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Filaferro L, Zaccarelli F, Niccolini GF, Colizza A, Zoccali F, Grasso M, Fusconi M. Are statins onco- suppressive agents for every type of tumor? A systematic review of literature. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:435-445. [PMID: 38609343 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2343338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins, in the role of anti-cancer agents, have been used in many types of cancers with results in some cases promising while, in others, disappointing. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to identify and highlight data from literature on the successes or failure of using statins as anti-cancer agents. We asked ourselves the following two questions:1. Could statins, which are taken mostly to reduce cardiovascular risk, guarantee a lower incidence or a better cancer disease prognosis, concerning local recurrence, metastasis or mortality?2. Does statins intake (before and/or after cancer diagnosis) improve the prognosis or increase the chemotherapeutic action when combined with other anticancer therapies? For the first question twenty-seven manuscripts have been selected, for the second one, twenty-eight. EXPERT OPINION There are data which correlate statins with a possible tumor suppressive action among the following cancers: breast, lung, prostate and head and neck. Lastly, for gastric cancer and colorectal there is no evidence of a correlation. The onco-suppressive efficacy of statins is mainly related to the histopathological and/or molecular characteristics of the tumor cells, which have different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filaferro
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Colizza
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Fusconi
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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2
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Tripathi S, Gupta E, Galande S. Statins as anti-tumor agents: A paradigm for repurposed drugs. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2078. [PMID: 38711272 PMCID: PMC11074523 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, frequently prescribed medications, work by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) in the mevalonate pathway to reduce cholesterol levels. Due to their multifaceted benefits, statins are being adapted for use as cost-efficient, safe and effective anti-cancer treatments. Several studies have shown that specific types of cancer are responsive to statin medications since they rely on the mevalonate pathway for their growth and survival. RECENT FINDINGS Statin are a class of drugs known for their potent inhibition of cholesterol production and are typically prescribed to treat high cholesterol levels. Nevertheless, there is growing interest in repurposing statins for the treatment of malignant neoplastic diseases, often in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mechanism behind statin treatment includes targeting apoptosis through the BCL2 signaling pathway, regulating the cell cycle via the p53-YAP axis, and imparting epigenetic modulations by altering methylation patterns on CpG islands and histone acetylation by downregulating DNMTs and HDACs respectively. Notably, some studies have suggested a potential chemo-preventive effect, as decreased occurrence of tumor relapse and enhanced survival rate were reported in patients undergoing long-term statin therapy. However, the definitive endorsement of statin usage in cancer therapy hinges on population based clinical studies with larger patient cohorts and extended follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS The potential of anti-cancer properties of statins seems to reach beyond their influence on cholesterol production. Further investigations are necessary to uncover their effects on cancer promoting signaling pathways. Given their distinct attributes, statins might emerge as promising contenders in the fight against tumorigenesis, as they appear to enhance the efficacy and address the limitations of conventional cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Tripathi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & EpigeneticsIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life SciencesShiv Nadar Institution of EminenceGautam Buddha NagarIndia
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3
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Jaiswal V, Ang SP, Deb N, Hanif M, Batra N, Kanagala SG, Vojjala N, Rajak K, Roy P, Sharath M, Waleed MS, Wajid Z, Mattumpuram J. Association between Statin Use and Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:580. [PMID: 38674227 PMCID: PMC11052115 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy-induced cardiac dysfunction (CIC) is a significant and concerning complication observed among cancer patients. Despite the demonstrated cardioprotective benefits of statins in various cardiovascular diseases, their effectiveness in mitigating CIC remains uncertain. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the potential cardioprotective role of statins in patients with CIC. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify relevant articles published from inception until 10th May 2023. The outcomes were assessed using pooled odds ratio (OR) for categorical data and mean difference (MD) for continuous data, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: This meta-analysis comprised nine studies involving a total of 5532 patients, with 1904 in the statin group and 3628 in the non-statin group. The pooled analysis of primary outcome shows that patients who did not receive statin suffer a greater decline in the LVEF after chemotherapy compared to those who receive statin (MD, 3.55 (95% CI: 1.04-6.05), p = 0.01). Likewise, we observed a significantly higher final mean LVEF among chemotherapy patients with statin compared to the non-statin group of patients (MD, 2.08 (95% CI: 0.86-3.30), p > 0.001). Additionally, there was a lower risk of incident heart failure in the statin group compared to the non-statin group of patients (OR, 0.41 (95% CI: 0.27-0.62), p < 0.001). Lastly, the change in the mean difference for LVEDV was not statistically significant between the statin and non-statin groups (MD, 1.55 (95% CI: -5.22-8.33), p = 0.65). Conclusion: Among patients of CIC, statin use has shown cardioprotective benefits by improving left ventricular function and reducing the risk of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL 33143, USA
| | - Song Peng Ang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers Health/Community Medical Center, Toms River, NJ 08755, USA
| | - Novonil Deb
- North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling 734012, West Bengal, India
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Nitya Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Sai Gautham Kanagala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikhil Vojjala
- Internal Medicine Department, Trinity Health Oakland/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48341, USA
| | - Kripa Rajak
- Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Harrisburgh, 111 S Front St., Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
| | - Poulami Roy
- North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling 734012, West Bengal, India
| | - Medha Sharath
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Kalasipalya, Bengaluru 560002, Karnataka, India
| | - Madeeha Subhan Waleed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lower Bucks Hospital, Bristo, 501 Bath Rd., Bristol, PA 19007, USA
| | - Zarghoona Wajid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jishanth Mattumpuram
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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4
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Tennakoon M, Thotamune W, Payton JL, Karunarathne A. CaaX-motif-adjacent residues influence G protein gamma (Gγ) prenylation under suboptimal conditions. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105269. [PMID: 37739036 PMCID: PMC10590752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenylation is an irreversible post-translational modification that supports membrane interactions of proteins involved in various cellular processes, including migration, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation of prenylation contributes to multiple disorders, including cancers and vascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Prenyltransferases tether isoprenoid lipids to proteins via a thioether linkage during prenylation. Pharmacological inhibition of the lipid synthesis pathway by statins is a therapeutic approach to control hyperlipidemia. Building on our previous finding that statins inhibit membrane association of G protein γ (Gγ) in a subtype-dependent manner, we investigated the molecular reasoning for this differential inhibition. We examined the prenylation of carboxy-terminus (Ct) mutated Gγ in cells exposed to Fluvastatin and prenyl transferase inhibitors and monitored the subcellular localization of fluorescently tagged Gγ subunits and their mutants using live-cell confocal imaging. Reversible optogenetic unmasking-masking of Ct residues was used to probe their contribution to prenylation and membrane interactions of the prenylated proteins. Our findings suggest that specific Ct residues regulate membrane interactions of the Gγ polypeptide, statin sensitivity, and extent of prenylation. Our results also show a few hydrophobic and charged residues at the Ct are crucial determinants of a protein's prenylation ability, especially under suboptimal conditions. Given the cell and tissue-specific expression of different Gγ subtypes, our findings indicate a plausible mechanism allowing for statins to differentially perturb heterotrimeric G protein signaling in cells depending on their Gγ-subtype composition. Our results may also provide molecular reasoning for repurposing statins as Ras oncogene inhibitors and the failure of using prenyltransferase inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John L Payton
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Volta F, La Monica S, Leonetti A, Gnetti L, Bonelli M, Cavazzoni A, Fumarola C, Galetti M, Eltayeb K, Minari R, Petronini PG, Tiseo M, Alfieri R. Intrinsic Resistance to Osimertinib in EGFR Mutated NSCLC Cell Lines Induced by Alteration in Cell-Cycle Regulators. Target Oncol 2023; 18:953-964. [PMID: 37855989 PMCID: PMC10663255 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-01005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cycle regulators are mutated in approximately 40% of all cancer types and have already been linked to worse outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinomas treated with osimertinib. However, their exact role in osimertinib resistance has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate how the CDK4/6-Rb axis may affect the sensitivity to osimertinib. METHODS We genetically increased the level of CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and reduced the levels of CDKN2A (p16) in two different adenocarcinoma cell lines, PC9 and HCC827. We also retrospectively evaluated the outcome of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer depending on their level of Cyclin D1 and p16. RESULTS The modified clones showed higher proliferative capacity, modifications in cell-cycle phases, and higher migratory capacity than the parental cells. Cyclin D1-overexpressing clones were highly resistant to acute osimertinib treatment. CDKN2A knockdown conferred intrinsic resistance as well, although a longer time was required for adaption to the drug. In both cases, the resistant phenotype was epidermal growth factor receptor independent and associated with a higher level of Rb phosphorylation, which was unaffected by osimertinib treatment. Blocking the phosphorylation of Rb using abemaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, exerted an additive effect with osimertinib, increasing sensitivity to this drug and reverting the intrinsic resistant phenotype. In a group of 32 patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer, assessed for Cyclin D1 and p16 expression, we found that the p16-deleted group presented a lower overall response rate compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that perturbation in cell-cycle regulators leads to intrinsic osimertinib resistance and worse patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Volta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia La Monica
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Gnetti
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Mara Bonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Fumarola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078, Rome, Italy
| | - Kamal Eltayeb
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Minari
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Tiseo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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Cash T, Jonus HC, Tsvetkova M, Beumer JH, Sadanand A, Lee JY, Henry CJ, Aguilera D, Harvey RD, Goldsmith KC. A phase 1 study of simvastatin in combination with topotecan and cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with relapsed and/or refractory solid and CNS tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30405. [PMID: 37158620 PMCID: PMC11225565 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) can inhibit tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and restore apoptosis in preclinical pediatric solid tumor models. We conducted a phase 1 trial to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of simvastatin with topotecan and cyclophosphamide in children with relapsed/refractory solid and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. METHODS Simvastatin was administered orally twice daily on days 1-21, with topotecan and cyclophosphamide intravenously on days 1-5 of a 21-day cycle. Four simvastatin dose levels (DLs) were planned, 140 (DL1), 180 (DL2), 225 (DL3), 290 (DL4) mg/m2 /dose, with a de-escalation DL of 100 mg/m2 /dose (DL0) if needed. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed during cycle 1. RESULTS The median age of 14 eligible patients was 11.5 years (range: 1-23). The most common diagnoses were neuroblastoma (N = 4) and Ewing sarcoma (N = 3). Eleven dose-limiting toxicity (DLT)-evaluable patients received a median of four cycles (range: 1-6). There were three cycle 1 DLTs: one each grade 3 diarrhea and grade 4 creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevations at DL1, and one grade 4 CPK elevation at DL0. All patients experienced at least one grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity. Best overall response was partial response in one patient with Ewing sarcoma (DL0) and stable disease for four or more cycles in four patients. Simvastatin exposure increased with higher doses and may have correlated with toxicity. Plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations (N = 6) showed sustained IL-6 reductions with decrease to normal values by day 21 in all patients, indicating potential on-target effects. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of simvastatin with topotecan and cyclophosphamide was determined to be 100 mg/m2 /dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cash
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hunter C Jonus
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maya Tsvetkova
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arhanti Sadanand
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jasmine Y Lee
- Laney Graduate School Cancer Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Curtis J Henry
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Laney Graduate School Cancer Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dolly Aguilera
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R Donald Harvey
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology and Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly C Goldsmith
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Laney Graduate School Cancer Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Munawwar A, Sajjad A, Rasul A, Sattar M, Jabeen F. Dissecting the Role of SMYD2 and Its Inhibitor (LLY-507) in the Treatment of Chemically Induced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) by Using Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:986. [PMID: 37513898 PMCID: PMC10384399 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies based on nanoparticles with a loaded drug can overcome the problem of the drug's toxic effects in the traditional chemotherapeutic approach. In this study, we loaded LLY-507, a potent inhibitor of SMYD2, a methyltransferase enzyme, on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by microscopic analysis, loading efficiency, and drug release studies. Microscopic examination revealed an average grain size of 44 nm. The in vitro effect of LLY-507-IONPs, LLY-507, and IONPs was determined by MTT analysis (A549 cells) and hemolysis studies. IONPs have almost negative hemolytic activity in blood. The cell viability assay revealed IC50 values of both LLY-507 alone and LLY-507-loaded IONPs against A549; the lower value of the drug loaded on NPs (0.71 µg/mL alone and 0.53 µg/mL loaded on NPs) shows strong synergistic anticancer potential. We further tested the role of loaded NPs in a urethane-induced lung cancer mouse model (n = 40 mice in three independent trials, 20 mice in control group) to check the role of SMYD2 at various time points of lung cancer development. The loss of SMYD2 due to LLY-507 suppressed tumor growth, emphysema, hemorrhage, and congestion considerably. Hence, it can be concluded that the SMYD2 inhibitor has an anti-inflammatory effect on the mouse lung and suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the SMYD2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Munawwar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Sajjad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Sattar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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8
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Liu C, Chen H, Hu B, Shi J, Chen Y, Huang K. New insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188926. [PMID: 37484027 PMCID: PMC10359995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread clinical use of statins has contributed to significant reductions of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Increasing preclinical and epidemiological evidences have revealed that dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and that statins as powerful inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase can exert prevention and intervention effects on cancers, and promote sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer mechanisms of statins include not only inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also their pleiotropic effects in modulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. Moreover, recent clinical studies have provided growing insights into the therapeutic potentials of statins and the feasibility of combining statins with other anti-cancer agents. Here, we provide an updated review on the application potential of statins in cancer prevention and treatment and summarize the underneath mechanisms, with focuses on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajian Shi
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-RongCheng Biomedical Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Tennakoon M, Thotamune W, Payton JL, Karunarathne A. CaaX-motif adjacent residues control G protein prenylation under suboptimal conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.04.547731. [PMID: 37461501 PMCID: PMC10349941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.04.547731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation is a universal and irreversible post-translational modification that supports membrane interactions of proteins involved in various cellular processes, including migration, proliferation, and survival. Thus, dysregulation of prenylation contributes to multiple disorders, including cancers, vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. During prenylation, prenyltransferase enzymes tether metabolically produced isoprenoid lipids to proteins via a thioether linkage. Pharmacological inhibition of the lipid synthesis pathway by statins has long been a therapeutic approach to control hyperlipidemia. Building on our previous finding that statins inhibit membrane association of G protein γ (Gγ) in a subtype-dependent manner, we investigated the molecular reasoning for this differential. We examined the prenylation efficacy of carboxy terminus (Ct) mutated Gγ in cells exposed to Fluvastatin and prenyl transferase inhibitors and monitored the subcellular localization of fluorescently tagged Gγ subunits and their mutants using live-cell confocal imaging. Reversible optogenetic unmasking-masking of Ct residues was used to probe their contribution to the prenylation process and membrane interactions of the prenylated proteins. Our findings suggest that specific Ct residues regulate membrane interactions of the Gγ polypeptide statin sensitivity, and prenylation efficacy. Our results also show that a few hydrophobic and charged residues at the Ct are crucial determinants of a protein's prenylation ability, especially under suboptimal conditions. Given the cell and tissue-specific expression of different Gγ subtypes, our findings explain how and why statins differentially perturb heterotrimeric G protein signaling in specific cells and tissues. Our results may provide molecular reasoning for repurposing statins as Ras oncogene inhibitors and the failure of using prenyltransferase inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Tennakoon
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Waruna Thotamune
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - John L. Payton
- Department of Chemistry, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
| | - Ajith Karunarathne
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Institute for Drug and Biotherapeutic Innovation, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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10
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Doumat G, Daher D, Zerdan MB, Nasra N, Bahmad HF, Recine M, Poppiti R. Drug Repurposing in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Old Solutions for New Problems. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:704-719. [PMID: 36661704 PMCID: PMC9858415 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in 2022. The majority (80%) of lung cancer cases belong to the non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) subtype. Despite the increased screening efforts, the median five-year survival of metastatic NSCLC remains low at approximately 3%. Common treatment approaches for NSCLC include surgery, multimodal chemotherapy, and concurrent radio and chemotherapy. NSCLC exhibits high rates of resistance to treatment, driven by its heterogeneity and the plasticity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Drug repurposing offers a faster and cheaper way to develop new antineoplastic purposes for existing drugs, to help overcome therapy resistance. The decrease in time and funds needed stems from the availability of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to be repurposed. This review provides a synopsis of the drug-repurposing approaches and mechanisms of action of potential candidate drugs used in treating NSCLC, including but not limited to antihypertensives, anti-hyperlipidemics, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diabetics, and anti-microbials.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Doumat
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Darine Daher
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Morgan Bou Zerdan
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Nasri Nasra
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo 15310, Syria
| | - Hisham F. Bahmad
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
| | - Monica Recine
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert Poppiti
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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11
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An Inflammatory Response-Related Gene Signature Can Predict the Prognosis and Impact the Immune Status of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235744. [PMID: 36497225 PMCID: PMC9736863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) accounts for a cancer with high heterogeneity and poor prognostic outcome. Nonetheless, it is still unknown about the relation between inflammatory response-related genes (IRGs) and LUAD. This study used LASSO-Cox regression for establishing the multigene prognostic signature based on TCGA and the GSE31210 cohorts. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed for GO and KEGG analyses. By contrast, single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) investigated immune cell infiltration scores as well as the immune pathway activity. We also conducted qRT-PCR and IHC to evaluate prognostic gene expression at protein and mRNA levels within LUAD and adjacent healthy samples. As a result, a novel prognostic signature involving 10 IRGs was identified. Furthermore, the signature has been validated as being important in functional analysis, TME, drug sensitivity, and prognosis prediction in LUAD. Moreover, prognostic genes showed significant expression at protein and mRNA levels in LUAD compared with normal samples. The signature involving 10 IRGs could potentially predict LUAD prognosis.
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12
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Martin-Perez M, Urdiroz-Urricelqui U, Bigas C, Benitah SA. The role of lipids in cancer progression and metastasis. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1675-1699. [PMID: 36261043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have essential biological functions in the body (e.g., providing energy storage, acting as a signaling molecule, and being a structural component of membranes); however, an excess of lipids can promote tumorigenesis, colonization, and metastatic capacity of tumor cells. To metastasize, a tumor cell goes through different stages that require lipid-related metabolic and structural adaptations. These adaptations include altering the lipid membrane composition for invading other niches and overcoming cell death mechanisms and promoting lipid catabolism and anabolism for energy and oxidative stress protective purposes. Cancer cells also harness lipid metabolism to modulate the activity of stromal and immune cells to their advantage and to resist therapy and promote relapse. All this is especially worrying given the high fat intake in Western diets. Thus, metabolic interventions aiming to reduce lipid availability to cancer cells or to exacerbate their metabolic vulnerabilities provide promising therapeutic opportunities to prevent cancer progression and treat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martin-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Uxue Urdiroz-Urricelqui
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Aznar Benitah
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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GOF Mutant p53 in Cancers: A Therapeutic Challenge. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205091. [PMID: 36291874 PMCID: PMC9600758 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In normal cells, p53 is a protein which regulates the cell cycle progression to ensure normal cell division, growth, and development. However, in cancer, changes in the p53 DNA sequence, called genetic mutation, results in the protein either losing its normal function or exhibiting advanced pro-tumorigenic functions that lead to cancer. Importantly, cancers with mutations in the p53 protein often represent ones which are more aggressive and more resistant to chemotherapy. As a result, many studies have and continue to investigate multiple ways to target mutant p53-bearing cancer using targeted therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapies. Knowledge of these strategies is important in improving the overall therapeutic response of cancers with mutant p53. This review highlights new strategies and discusses the progression of such therapies. Abstract TP53 is mutated in the majority of human cancers. Mutations can lead to loss of p53 expression or expression of mutant versions of the p53 protein. These mutant p53 proteins have oncogenic potential. They can inhibit any remaining WTp53 in a dominant negative manner, or they can acquire new functions that promote tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. In this review we explore some of the mechanisms that make mutant p53 cells resistant to chemotherapy. As mutant p53 tumours are resistant to many traditional chemotherapies, many have sought to explore new ways of targeting mutant p53 tumours and reinstate chemosensitivity. These approaches include targeting of mutant p53 stability, mutant p53 binding partners and downstream pathways, p53 vaccines, restoration of WTp53 function, and WTp53 gene delivery. The current advances and challenges of these strategies are discussed.
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14
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Targeting Mutant p53 for Cancer Treatment: Moving Closer to Clinical Use? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184499. [PMID: 36139658 PMCID: PMC9496879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is largely caused by genetic alterations such as mutations in a group of genes known as cancer driver genes. Many of the key advances in cancer treatment in recent years have involved blocking these driver genes using a new generation of anti-cancer drugs. Although p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers, historically, it has proved difficult to develop drugs against it. However, recently, several new drugs have become available for neutralizing the cancer-promoting effects of mutant p53. The aim of this article is to discuss the most promising of these drugs, especially those that are being investigated in clinical trials. Abstract Mutant p53 is one of the most attractive targets for new anti-cancer drugs. Although traditionally regarded as difficult to drug, several new strategies have recently become available for targeting the mutant protein. One of the most promising of these involves the use of low molecular weight compounds that promote refolding and reactivation of mutant p53 to its wild-type form. Several such reactivating drugs are currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, including eprenetapopt (APR-246), COTI-2, arsenic trioxide and PC14586. Of these, the most clinically advanced for targeting mutant p53 is eprenetapopt which has completed phase I, II and III clinical trials, the latter in patients with mutant TP53 myelodysplastic syndrome. Although no data on clinical efficacy are currently available for eprenetapopt, preliminary results suggest that the drug is relatively well tolerated. Other strategies for targeting mutant p53 that have progressed to clinical trials involve the use of drugs promoting degradation of the mutant protein and exploiting the mutant protein for the development of anti-cancer vaccines. With all of these ongoing trials, we should soon know if targeting mutant p53 can be used for cancer treatment. If any of these trials show clinical efficacy, it may be a transformative development for the treatment of patients with cancer since mutant p53 is so prevalent in this disease.
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15
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Madison CJ, Heinrich MC, Thompson RF, Yu WY. Statin use is associated with improved overall survival in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res 2022; 32:291-294. [PMID: 35579692 PMCID: PMC10010154 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma remains a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Recent literature suggests that statin use may improve outcomes in patients with cancer. In order to determine whether statins may improve survival in melanoma patients, we analyzed data from the Veterans Health Administration Corporate Data Warehouse that contains individually identifiable clinical and demographic information from the 1990s to the present for over 19 million individual veterans. We found that melanoma patients who were taking a statin had better 5-year OS when compared with veterans not taking statins. This relationship remained significant in a multivariate model (hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.43 for statin user vs. nonuser). Importantly, this effect was much larger than the effect of statins in the general population and was remained after controlling for the use of other medications (beta-blocker), implying that statins may have a direct effect on survival in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C. Heinrich
- VA Portland Healthcare System
- Oregon Health & Science University
- Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland Oregon, USA
| | - Reid F. Thompson
- VA Portland Healthcare System
- Oregon Health & Science University
- Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland Oregon, USA
| | - Wesley Y. Yu
- VA Portland Healthcare System
- Oregon Health & Science University
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16
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El Sabeh M, Vincent KL, Afrin S, Motamedi M, Saada J, Yang J, Ozpolat B, Kilic GS, Borahay MA. Simvastatin-loaded liposome nanoparticles treatment for uterine leiomyoma in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model: a pilot study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:2139-2143. [PMID: 35166183 PMCID: PMC9741872 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2033964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are complex tumours with limited medical treatment options. Simvastatin is used to treat hypercholesterolaemia and has shown promising effects as a treatment option for leiomyomas. Previously, our group demonstrated a promising effect of simvastatin treatment in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. Here, we tested the efficacy of simvastatin liposomal nanoparticles (NPs). After bilateral leiomyoma xenograft implantation, mice (N = 12) were divided into three treatment arms: control, simvastatin and simvastatin-loaded liposome NPs (simvastatin-NPs). Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced tumour volume and inhibited the Ki67 expression when compared to the control group. There was a trend of reduced tumour volume and Ki67 expression after treatment with simvastatin-NP; however, the results were not significant. Due to low bioavailability and short half-life of simvastatin, liposomal NPs have the potential to enhance drug delivery, however, in this study NP did not provide improvement over simvastatin, but did demonstrate their potential for the delivery of simvastatin.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Simvastatin treatment in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model reduced tumour growth and decreased proliferation.What do the results of this study add? Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced tumour volume and inhibited the Ki67 expression when compared to the control group. There was a trend of reduced tumour volume and Ki67 expression after treatment with simvastatin-NP, however, it did not improve the efficacy of simvastatin at reducing tumour growth and proliferation.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? More studies are needed to optimise the formulation of NPs to further enhance the sustainable delivery of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El Sabeh
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen L. Vincent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Jamal Saada
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Jinping Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gokhan S. Kilic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Mostafa A. Borahay
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,Correspondence: Mostafa A. Borahay, MD, PhD; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0554-132X; 4940 Eastern Ave, Baltimore, MD 21224-2780, USA; phone: (410) 550-0337;
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17
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Mutant p53, the Mevalonate Pathway and the Tumor Microenvironment Regulate Tumor Response to Statin Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143500. [PMID: 35884561 PMCID: PMC9323637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have the ability to co-opt multiple metabolic pathways, enhance glucose uptake and utilize aerobic glycolysis to promote tumorigenesis, which are characteristics constituting an emerging hallmark of cancer. Mutated tumor suppressor and proto-oncogenes are frequently responsible for enhanced metabolic pathway signaling. The link between mutant p53 and the mevalonate (MVA) pathway has been implicated in the advancement of various malignancies, with tumor cells relying heavily on increased MVA signaling to fuel their rapid growth, metastatic spread and development of therapy resistance. Statin drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the pathway’s rate-limiting enzyme, and as such, have long been studied as a potential anti-cancer therapy. However, whether statins provide additional anti-cancer properties is worthy of debate. Here, we examine retrospective, prospective and pre-clinical studies involving the use of statins in various cancer types, as well as potential issues with statins’ lack of efficacy observed in clinical trials and future considerations for upcoming clinical trials.
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18
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O'Grady S, Crown J, Duffy MJ. Statins inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:142. [PMID: 35834073 PMCID: PMC9283343 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TP53 (p53) is mutated in 80–90% of cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Statins, which are widely used to treat elevated cholesterol, have recently been shown to degrade mutant p53 protein and exhibit anti-cancer activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of statins in the treatment of TNBC. The anti-proliferative effects of 2 widely used statins were investigated on a panel of 15 cell lines representing the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Significantly lower IC50 values were found in triple-negative (TN) than in non-TN cell lines (atorvastatin, p < 0.01; simvastatin p < 0.05) indicating greater sensitivity. Furthermore, cell lines containing mutant p53 were more responsive to both statins than cell lines expressing wild-type p53, suggesting that the mutational status of p53 is a potential predictive biomarker for statin response. In addition to inhibiting proliferation, simvastatin was also found to promote cell cycle arrest and induce apoptosis. Using an apoptosis array capable of detecting 43 apoptosis-associated proteins, a novel protein shown to be upregulated by simvastatin was the IGF-signalling modulator, IGBP4, a finding we confirmed by Western blotting. Finally, we found synergistic growth inhibition between simvastatin and the IGF-1R inhibitor, OSI-906 as well as between simvastatin and doxorubicin or docetaxel. Our work suggests repurposing of statins for clinical trials in patients with TNBC. Based on our findings, we suggest that these trials investigate statins in combination with either doxorubicin or docetaxel and include p53 mutational status as a potential predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Grady
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Clinical Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, D04 T6F4, Ireland.
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19
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The Therapeutic Potential of the Restoration of the p53 Protein Family Members in the EGFR-Mutated Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137213. [PMID: 35806218 PMCID: PMC9267050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent development of precision medicine and targeted therapies, lung cancer remains the top cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The patients diagnosed with metastatic disease have a five-year survival rate lower than 6%. In metastatic disease, EGFR is the most common driver of mutation, with the most common co-driver hitting TP53. EGFR-positive patients are offered the frontline treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, yet the development of resistance and the lack of alternative therapies make this group of patients only fit for clinical trial participation. Since mutant p53 is the most common co-driver in the metastatic setting, therapies reactivating the p53 pathway might serve as a promising alternative therapeutic approach in patients who have developed a resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review focuses on the molecular background of EGFR-mutated lung cancer and discusses novel therapeutic options converging on the reactivation of p53 tumor suppressor pathways.
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20
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Novel Effects of Statins on Cancer via Autophagy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060648. [PMID: 35745567 PMCID: PMC9228383 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally. Most of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer are marked by complex aberrations that activate the critical cell-signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in cell metabolism, tumor development, cytoskeletal reorganization, and metastasis. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway is one of the main signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation, plays a dual role in cancer, as either a tumor promoter or a tumor suppressor, depending on the stage of the carcinogenesis. Statins are the group of drugs of choice to lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. Experimental and clinical data suggest the potential of statins in the treatment of cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the molecular mechanisms through which statins inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells in different types of cancer. The anticancer properties of statins have been shown to result in the suppression of tumor growth, the induction of apoptosis, and autophagy. This literature review shows the dual role of the autophagic process in cancer and the latest scientific evidence related to the inducing effect exerted by statins on autophagy, which could explain their anticancer potential.
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21
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Marcianò G, Palleria C, Casarella A, Rania V, Basile E, Catarisano L, Vocca C, Bianco L, Pelaia C, Cione E, D’Agostino B, Citraro R, De Sarro G, Gallelli L. Effect of Statins on Lung Cancer Molecular Pathways: A Possible Therapeutic Role. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:589. [PMID: 35631415 PMCID: PMC9144184 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a common neoplasm, usually treated through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or surgery. Both clinical and experimental studies on cancer cells suggest that some drugs (e.g., statins) have the potential to improve the prognosis of cancer. In fact, statins blocking the enzyme "hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase" exert pleiotropic effects on different genes involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In this narrative review, we presented the experimental and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of statins on lung cancer and described data on the effectiveness and safety of these compounds. We also evaluated gender differences in the treatment of lung cancer to understand the possibility of personalized therapy based on the modulation of the mevalonate pathway. In conclusion, according to the literature data, statins exert multiple effects on lung cancer cells, even if the evidence for their use in clinical practice is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Marcianò
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Caterina Palleria
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Alessandro Casarella
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Rania
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Emanuele Basile
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Luca Catarisano
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Cristina Vocca
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Luigi Bianco
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Bruno D’Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine L. Donatelli, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (V.R.); (E.B.); (L.C.); (C.V.); (R.C.); (G.D.S.)
- Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilanze, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (L.B.); (C.P.)
- Research Centre FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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22
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Pantziarka P, Blagden S. Inhibiting the Priming for Cancer in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071621. [PMID: 35406393 PMCID: PMC8997074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare cancer pre-disposition syndrome associated with a germline mutation in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene. People with LFS have a 90% chance of suffering one or more cancers in their lifetime. No treatments exist to reduce this cancer risk. This paper reviews the evidence for how cancers start in people with LFS and proposes that a series of commonly used non-cancer drugs, including metformin and aspirin, can help reduce that lifetime risk of cancer. Abstract The concept of the pre-cancerous niche applies the ‘seed and soil’ theory of metastasis to the initial process of carcinogenesis. TP53 is at the nexus of this process and, in the context of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS), is a key determinant of the conditions in which cancers are formed and progress. Important factors in the creation of the pre-cancerous niche include disrupted tissue homeostasis, cellular metabolism and chronic inflammation. While druggability of TP53 remains a challenge, there is evidence that drug re-purposing may be able to address aspects of pre-cancerous niche formation and thereby reduce the risk of cancer in individuals with LFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pantziarka
- The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust, London KT1 2JP, UK
- The Anti-Cancer Fund, Brusselsesteenweg 11, 1860 Meise, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah Blagden
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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Laka K, Makgoo L, Mbita Z. Cholesterol-Lowering Phytochemicals: Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway for Anticancer Interventions. Front Genet 2022; 13:841639. [PMID: 35391801 PMCID: PMC8981032 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.841639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a plethora of cancer causes and the road to fully understanding the carcinogenesis process remains a dream that keeps changing. However, a list of role players that are implicated in the carcinogens process is getting lengthier. Cholesterol is known as bad sterol that is heavily linked with cardiovascular diseases; however, it is also comprehensively associated with carcinogenesis. There is an extensive list of strategies that have been used to lower cholesterol; nevertheless, the need to find better and effective strategies remains vastly important. The role played by cholesterol in the induction of the carcinogenesis process has attracted huge interest in recent years. Phytochemicals can be dubbed as magic tramp cards that humans could exploit for lowering cancer-causing cholesterol. Additionally, the mechanisms that are regulated by phytochemicals can be targeted for anticancer drug development. One of the key role players in cancer development and suppression, Tumour Protein 53 (TP53), is crucial in regulating the biogenesis of cholesterol and is targeted by several phytochemicals. This minireview covers the role of p53 in the mevalonate pathway and how bioactive phytochemicals target the mevalonate pathway and promote p53-dependent anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
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Nieto-Garai JA, Lorizate M, Contreras FX. Shedding light on membrane rafts structure and dynamics in living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183813. [PMID: 34748743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membranes are fundamental building blocks regulating an extensive repertoire of biological functions. These structures contain lipids and membrane proteins that are known to laterally self-aggregate in the plane of the membrane, forming defined membrane nanoscale domains essential for protein activity. Membrane rafts are described as heterogeneous, dynamic, and short-lived cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane nanodomains (10-200 nm) induced by lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interactions. Those membrane nanodomains have been extensively characterized using model membranes and in silico methods. However, despite the development of advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, undoubted nanoscale visualization by imaging techniques of membrane rafts in the membrane of unperturbed living cells is still uncompleted, increasing the skepticism about their existence. Here, we broadly review recent biochemical and microscopy techniques used to investigate membrane rafts in living cells and we enumerate persistent open questions to answer before unlocking the mystery of membrane rafts in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - F-Xabier Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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25
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Loughran R, Emerling BM. Mechanistic roles of mutant p53 governing lipid metabolism. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 83:100839. [PMID: 34840111 PMCID: PMC8858851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells by various acquired mutations provides support for rapid proliferation and growth in the tumor microenvironment. Mutations in the TP53 gene are the most common mutation found across all human cancers. Commonly referred to as "the guardian of the genome", p53 has a well-established role as a tumor suppressor by mediating checkpoint integrity and protecting cells from DNA damage. To date, the many functional roles of p53 extending beyond its classical function and exerting control over metabolic processes continues to confound the field. Recently, emerging roles for p53 in mediating lipid metabolism have come to light with intriguing metabolic roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and lipid droplet formation. Herein, we will seek to unify the mechanisms by which absence of functional p53, as well as stable mutant forms of p53, exert control over these lipid metabolism programs. Of equal importance, synthetic lethal phenotypes in the context of mutant p53 and aberrant lipid homeostasis offer new possible targets in the therapeutic landscape. This review aims to characterize the mechanisms by which p53 exerts control over these pathways and examine how precision medicine may benefit from tumor subtyping of p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Loughran
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Correspondence:
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26
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Zou W, Chen L, Mao W, Hu S, Liu Y, Hu C. Identification of Inflammatory Response-Related Gene Signature Associated With Immune Status and Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:772206. [PMID: 34881236 PMCID: PMC8647082 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.772206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is an exceedingly diverse disease, making prognostication difficult. Inflammatory responses in the tumor or the tumor microenvironment can alter prognosis in the process of the ongoing cross-talk between the host and the tumor. Nonetheless, Inflammatory response-related genes’ prognostic significance in LUAD, on the other hand, has yet to be determined. Materials and Methods: The clinical data as well as the mRNA expression patterns of LUAD patients were obtained from a public dataset for this investigation. In the TCGA group, a multigene prognostic signature was built utilizing LASSO Cox analysis. Validation was executed on LUAD patients from the GEO cohort. The overall survival (OS) of low- and high-risk cohorts was compared utilizing the Kaplan-Meier analysis. The assessment of independent predictors of OS was carried out utilizing multivariate and univariate Cox analyses. The immune-associated pathway activity and immune cell infiltration score were computed utilizing single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. GO keywords and KEGG pathways were explored utilizing gene set enrichment analysis. Results: LASSO Cox regression analysis was employed to create an inflammatory response-related gene signature model. The high-risk cohort patients exhibited a considerably shorter OS as opposed to those in the low-risk cohort. The prognostic gene signature’s predictive ability was demonstrated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The risk score was found to be an independent predictor of OS using multivariate Cox analysis. The functional analysis illustrated that the immune status and cancer-related pathways for the two-risk cohorts were clearly different. The tumor stage and kind of immune infiltrate were found to be substantially linked with the risk score. Furthermore, the cancer cells’ susceptibility to anti-tumor medication was substantially associated with the prognostic genes expression levels. Conclusion: In LUAD, a new signature made up of 8 inflammatory response-related genes may be utilized to forecast prognosis and influence immunological state. Inhibition of these genes could also be used as a treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Su Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Imaging of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Wang XD, Kim C, Zhang Y, Rindhe S, Cobb MH, Yu Y. Cholesterol Regulates the Tumor Adaptive Resistance to MAPK Pathway Inhibition. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5379-5391. [PMID: 34751028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although targeted MAPK pathway inhibition has achieved remarkable patient responses in many cancers, the development of resistance has remained a critical challenge. Adaptive tumor response underlies the drug resistance. Furthermore, such bypass mechanisms often lead to the activation of many pro-survival kinases, which complicates the rational design of combination therapies. Here, we performed global tyrosine phosphoproteomic (pTyr) analyses and demonstrated that targeted MAPK signaling inhibition in melanoma leads to a profound remodeling of the pTyr proteome. Intriguingly, altered cholesterol metabolism might drive, in a coordinated fashion, the activation of these kinases. Indeed, we found an accumulation of intracellular cholesterol in melanoma cells (with BRAFV600E mutations) and non-small cell lung cancer cells (with KRASG12C mutations) treated with MAPK and KRASG12C inhibitors, respectively. Importantly, depletion of cholesterol not only prevents the feedback activation of pTyr signaling but also enhances the cytotoxic effects of MAPK pathway inhibitors, both in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings suggest that cholesterol contributes to the tumor adaptive response upon targeted MAPK pathway inhibitors. These results also suggest that MAPK pathway inhibitors could be combined with cholesterol-lowering agents to achieve a more complete and durable response in tumors with hyperactive MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Chiho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Smita Rindhe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390 Texas, United States
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Crosstalk between Statins and Cancer Prevention and Therapy: An Update. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121220. [PMID: 34959621 PMCID: PMC8704600 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of statins in cancer has been discussed in many studies. They are known for their anticancer properties against solid tumors of the liver or lung, as well as diffuse cancers, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. Currently, the most commonly used statins are simvastatin, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin. The anti-tumor activity of statins is largely related to their ability to induce apoptosis by targeting cancer cells with high selectivity. Statins are also involved in the regulation of the histone acetylation level, the disturbance of which can lead to abnormal activity of genes involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. As a result, tumor growth and its invasion may be promoted, which is associated with a poor prognosis. High levels of histone deacetylases are observed in many cancers; therefore, one of the therapeutic strategies is to use their inhibitors. Combining statins with histone deacetylase inhibitors can induce a synergistic anticancer effect.
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Luttman JH, Hoj JP, Lin KH, Lin J, Gu JJ, Rouse C, Nichols AG, MacIver NJ, Wood KC, Pendergast AM. ABL allosteric inhibitors synergize with statins to enhance apoptosis of metastatic lung cancer cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109880. [PMID: 34706244 PMCID: PMC8579324 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting mitochondrial metabolism has emerged as a treatment option for cancer patients. The ABL tyrosine kinases promote metastasis, and enhanced ABL signaling is associated with a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Here we show that ABL kinase allosteric inhibitors impair mitochondrial integrity and decrease oxidative phosphorylation. To identify metabolic vulnerabilities that enhance this phenotype, we utilized a CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen and identified HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway and target of statin therapies, as a top-scoring sensitizer to ABL inhibition. Combination treatment with ABL allosteric inhibitors and statins decreases metastatic lung cancer cell survival in vitro in a synergistic manner. Notably, combination therapy in mouse models of lung cancer brain metastasis and therapy resistance impairs metastatic colonization with a concomitant increase in animal survival. Thus, metabolic combination therapy might be effective to decrease metastatic outgrowth, leading to increased survival for lung cancer patients with advanced disease. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors is an adaptation that generates vulnerabilities that can be exploited for developing new therapies. Here Luttman et al. identify synergism between ABL allosteric inhibitors and lipophilic statins to impair metastatic lung cancer cell outgrowth and colonization, leading to increased survival in mouse models of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Hattaway Luttman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jacob P Hoj
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jing Jin Gu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Clay Rouse
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Contribution of p53 in sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19667. [PMID: 34608255 PMCID: PMC8490392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating EGFR mutations is a major hindrance to treatment. We investigated the effects of p53 in primary sensitivity and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC cells. Changes in sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs were determined using p53 overexpression or knockdown in cells with activating EGFR mutations. We investigated EMT-related molecules, morphologic changes, and AXL induction to elucidate mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs according to p53 status. Changes in p53 status affected primary sensitivity as well as acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs according to cell type. Firstly, p53 silencing did not affect primary and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in PC-9 cells, but it led to primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs through AXL induction in HCC827 cells. Secondly, p53 silencing in H1975 cells enhanced the sensitivity to osimertinib through the emergence of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and the emergence of acquired resistance to osimertinib in p53 knockout cells was much slower than in H1975 cells. Furthermore, two cell lines (H1975 and H1975/p53KO) demonstrated the different mechanisms of acquired resistance to osimertinib. Lastly, the introduction of mutant p53-R273H induced the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exerted resistance to EGFR-TKIs in cells with activating EGFR mutations. These findings indicate that p53 mutations can be associated with primary or acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Thus, the status or mutations of p53 may be considered as routes to improving the therapeutic effects of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC.
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Chang JM, Wu JY, Chen SH, Chao WY, Chuang HH, Kam KH, Zhao PW, Li YZ, Yen YP, Lee YR. 9-O-Terpenyl-Substituted Berberrubine Derivatives Suppress Tumor Migration and Increase Anti-Human Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189864. [PMID: 34576028 PMCID: PMC8469690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and the leading cause of death in humans worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases and is often diagnosed at a late stage. Among patients with NSCLC, 50% die within 1 year after diagnosis. Even with clinical intervention, the 5-year survival rate is only approximately 20%. Therefore, the development of an advanced therapeutic strategy or novel agent is urgently required for treating NSCLC. Berberine exerts therapeutic activity toward NSCLC; therefore, its activity as an antitumor agent needs to be explored further. In this study, three terpenylated-bromide derivatives of berberrubine were synthesized and their anti-NSCLC activities were evaluated. Each derivative had higher anti-NSCLCs activity than berberrubine and berberine. Among them, 9-O-gernylberberrubine bromide (B4) and 9-O-farnesylberberrubine bromide (B5) showed greater growth inhibition, cell-cycle regulation, in vitro tumorigenesis suppression, and tumor migration reduction. In addition, some degree of apoptosis and autophagic flux blocking was noted in the cells under B4 and B5 treatments. Our study demonstrates that the berberrubine derivatives, B4 and B5, exhibit impressive anti-NSCLC activities and have potential for use as chemotherapeutic agents against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (J.-M.C.); (K.-H.K.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (P.-W.Z.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Jin-Yi Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (P.-W.Z.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Wen-Ying Chao
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 73658, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Kam-Hong Kam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (J.-M.C.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Pei-Wen Zhao
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (P.-W.Z.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yi-Zhen Li
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (P.-W.Z.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Yu-Pei Yen
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (P.-W.Z.); (Y.-Z.L.); (Y.-P.Y.)
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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Induction of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest via p38/p21 Waf1/Cip1-Dependent Signaling Pathway Activation by Bavachinin in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26175161. [PMID: 34500594 PMCID: PMC8434044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignant cancer in the world. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major category of lung cancer. Although effective therapies have been administered, for improving the NSCLC patient’s survival, the incident rate is still high. Therefore, searching for a good strategy for preventing NSCLC is urgent. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are brilliant materials for cancer chemoprevention, because of their high biological safety and low cost. Bavachinin, which is an active flavanone of Proralea corylifolia L., possesses anti-inflammation, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-cancer activities. The present study’s aim was to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of bavachinin on NSCLC, and its regulating molecular mechanisms. The results exhibited that a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability and colony formation capacity of three NSCLC cell lines, by bavachinin, were through G2/M cell cycle arrest induction. Meanwhile, the expression of the G2/M cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin B, p-cdc2Y15, p-cdc2T161, and p-wee1, was suppressed. With the dramatic up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21Waf1/Cip1, the expression and association of p21Waf1/Cip1 with the cyclin B/cdc2 complex was observed. Silencing the p21Waf1/Cip1 expression significantly rescued bavachinin-induced G2/M cell accumulation. Furthermore, the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 mRNA was up-regulated in bavachinin-treated NSCLC cells. In addition, MAPK and AKT signaling were activated in bavachinin-added NSCLC cells. Interestingly, bavachinin-induced p21Waf1/Cip1 expression was repressed after restraint p38 MAPK activation. The inhibition of p38 MAPK activation reversed bavachinin-induced p21Waf1/Cip1 mRNA expression and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Collectively, bavachinin-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest was through the p38 MAPK-mediated p21Waf1/Cip1-dependent signaling pathway in the NSCLC cells.
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Henney NC, Jamialahmad T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rodriguez PD, Mariani M, Gay J, Hogan TC, Amiel E, Deming PB, Frietze S. A guided-inquiry investigation of genetic variants using Oxford nanopore sequencing for an undergraduate molecular biology laboratory course. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 49:588-597. [PMID: 33939256 PMCID: PMC8356555 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has become an important tool in the biological sciences and has a growing number of applications across medical fields. Currently, few undergraduate programs provide training in the design and implementation of NGS applications. Here, we describe an inquiry-based laboratory exercise for a college-level molecular biology laboratory course that uses real-time MinION deep sequencing and bioinformatics to investigate characteristic genetic variants found in cancer cell-lines. The overall goal for students was to identify non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell-lines based on their unique genomic profiles. The units described in this laboratory highlight core principles in multiplex PCR primer design, real-time deep sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis for genetic variants. We found that the MinION device is an appropriate, feasible tool that provides a comprehensive, hands-on NGS experience for undergraduates. Student evaluations demonstrated increased confidence in using molecular techniques and enhanced understanding of NGS concepts. Overall, this exercise provides a pedagogical tool for incorporating NGS approaches in the teaching laboratory as way of enhancing students' comprehension of genomic sequence analysis. Further, this NGS lab module can easily be added to a variety of lab-based courses to help undergraduate students learn current DNA sequencing methods with limited effort and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess D. Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Michael Mariani
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Jamie Gay
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Tyler C. Hogan
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Paula B. Deming
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- The University of Vermont Cancer CenterBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Seth Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health SciencesUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- Cellular Molecular Biomedical Sciences ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
- The University of Vermont Cancer CenterBurlingtonVermontUSA
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Santarelli R, Pompili C, Gilardini Montani MS, Romeo MA, Gonnella R, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. Lovastatin reduces PEL cell survival by phosphorylating ERK1/2 that blocks the autophagic flux and engages a cross-talk with p53 to activate p21. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:968-977. [PMID: 33987937 PMCID: PMC8361952 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway that besides being cholesterol lowering agents, display anti‐cancer properties. This is because cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes but also because the mevalonate pathway controls protein farnesylation and geranylation, processes essential for the activity of GTPase family proteins. In this study, we found that Lovastatin exerted a dose‐ and time‐dependent cytotoxic effect against PEL cells, an aggressive B cell lymphoma strictly associated with the gammaherpesvirus KSHV and characterized by a poor response to conventional chemotherapies. At molecular level, Lovastatin by dephosphorylating STAT3, induced ERK1/2 activation that inhibited autophagy and phosphorylated p53ser15 that in turn maintained ERK1/2 activated and up‐regulated p21. However, p21 played a pro‐survival role in this setting, as its inhibition by UC2288 further reduced cell survival in PEL cells undergoing Lovastatin treatment. In conclusion, this study suggests that Lovastatin may represent a valid therapeutic alternative against PEL cells, especially if used in combination with p21 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pompili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Ren K, Sun J, Liu L, Yang Y, Li H, Wang Z, Deng J, Hou M, Qiu J, Zhao W. TP53-Activated lncRNA GHRLOS Regulates Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Apoptosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Modulating the miR-346/APC Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676202. [PMID: 33968785 PMCID: PMC8097184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main type of lung cancer with high mortality worldwide. To improve NSCLC therapy, the exploration of molecular mechanisms involved in NSCLC progression and identification of their potential therapy targeting is important. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown important roles in regulating various tumors progression, including NSCLC. We found lncRNA GHRLOS was decreased in NSCLC cell lines and tissues which correlated with poor prognosis of NSCLC patients. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA GHRLOS in NSCLC progression remains elusive. The expression of lncRNA GHRLOS was examined in NSCLC cell lines and biopsy specimens of patients with NSCLC by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of GHRLOS on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of NSCLC cells were determined by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The interaction between GHRLOS and TP53 was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with qRT-PCR analysis. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) was conducted to validate the binding between GHRLOS and microRNA-346 (miR-346). Dual-luciferase reporter assays were also carried out to reveal the interaction between miR-346 and the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mRNA.Our data demonstrated that overexpression of lncRNA GHRLOS suppressed cancer cell proliferation and invasion as well as promoted cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of CDK2, PCNA, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Bax, and Bcl-2 in NSCLC cells. Moreover, lncRNA GHRLOS was upregulated by the binding of TP53 to the GHRLOS promoter. The binding target of lncRNA GHRLOS was identified to be miR-346. Impressively, overexpression of miR-346 promoted cell proliferation and invasion, as well as inhibited cell apoptosis, however, these effects can be blocked by overexpression of lncRNA GHRLOS both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this study reveals lncRNA GHRLOS, upregulated by TP53, acts as a molecule sponge of miR-346 to cooperatively modulates expression of APC, a miR-346 target, and potentially inhibits NSCLC progression via TP53/lncRNA GHRLOS/miR-346/APC axis, which represents a novel pathway that could be useful in targeted therapy against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Refractive Surgery, Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingzhu Deng
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Hou
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Qiu
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Cheng WC, Chang CY, Lo CC, Hsieh CY, Kuo TT, Tseng GC, Wong SC, Chiang SF, Huang KCY, Lai LC, Lu TP, Chao KC, Sher YP. Identification of theranostic factors for patients developing metastasis after surgery for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3661-3675. [PMID: 33664854 PMCID: PMC7914355 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is an aggressive disease with high propensity of metastasis. Among patients with early-stage disease, more than 30% of them may relapse or develop metastasis. There is an unmet medical need to stratify patients with early-stage LUAD according to their risk of relapse/metastasis to guide preventive or therapeutic approaches. In this study, we identified 4 genes that can serve both therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) purposes. Methods: Three independent datasets (GEO, TCGA, and KMPlotter) were used to evaluate gene expression profile of patients with LUAD by unbiased screening approach. Upon significant genes uncovered, functional enrichment analysis was carried out. The predictive power of their expression on patient prognosis were evaluated. Once confirmed their theranostic roles by integrated bioinformatics, we further conducted in vitro and in vivo validation. Results: We found that four genes (ADAM9, MTHFD2, RRM2, and SLC2A1) were associated with poor patient outcomes with an increased hazard ratio in LUAD. Knockdown of them, both separately and simultaneously, suppressed lung cancer cell proliferation and migration ability in vitro and prolonged survival time in metastatic tumor mouse models. Moreover, these four biomarkers were found to be overexpressed in tumor tissues from LUAD patients, and the total immunohistochemical staining scores correlated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: These results suggest that these four identified genes could be theranostic biomarkers for stratifying high-risk patients who develop relapse/metastasis in early-stage LUAD. Developing therapeutic approaches for the four biomarkers may benefit early-stage LUAD patients after surgery.
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La Monica S, Fumarola C, Cretella D, Bonelli M, Minari R, Cavazzoni A, Digiacomo G, Galetti M, Volta F, Mancini M, Petronini PG, Tiseo M, Alfieri R. Efficacy of the CDK4/6 Dual Inhibitor Abemaciclib in EGFR-Mutated NSCLC Cell Lines with Different Resistance Mechanisms to Osimertinib. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010006. [PMID: 33374971 PMCID: PMC7792603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osimertinib, a third-generation irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has shown marked clinical benefit for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR activating mutations. However, resistance to osimertinib inevitably develops and heterogeneous mechanisms of acquired resistance have been documented. Therefore, new strategies to bypass resistance are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the potential activity of abemaciclib as second-line therapeutic approach after osimertinib progression and the effect of combining abemaciclib with osimertinib on the appearance of resistance in osimertinib-sensitive models. Abstract Abemaciclib is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 that inhibits the transition from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle by blocking downstream CDK4/6-mediated phosphorylation of Rb. The effects of abemaciclib alone or combined with the third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib were examined in a panel of PC9 and HCC827 osimertinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines carrying EGFR-dependent or -independent mechanisms of intrinsic or acquired resistance. Differently from sensitive cells, all the resistant cell lines analyzed maintained p-Rb, which may be considered as a biomarker of osimertinib resistance and a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In these models, abemaciclib inhibited cell growth, spheroid formation, colony formation, and induced senescence, and its efficacy was not enhanced in the presence of osimertinib. Interestingly, in osimertinib sensitive PC9, PC9T790M, and H1975 cells the combination of abemaciclib with osimertinib significantly inhibited the onset of resistance in long-term experiments. Our findings provide a preclinical support for using abemaciclib to treat resistance in EGFR mutated NSCLC patients progressed to osimertinib either as single treatment or combined with osimertinib, and suggest the combination of osimertinib with abemaciclib as a potential approach to prevent or delay osimertinib resistance in first-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia La Monica
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Claudia Fumarola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Daniele Cretella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Mara Bonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Roberta Minari
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Graziana Digiacomo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL) Research Center, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Francesco Volta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Maicol Mancini
- Cancer Research Institute of Montpellier (IRCM), CEDEX 5, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Pier Giorgio Petronini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.A.); Tel.: +39-0521-033-768 (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.L.M.); (C.F.); (D.C.); (M.B.); (A.C.); (G.D.); (F.V.); (P.G.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (R.A.); Tel.: +39-0521-033-768 (R.A.)
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STAT3 and p53: Dual Target for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120637. [PMID: 33371351 PMCID: PMC7767392 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is considered the "guardian of the genome" that can protect cells against cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest followed by cell death. However, STAT3 is constitutively activated in several human cancers and plays crucial roles in promoting cancer cell proliferation and survival. Hence, STAT3 and p53 have opposing roles in cellular pathway regulation, as activation of STAT3 upregulates the survival pathway, whereas p53 triggers the apoptotic pathway. Constitutive activation of STAT3 and gain or loss of p53 function due to mutations are the most frequent events in numerous cancer types. Several studies have reported the association of STAT3 and/or p53 mutations with drug resistance in cancer treatment. This review discusses the relationship between STAT3 and p53 status in cancer, the molecular mechanism underlying the negative regulation of p53 by STAT3, and vice versa. Moreover, it underlines prospective therapies targeting both STAT3 and p53 to enhance chemotherapeutic outcomes.
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40
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Li M, Ha M, Li S. Screening and identification of biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23450. [PMID: 32672359 PMCID: PMC7595917 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to identify the pathogenesis and prognostic biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutant genes were screened. In addition, enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses of the SNP-mutated genes were performed. Thereafter, the correlation between gene mutation and expression was analyzed. Finally, the mutated genes associated with LUAD prognosis were validated on the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. RESULTS A total of 2502 DEmRNAs were initially screened in this study. We identified 756 SNP-mutated genes from more than 30 cases. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the mutated genes involved in LUAD were mainly associated with the ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and calcium signaling pathways. Tumor protein p53 (TP53) and neurexin 1 (NRXN1) with the higher degree were chosen as the hub genes in the PPI network. In addition, the correlation analysis revealed six genes, including assembly factor for spindle microtubules (ASPM), centromere protein F (CENPF), contactin 3 (CNTN3), catenin delta 2 (CTNND2), PKHD1 like 1 (PKHD1L1), and semaphorin 6D (SEMA6D), and three SNP mutations at ASPM rs368020495, CENPF rs762653487, and PKHD1L1 rs768349010 sites that were found to be associated with LUAD prognosis. Further validation showed that among the aforementioned six mutated genes, CENPF was upregulated and SEMA6D was downregulated. CONCLUSION CENPF, SEMA6D, TP53, and NRXN1 were found to be closely associated with the development of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Yitong Chen
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Man Li
- Department of Radiology and Medical ImagingThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Minwen Ha
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
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Barbalata CI, Tefas LR, Achim M, Tomuta I, Porfire AS. Statins in risk-reduction and treatment of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:573-588. [PMID: 32879845 PMCID: PMC7443827 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, reduce cholesterol blood levels and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and their related complications. In addition to this main activity, statins show pleiotropic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, with applications in many pathologies. Based on their antiproliferative properties, in vitro and in vivo studies have investigated their effects on various types of cancer (i.e., breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer) with different genetic and molecular characteristics. Many positive results were obtained, but they were highly dependent on the physiochemical properties of the statins, their dose and treatment period. Combined therapies of statins and cytotoxic drugs have also been tested, and synergistic or additive effects were observed. Moreover, observational studies performed on patients who used statins for different pathologies, revealed that statins reduced the risk of developing various cancers, and improved the outcomes for cancer patients. Currently, there are many ongoing clinical trials aimed at exploring the potential of statins to lower the mortality and the disease-recurrence risk. All these results are the foundation of new treatment directions in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina I Barbalata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Lucia R Tefas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Marcela Achim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Alina S Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
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Di Bello E, Zwergel C, Mai A, Valente S. The Innovative Potential of Statins in Cancer: New Targets for New Therapies. Front Chem 2020; 8:516. [PMID: 32626692 PMCID: PMC7312214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous and different types of cancers possess the dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway as a common feature. Statins, traditionally applied in cardiovascular diseases to reduce lipid levels, subsequently have been discovered to exhibit anti-cancer activities also. Indeed, statins influence proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer cells by regulating crucial signaling proteins, such as Rho, Ras, and Rac. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that simvastatin, fluvastatin, and lovastatin are implicated in different pathways that enhance the survival time of patients with cancer under treatment in combination with antineoplastic agents. In this minireview, we present an overview of the most important studies conducted regarding the use of statins in cancer therapy up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Bello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Statin as anti-cancer therapy in autochthonous T-lymphomas expressing stabilized gain-of-function mutant p53 proteins. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:274. [PMID: 32332697 PMCID: PMC7181693 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An important component of missense mutant p53 gain-of-function (mutp53 GOF) activities is the ability of stabilized mutp53 proteins to upregulate the mevalonate pathway, providing a rationale for exploring the statin family of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as anticancer agents in mutp53 tumors. In this small exploratory study we report on the effects of statin treatment in autochthonous mouse models of clinically advanced T-cell lymphoma expressing two different GOF mutp53 alleles. We find that Rosuvastatin monotherapy shows a modest, p53 allele-selective and transient anti-tumor effect in autochthonous T-lymphomas expressing the p53 R248Q DNA contact mutant, but not in tumors expressing the p53 R172H conformational mutant. p53 null mice also do not benefit. In vitro statin sensitivity is not a strong predictor for in vivo sensitivity, while subcutaneous allografts are. Future explorations of statins in combination therapies are justified to improve its anti-tumor effects and to better define the most statin-sensitive alleles and tumor types among mutp53-stabilized cancers.
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44
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Alvarado-Ortiz E, de la Cruz-López KG, Becerril-Rico J, Sarabia-Sánchez MA, Ortiz-Sánchez E, García-Carrancá A. Mutant p53 Gain-of-Function: Role in Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607670. [PMID: 33644030 PMCID: PMC7905058 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent p53 mutations (mutp53) not only abolish tumor suppressor capacities but confer various gain-of-function (GOF) activities that impacts molecules and pathways now regarded as central for tumor development and progression. Although the complete impact of GOF is still far from being fully understood, the effects on proliferation, migration, metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion, among others, certainly constitute major driving forces for human tumors harboring them. In this review we discuss major molecular mechanisms driven by mutp53 GOF. We present novel mechanistic insights on their effects over key functional molecules and processes involved in cancer. We analyze new mechanistic insights impacting processes such as immune system evasion, metabolic reprogramming, and stemness. In particular, the increased lipogenic activity through the mevalonate pathway (MVA) and the alteration of metabolic homeostasis due to interactions between mutp53 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) that impact anabolic pathways and favor metabolic reprograming. We address, in detail, the impact of mutp53 over metabolic reprogramming and the Warburg effect observed in cancer cells as a consequence, not only of loss-of-function of p53, but rather as an effect of GOF that is crucial for the imbalance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, transcriptional activation of new targets, resulting from interaction of mutp53 with NF-kB, HIF-1α, or SREBP1, are presented and discussed. Finally, we discuss perspectives for targeting molecules and pathways involved in chemo-resistance of tumor cells resulting from mutp53 GOF. We discuss and stress the fact that the status of p53 currently constitutes one of the most relevant criteria to understand the role of autophagy as a survival mechanism in cancer, and propose new therapeutic approaches that could promote the reduction of GOF effects exercised by mutp53 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alvarado-Ortiz
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Griselda de la Cruz-López
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jared Becerril-Rico
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Sarabia-Sánchez
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- Laboratorio de Virus and Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Alejandro García-Carrancá
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