased risk of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not clear yet. Insulin resistance is a serious pathological condition, connecting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Recently, insulin resistance has been proven to be connected also to cognitive decline and dementias, including the most prevalent form, Alzheimer's disease. The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease regarding pathophysiology is so significant that it has been proposed that some presentations of the condition could be termed type 3 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes risk gene Dusp8 regulates hypothalamic Jnk signaling and insulin sensitivity

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified DUSP8, encoding a dual-specificity phosphatase targeting mitogen-activated protein kinases, as a type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk gene. Here, we reveal that Dusp8 is a gatekeeper in the hypothalamic control of glucose homeostasis in mice and humans. Male, but not female, Dusp8 loss-of-function mice, either with global or corticotropin-releasing hormone neuron-specific deletion, had impaired systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when exposed to high-fat diet (HFD). Mechanistically, we found impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback, blunted sympathetic responsiveness, and chronically elevated corticosterone levels driven by hypothalamic hyperactivation of Jnk signaling. Accordingly, global Jnk1 ablation, AAV-mediated Dusp8 overexpression in the mediobasal hypothalamus, or metyrapone-induced chemical adrenalectomy rescued the impaired glucose homeostasis of obese male Dusp8-KO mice, respectively. The sex-specific role of murine Dusp8 in governing hypothalamic Jnk signaling, insulin sensitivity, and systemic glucose tolerance was consistent with functional MRI data in human volunteers that revealed an association of the DUSP8 rs2334499 risk variant with hypothalamic insulin resistance in men. Further, expression of DUSP8 was increased in the infundibular nucleus of T2D humans. In summary, our findings suggest the GWAS-identified gene Dusp8 as a novel hypothalamic factor that plays a functional role in the etiology of T2D.

Diabetes type 2 risk gene Dusp8 is associated with altered sucrose reward behavior in mice and humans

BACKGROUND

Dusp8 is the first GWAS-identified gene that is predominantly expressed in the brain and has previously been linked with the development of diabetes type 2 in humans. In this study, we unravel how Dusp8 is involved in the regulation of sucrose reward behavior.

METHODS

Female, chow-fed global Dusp8 WT and KO mice were tested in an observer-independent IntelliCage setup for self-administrative sucrose consumption and preference followed by a progressive ratio task with restricted sucrose access to monitor seeking and motivation behavior. Sixty-three human carriers of the major C and minor T allele of DUSP8 SNP rs2334499 were tested for their perception of food cues by collecting a rating score for sweet versus savory high caloric food.

RESULTS

Dusp8 KO mice showed a comparable preference for sucrose, but consumed more sucrose compared to WT mice. In a progressive ratio task, Dusp8 KO females switched to a "trial and error" strategy to find sucrose while control Dusp8 WT mice kept their previously established seeking pattern. Nonetheless, the overall motivation to consume sucrose, and the levels of dopaminergic neurons in the brain areas NAcc and VTA were comparable between genotypes. Diabetes-risk allele carriers of DUSP8 SNP rs2334499 preferred sweet high caloric food compared to the major allele carriers, rating scores for savory food remained comparable between groups.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggest a novel role for Dusp8 in the perception of sweet high caloric food as well as in the control of sucrose consumption and foraging in mice and humans.