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Liu X, Li Y, Jia J, Wang H, Xi Y, Sun A, Wang L, Deng X, Chen Z, Fan Y. Analysis of non-physiological shear stress-induced red blood cell trauma across different clinical support conditions of the blood pump. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024:10.1007/s11517-024-03121-z. [PMID: 38802609 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Systematic research into device-induced red blood cell (RBC) damage beyond hemolysis, including correlations between hemolysis and RBC-derived extracellular vesicles, remains limited. This study investigated non-physiological shear stress-induced RBC damage and changes in related biochemical indicators under two blood pump clinical support conditions. Pressure heads of 100 and 350 mmHg, numerical simulation methods, and two in vitro loops were utilized to analyze the shear stress and changes in RBC morphology, hemolysis, biochemistry, metabolism, and oxidative stress. The blood pump created higher shear stress in the 350-mmHg condition than in the 100-mmHg condition. With prolonged blood pump operation, plasma-free hemoglobin and cholesterol increased, whereas plasma glucose and nitric oxide decreased in both loops. Notably, plasma iron and triglyceride concentrations increased only in the 350-mmHg condition. The RBC count and morphology, plasma lactic dehydrogenase, and oxidative stress across loops did not differ significantly. Plasma extracellular vesicles, including RBC-derived microparticles, increased significantly at 600 min in both loops. Hemolysis correlated with plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and nitric oxide levels. Shear stress, but not oxidative stress, was the main cause of RBC damage. Hemolysis alone inadequately reflects overall blood pump-induced RBC damage, suggesting the need for additional biomarkers for comprehensive assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinze Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yifeng Xi
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Anqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Room 223, Building 5, No.37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Li SJ, Wu YL, Chen JH, Shen SY, Duan J, Xu HE. Autoimmune diseases: targets, biology, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:674-685. [PMID: 38097717 PMCID: PMC10943205 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) arise from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, wherein the adaptive immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells, tissues and organs. AIDs impose excessive treatment costs and currently rely on non-specific and universal immunosuppression, which only offer symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying causes. AIDs are driven by autoantigens, targeting the autoantigens holds great promise in transforming the treatment of these diseases. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying different AIDs and the identification of specific autoantigens are critical. In this review, we categorize AIDs based on their underlying causes and compile information on autoantigens implicated in each disease, providing a roadmap for the development of novel immunotherapy regimens. We will focus on type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is an autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the Langerhans islets of the pancreas. We will discuss insulin as possible autoantigen of T1D and its role in T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we will review current treatments of TID and propose a potentially effective immunotherapy targeting autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yan-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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3
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Inoue M, Udono Y, Kato Y, Fukui K, Watanabe N. Evaluation of erythrocyte membrane oxidation due to their exposure to shear flow generated by extracorporeal blood pump. Int J Artif Organs 2024; 47:155-161. [PMID: 38425132 PMCID: PMC10938486 DOI: 10.1177/03913988241230942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Several similarities have been found between shear stress-induced erythrocyte damage and physiological aging of erythrocytes in terms of elevated mechanical fragility, increased erythrocyte aggregation, and decreased membrane surface charge. Accordingly, we hypothesized that blood pump circulation, which generates shear stress, would accelerate erythrocyte aging, manifesting as oxidation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of blood pump circulation on erythrocyte oxidation. Fresh porcine blood was acquired from a slaughterhouse and anticoagulated with sodium citrate. About 500 mL of anticoagulated whole blood was circulated for 180 min in an in vitro test circuit comprising a BP-80 blood pump with a pump speed and a pump pressure head of 100-120 mmHg. A blood sample was taken at the start of the circulation and 180 min afterward. The hemolysis level and oxidation amount of the erythrocyte membrane were analyzed and compared between samples. Hemolysis increased with the prolongation of shear exposure inside the pump circuit. After 180 min of blood pumping in circuit, the oxidation level of the erythrocyte membrane showed an increase of 0.1 nmol/mg protein. Moreover, the membrane oxidation levels of sheared erythrocytes were greater than those of control erythrocytes. These results suggest that blood pump circulation accelerates erythrocyte aging and give us a greater understanding of the effects of blood pump perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Inoue
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology—Omiya Campus, Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yuki Udono
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yugo Kato
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pathological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Fukui
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Watanabe
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology—Omiya Campus, Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
- Systems Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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Ko Y, Kim EH, Kim D, Choi S, Gil J, Park HJ, Shin Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Butylparaben promotes phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activity of human red blood cells via increase of intracellular calcium levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114084. [PMID: 37816477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as preservatives, added to products commonly used by humans, and to which individuals are exposed orally or dermally. Once absorbed into the body, parabens move into the bloodstream and travel through the systemic circulation. We investigated the potential impact of parabens on the enhanced generation of thrombin by red blood cells (RBCs), which are the principal cellular components of blood. We tested the effects of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on freshly isolated human RBCs. BuP and simultaneous exposure to BuP and PrP significantly increased phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization to the outer membranes of RBCs. PS externalization by BuP was found to be mediated by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels in RBCs. The morphological changes in BuP-treated RBCs were observed under an electron microscope. The BuP-exposed RBCs showed increased thrombin generation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Additionally, the externalization of PS exposure and thrombin generation in BuP-treated RBCs were more susceptible to high shear stress, which mimics blood turbulence under pathological conditions. Collectively, we observed that BuP induced morphological and functional changes in RBCs, especially under high shear stress, suggesting that BuP may contribute to the thrombotic risk via procoagulant activity in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyung Gil
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Maccarone MC, Scanu A, Coraci D, Masiero S. The Potential Role of Spa Therapy in Managing Frailty in Rheumatic Patients: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1899. [PMID: 37444733 PMCID: PMC10340743 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is not limited to the elderly, as patients with rheumatic diseases can also experience this condition. The present scoping review aimed to investigate the possibility of using the health resort setting as an alternative location for managing rheumatic patients with frailty. The research resulted in finding several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, resulting in evidence supporting the effectiveness of spa treatments in reducing pain, improving function, and managing comorbidity in rheumatic diseases. Additionally, spa treatments were demonstrated to modulate the MAPK/ERK pathway and the NF-kB pathway's activation and to reduce proinflammatory molecules' secretion in rheumatic diseases, thus suggesting their potential effective role in the regulation of inflammaging in frailty. Moreover, the health resort setting may offer potential resources to reduce risk factors, such as drug consumption, inactivity, and disease severity, and may serve as a setting for developing prevention protocols for frailty. Future research should explore innovative approaches, such as exercise training and early diagnostics, for the overall management of frailty in rheumatic patients in the spa setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Maccarone
- Department of Neuroscience, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Anna Scanu
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.S.); (D.C.)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Coraci
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation School, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.S.); (D.C.)
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6
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Buerck JP, Foster KM, Larson PR, O'Rear EA. Shear stimulated red blood cell microparticles: Effect on clot structure, flow and fibrinolysis. Biorheology 2023; 59:43-59. [PMID: 36970891 DOI: 10.3233/bir-220012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) have activity in thrombus promotion and generation. Erythrocyte microparticles (ErMPs) have been reported to accelerate fibrinolysis in the absence of permeation. We hypothesized that shear induced ErMPs would affect fibrin structure of clots and change flow with implications for fibrinolysis. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of ErMPs on clot structure and fibrinolysis. METHODS Plasma with elevated ErMPs was isolated from whole blood or from washed red blood cells (RBCs) resuspended in platelet free plasma (PFP) after high shear. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) provided size distribution of ErMPs from sheared samples and unsheared PFP controls. Clots were formed by recalcification for flow/lysis experiments and examined by confocal microscopy and SEM. Flow rates through clots and time-to-lysis were recorded. A cellular automata model showed the effect of ErMPs on fibrin polymerization and clot structure. RESULTS Coverage of fibrin increased by 41% in clots formed from plasma of sheared RBCs in PFP over controls. Flow rate decreased by 46.7% under a pressure gradient of 10 mmHg/cm with reduction in time to lysis from 5.7 ± 0.7 min to 12.2 ± 1.1 min (p < 0.01). Particle size of ErMPs from sheared samples (200 nm) was comparable to endogenous microparticles. CONCLUSIONS ErMPs alter the fibrin network in a thrombus and affect hydraulic permeability resulting in decelerated delivery of fibrinolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Buerck
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Kylie M Foster
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Preston R Larson
- Samuel Roberts Noble Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Edgar A O'Rear
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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7
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Garcia‐Herreros A, Yeh Y, Peng Z, del Álamo JC. Cyclic Mechanical Stresses Alter Erythrocyte Membrane Composition and Microstructure and Trigger Macrophage Phagocytosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201481. [PMID: 35508805 PMCID: PMC9284186 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are cleared from the circulation when they become damaged or display aging signals targeted by macrophages. This process occurs mainly in the spleen, where blood flows through submicrometric constrictions called inter-endothelial slits (IES), subjecting RBCs to large-amplitude deformations. In this work, RBCs are circulated through microfluidic devices containing microchannels that replicate the IES. The cyclic mechanical stresses experienced by the cells affect their biophysical properties and molecular composition, accelerating cell aging. Specifically, RBCs quickly transition to a more spherical, less deformable phenotype that hinders microchannel passage, causing hemolysis. This transition is associated with the release of membrane vesicles, which self-extinguishes as the spacing between membrane-cytoskeleton linkers becomes tighter. Proteomics analysis of the mechanically aged RBCs reveals significant losses of essential proteins involved in antioxidant protection, gas transport, and cell metabolism. Finally, it is shown that these changes make mechanically aged RBCs more susceptible to macrophage phagocytosis. These results provide a comprehensive model explaining how physical stress induces RBC clearance in the spleen. The data also suggest new biomarkers of early "hemodamage" and inflammation preceding hemolysis in RBCs subjected to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Garcia‐Herreros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Yi‐Ting Yeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Institute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago1200 W Harrison StChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Juan C. del Álamo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Institute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Washington850 Republican StSeattleWA98109USA
- Center for Cardiovascular BiologyUniversity of Washington850 Republican StSeattleWA98109USA
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8
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Cook SR, Musgrove HB, Throckmorton AL, Pompano RR. Microscale impeller pump for recirculating flow in organs-on-chip and microreactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:605-620. [PMID: 34988560 PMCID: PMC8892988 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow is an integral part of microfluidic and organ-on-chip technology, ideally providing biomimetic fluid, cell, and nutrient exchange as well as physiological or pathological shear stress. Currently, many of the pumps that actively perfuse fluid at biomimetic flow rates are incompatible with use inside cell culture incubators, require many tubing connections, or are too large to run many devices in a confined space. To address these issues, we developed a user-friendly impeller pump that uses a 3D-printed device and impeller to recirculate fluid and cells on-chip. Impeller rotation was driven by a rotating magnetic field generated by magnets mounted on a computer fan; this pump platform required no tubing connections and could accommodate up to 36 devices at once in a standard cell culture incubator. A computational model was used to predict shear stress, velocity, and changes in pressure throughout the device. The impeller pump generated biomimetic fluid velocities (50-6400 μm s-1) controllable by tuning channel and inlet dimensions and the rotational speed of the impeller, which were comparable to the order of magnitude of the velocities predicted by the computational model. Predicted shear stress was in the physiological range throughout the microchannel and over the majority of the impeller. The impeller pump successfully recirculated primary murine splenocytes for 1 h and Jurkat T cells for 24 h with no impact on cell viability, showing the impeller pump's feasibility for white blood cell recirculation on-chip. In the future, we envision that this pump will be integrated into single- or multi-tissue platforms to study communication between organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Cook
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 248 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Hannah B Musgrove
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 248 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Amy L Throckmorton
- BioCirc Research Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Philadelphia, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 248 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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9
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Distribution and history of extensional stresses on vWF surrogate molecules in turbulent flow. Sci Rep 2022; 12:171. [PMID: 34997036 PMCID: PMC8742075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The configuration of proteins is critical for their biochemical behavior. Mechanical stresses that act on them can affect their behavior leading to the development of decease. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) protein circulating with the blood loses its efficacy when it undergoes non-physiological hemodynamic stresses. While often overlooked, extensional stresses can affect the structure of vWF at much lower stress levels than shear stresses. The statistical distribution of extensional stress as it applies on models of the vWF molecule within turbulent flow was examined here. The stress on the molecules of the protein was calculated with computations that utilized a Lagrangian approach for the determination of the molecule trajectories in the flow filed. The history of the stresses on the proteins was also calculated. Two different flow fields were considered as models of typical flows in cardiovascular mechanical devises, one was a Poiseuille flow and the other was a Poiseuille–Couette flow field. The data showed that the distribution of stresses is important for the design of blood flow devices because the average stress can be below the critical value for protein damage, but tails of the distribution can be outside the critical stress regime.
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10
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Foster KM, Papavassiliou DV, O’Rear EA. Elongational Stresses and Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2352. [PMID: 34572002 PMCID: PMC8471242 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid forces and their effects on cells have been researched for quite some time, especially in the realm of biology and medicine. Shear forces have been the primary emphasis, often attributed as being the main source of cell deformation/damage in devices like prosthetic heart valves and artificial organs. Less well understood and studied are extensional stresses which are often found in such devices, in bioreactors, and in normal blood circulation. Several microfluidic channels utilizing hyperbolic, abrupt, or tapered constrictions and cross-flow geometries, have been used to isolate the effects of extensional flow. Under such flow cell deformations, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and a variety of other cell types have been examined. Results suggest that extensional stresses cause larger deformation than shear stresses of the same magnitude. This has further implications in assessing cell injury from mechanical forces in artificial organs and bioreactors. The cells' greater sensitivity to extensional stress has found utility in mechanophenotyping devices, which have been successfully used to identify pathologies that affect cell deformability. Further application outside of biology includes disrupting cells for increased food product stability and harvesting macromolecules for biofuel. The effects of extensional stresses on cells remains an area meriting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar A. O’Rear
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (K.M.F.); (D.V.P.)
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11
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Acute Cycling Exercise Induces Changes in Red Blood Cell Deformability and Membrane Lipid Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020896. [PMID: 33477427 PMCID: PMC7831009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the effects of a controlled, 30 min, high-intensity cycling test on blood rheology and the metabolic profiles of red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from well-trained males. RBCs demonstrated decreased deformability and trended toward increased generation of microparticles after the test. Meanwhile, metabolomics and lipidomics highlighted oxidative stress and activation of membrane lipid remodeling mechanisms in order to cope with altered properties of circulation resulting from physical exertion during the cycling test. Of note, intermediates from coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis for conjugation to fatty acyl chains, in parallel with reversible conversion of carnitine and acylcarnitines, emerged as metabolites that significantly correlate with RBC deformability and the generation of microparticles during exercise. Taken together, we propose that RBC membrane remodeling and repair plays an active role in the physiologic response to exercise by altering RBC properties.
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12
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Production of erythrocyte microparticles in a sub-hemolytic environment. J Artif Organs 2021; 24:135-145. [PMID: 33420875 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-020-01231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are produced by various cells due to a number of different stimuli in the circulatory system. Shear stress has been shown to injure red blood cells resulting in hemolysis or non-reversible sub-hemolytic damage. We hypothesized that, in the sub-hemolytic shear range, there exist sufficient mechanical stimuli for red blood cells to respond with production of microparticles. Red blood cells isolated from blood of healthy volunteers were exposed to high shear stress in a microfluidic channel to mimic mechanical trauma similar to that occurring in ventricular assist devices. Utilizing flow cytometry techniques, both an increase of shear rate and exposure time showed higher concentrations of red blood cell microparticles. Controlled shear rate exposure shows that red blood cell microparticle concentration may be indicative of sub-hemolytic damage to red blood cells. In addition, properties of these red blood cell microparticles produced by shear suggest that mechanical trauma may underlie some complications for cardiovascular patients.
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Michalak SS, Olewicz-Gawlik A, Rupa-Matysek J, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Gil L. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 33292368 PMCID: PMC7677104 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an acquired, heterogeneous group of diseases which includes warm AIHA, cold agglutinin disease (CAD), mixed AIHA, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and atypical AIHA. Currently CAD is defined as a chronic, clonal lymphoproliferative disorder, while the presence of cold agglutinins underlying other diseases is known as cold agglutinin syndrome. AIHA is mediated by autoantibodies directed against red blood cells (RBCs) causing premature erythrocyte destruction. The pathogenesis of AIHA is complex and still not fully understood. Recent studies indicate the involvement of T and B cell dysregulation, reduced CD4+ and CD25+ Tregs, increased clonal expansions of CD8 + T cells, imbalance of Th17/Tregs and Tfh/Tfr, and impaired lymphocyte apoptosis. Changes in some RBC membrane structures, under the influence of mechanical stimuli or oxidative stress, may promote autohemolysis. The clinical presentation and treatment of AIHA are influenced by many factors, including the type of AIHA, degree of hemolysis, underlying diseases, presence of concomitant comorbidities, bone marrow compensatory abilities and the presence of fibrosis and dyserthropoiesis. The main treatment for AIHA is based on the inhibition of autoantibody production by mono- or combination therapy using GKS and/or rituximab and, rarely, immunosuppressive drugs or immunomodulators. Reduction of erythrocyte destruction via splenectomy is currently the third line of treatment for warm AIHA. Supportive treatment including vitamin supplementation, recombinant erythropoietin, thrombosis prophylaxis and the prevention and treatment of infections is essential. New groups of drugs that inhibit immune responses at various levels are being developed intensively, including inhibition of antibody-mediated RBCs phagocytosis, inhibition of B cell and plasma cell frequency and activity, inhibition of IgG recycling, immunomodulation of T lymphocytes function, and complement cascade inhibition. Recent studies have brought about changes in classification and progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of AIHA, although there are still many issues to be resolved, particularly concerning the impact of age-associated changes to immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sulimiera Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Anna Olewicz-Gawlik
- Department of Anatomy and Histology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immune Deficiencies, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Rupa-Matysek
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Wolny-Rokicka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Multidisciplinary Hospital, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Lidia Gil
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Richardson KJ, McNamee AP, Simmonds MJ. Mechanical sensitivity of red blood cells improves in individuals with hemochromatosis following venesection therapy. Transfusion 2020; 60:3001-3009. [PMID: 32939772 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) receive frequent blood withdrawals (ie, venesections) as part of their primary treatment to assist in normalizing blood iron levels. It remains unclear whether this source of blood is suitable for use in blood product development, as current data indicate that red blood cell (RBC) deformability, both before and after shear stress exposure, is impaired in individuals with HH, relative to healthy controls. Given that venesection therapy is known to significantly reduce circulating iron levels in individuals with HH, the current study examined whether venesection therapy is effective at improving RBC mechanical properties, both before and after shear stress exposure, in individuals with HH. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood samples were initially collected from untreated HH patients (age, 61 ± 9 years; 14% female) undergoing their first venesection, and then again during their second (approx. 9 weeks later) and third (approx. 16 weeks later) venesections. RBC deformability was measured at each time point with a commercial ektacytometer. Moreover, to determine cell responses to mechanical stimuli, the mechanical sensitivity of blood samples was determined at each time point. RESULTS The salient findings indicate that venesection therapy used for managing plasma ferritin concentration significantly improves the cellular deformability of RBC in individuals with HH. Further, the sensitivity of RBC to supraphysiological mechanical stress is decreased (ie, improved) in a dose-response fashion with routine venesection. CONCLUSION While cellular mechanics of RBC from individuals with HH are impaired when untreated, venesection therapy significantly improves cellular properties of RBC, supporting the use of venesections in blood product development from individuals with well-managed HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Richardson
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antony P McNamee
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Simmonds
- Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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