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Lin YJ, Yao BT, Zhang Q, Feng YX, Xiang L. Biochemical insights into proline metabolism and its contribution to the endurant cell wall structure under metal stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 282:116725. [PMID: 39002377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall serves as the primary barrier against the entry of heavy metal ions into cells. However, excessive accumulation of heavy metals within plants can lead to alterations in the spatial structure and physical properties of the cell wall, thereby affecting the capacity of plants to capture heavy metals. Proline (Pro) is involved in the synthesis of the cell wall, modulating the stability and integrity of its structure. Extensins, core proteins that maintain the cell wall structure, are proline/hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that contain the characteristic sequence Ser-[Pro]3-5. They act as intermediates in the regulation of biological processes such as cell wall synthesis, assembly, and signal transduction, typically forming a network structure of cell wall proteins through cross-linking with pectin. This network is essential for the self-assembly expansion of the plant cell wall and plays an indispensable role in cell wall stress signal transduction through its interaction with intracellular signalling molecules. However, the mechanisms by which Pro affects the synthesis of cell wall structural proteins, cell wall assembly, and the sensing of cell wall stress under heavy metal stress remain unclear. This review, from the perspectives of biochemistry and molecular biology, comprehensively elaborates on the impact of Pro and Pro-rich proteins on the structure and function of the cell wall. These findings emphasize the mechanism by which Pro enhances the ability of the cell wall to capture heavy metals, providing new research ideas for the use of genetic engineering to manipulate cell wall synthesis and repair, thereby reducing the phytotoxicity of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Lin
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Ben-Tao Yao
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yu-Xi Feng
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Carbon Neutrality, Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province 529199, China.
| | - Lei Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou, Jinan University 510632, China
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Lastochkina OV, Garipova SR, Pusenkova LI, Garshina DY, Baymiev AK, Koryakov IS. Effect of Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis on Seedling Growth and Root Lignification of Pisum sativum L. under Normal and Sodium Chloride Salt Conditions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 70:97. [DOI: 10.1134/s102144372360085x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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Lastochkina O, Yakupova A, Avtushenko I, Lastochkin A, Yuldashev R. Effect of Seed Priming with Endophytic Bacillus subtilis on Some Physio-Biochemical Parameters of Two Wheat Varieties Exposed to Drought after Selective Herbicide Application. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1724. [PMID: 37111947 PMCID: PMC10144775 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wheat plants are frequently exposed to combined herbicide and drought stress (HDS) which induces complex responses negatively, affects productivity, and is becoming more exacerbated with current climate change. In this work, we studied the influence of seed priming with endophytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (strains 104 and 26D) on growth and tolerance of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (E70-drought tolerant; SY-drought susceptible) exposed to soil drought after application of selective herbicide Sekator® Turbo in pot experiments under controlled conditions; 17-day-old plants sprayed with herbicide and after 3 days were subjected to soil drought by stopping irrigating the plants for 7 days with subsequent resumption of normal irrigation (recovery). Additionally, the growth of tested strains (104, 26D) in the presence of different concentrations of herbicide Sekator® Turbo and drought (PEG-6000) were evaluated. It was established that both strains are herbicide and drought tolerant and capable to improve seed germination and early seedlings' growth under different herbicide and drought stress degrees. The results of pot experiments showed that HDS exposure declined growth (plant length, biomass), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), leaf area, and increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and proline accumulation in plants, demonstrating higher damaging effects for SY variety. Strains 104 and 26D mitigated (in different levels) such negative impacts of HDS on growth of both varieties by increasing length of roots and shoots, biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), and leaf area, reducing stress-caused LPO (i.e., malondialdehyde), and regulating proline biosynthesis, as well as contributing to a faster recovery of growth, photosynthetic pigments, and redox-status of plants in post-stress period in comparison with non-primed plants. These ultimately manifested in forming a better grain yield of both varieties primed with 104, 26D, and exposed to HDS. Thus, both strains 104 and 26D (which are herbicide and drought tolerant) may be used as seed priming agents to improve wheat HDS tolerance and grain yield; however, strain 104 more effectively protected plants of E70, while strain 26D-plants of SY. Further research should be focused on understanding the mechanisms that determine the strain and variety-specificity of endophytic symbiosis and the role of bacteria in the modulation of physiological states of primed plants under stress conditions, including HDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Lastochkina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Albina Yakupova
- Department of Biology, Ufa University of Sciences and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi, 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Irina Avtushenko
- Department of Biology, Ufa University of Sciences and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi, 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Artem Lastochkin
- Department of Biology, Ufa University of Sciences and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi, 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ruslan Yuldashev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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Comparative Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Lignin Accumulation Affects Peanut Pod Size. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113533. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pod size is one of the important factors affecting peanut yield. However, the metabolites relating to pod size and their biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, two peanut varieties (Tif and Lps) with contrasting pod sizes were used for a comparative metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Developing peanut pods were sampled at 10, 20 and 30 days after pegging (DAP). A total of 720 metabolites were detected, most of which were lipids (20.3%), followed by phenolic acids (17.8%). There were 43, 64 and 99 metabolites identified as differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at 10, 20 and 30 DAP, respectively, and flavonoids were the major DAMs between Tif and Lps at all three growth stages. Multi-omics analysis revealed that DAMs and DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (ko00940) pathway, the main pathway of lignin biosynthesis, in each comparison group. The comparisons of the metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway accumulating in Tif and Lps at different growth stages revealed that the accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol (H-monolignol) in Tif was significantly greater than that in Lps at 30 DAP. The differential expression of gene-LOC112771695, which is highly correlated with p-coumaryl alcohol and involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols, between Tif and Lps might explain the differential accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol. The content of H-lignin in genetically diverse peanut varieties demonstrated that H-lignin content affected peanut pod size. Our findings would provide insights into the metabolic factors influencing peanut pod size and guidance for the genetic improvement of the peanut.
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Chen Z, Peng Z, Liu S, Leng H, Luo J, Wang F, Yi Y, Resco de Dios V, Lucas GR, Yao Y, Gao Y. Overexpression of PeNAC122 gene promotes wood formation and tolerance to osmotic stress in poplars. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13751. [PMID: 36004736 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Finding the adequate balance between wood formation and abiotic stress resistance is still an important challenge for industrial woody crops. In this study, PeNAC122, a member of the NAC transcription factor (TF) family highly expressed in xylem, was cloned from Populus euphratica. Tissue expression and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that PeNAC122 was exclusively expressed in phloem fiber and secondary xylem of stems. Subcellular and yeast transactivation assays confirmed that PeNAC122 protein existed in the nucleus and did not have transcriptional activation and inhibitory activity. Overexpression of PeNAC122 poplar lines exhibited reduced plant height, thickened xylem, and accumulated lignin content in stems, and also upregulates the expression of secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes. Moreover, overexpression of PeNAC122 lines displayed more tolerance to PEG6000-induced osmotic stress, with stronger photosynthetic performance, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and less accumulation of reactive oxygen species in leaves, and higher expression levels of stress response genes DREB2A, RD29, and NCED3. These results indicate that PeNAC122 plays a crucial role in wood formation and abiotic stress tolerance, which, in addition to potential use in improving wood quality, provides further insight into the role of NAC family TFs in balancing wood development and abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoxi Peng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqin Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Leng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- Institute of Forestry, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gutiérrez Rodríguez Lucas
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, People's Republic of China
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Rajakani R, Sellamuthu G, Ishikawa T, Ahmed HAI, Bharathan S, Kumari K, Shabala L, Zhou M, Chen ZH, Shabala S, Venkataraman G. Reduced apoplastic barriers in tissues of shoot-proximal rhizomes of Oryza coarctata are associated with Na+ sequestration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:998-1015. [PMID: 34606587 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oryza coarctata is the only wild rice species with significant salinity tolerance. The present work examines the role of the substantial rhizomatous tissues of O. coarctata in conferring salinity tolerance. Transition to an erect phenotype (shoot emergence) from prostrate growth of rhizome tissues is characterized by marked lignification and suberization of supporting sclerenchymatous tissue, epidermis, and bundle sheath cells in aerial shoot-proximal nodes and internodes in O. coarctata. With salinity, however, aerial shoot-proximal internodal tissues show reductions in lignification and suberization, most probably related to re-direction of carbon flux towards synthesis of the osmporotectant proline. Concurrent with hypolignification and reduced suberization, the aerial rhizomatous biomass of O. coarctata appears to have evolved mechanisms to store Na+ in these specific tissues under salinity. This was confirmed by histochemical staining, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR expression patterns of genes involved in lignification/suberization, Na+ and K+ contents of internodal tissues, as well as non-invasive microelectrode ion flux measurements of NaCl-induced net Na+, K+, and H+ flux profiles of aerial nodes were determined. In O. coarctata, aerial proximal internodes appear to act as 'traffic controllers', sending required amounts of Na+ and K+ into developing leaves for osmotic adjustment and turgor-driven growth, while more deeply positioned internodes assume a Na+ buffering/storage role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajakani
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600 113, India
- Forest Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague-16500, Czech Republic
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
| | - Hassan Ahmed Ibraheem Ahmed
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42522, Egypt
| | - Subhashree Bharathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumkum Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Gayatri Venkataraman
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600 113, India
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D’Apice G, Moschin S, Araniti F, Nigris S, Di Marzo M, Muto A, Banfi C, Bruno L, Colombo L, Baldan B. The role of pollination in controlling Ginkgo biloba ovule development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2353-2368. [PMID: 34558676 PMCID: PMC9292720 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generally, in gymnosperms, pollination and fertilization events are temporally separated and the developmental processes leading the switch from ovule integument into seed coat are still unknown. The single ovule integument of Ginkgo biloba acquires the typical characteristics of the seed coat long before the fertilization event. In this study, we investigated whether pollination triggers the transformation of the ovule integument into the seed coat. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses performed on ovules just prior and after pollination lead to the identification of changes occurring in Ginkgo ovules during this specific time. A morphological atlas describing the developmental stages of ovule development is presented. The metabolic pathways involved in the lignin biosynthesis and in the production of fatty acids are activated upon pollination, suggesting that the ovule integument starts its differentiation into a seed coat before the fertilization. Omics analyses allowed an accurate description of the main changes that occur in Ginkgo ovules during the pollination time frame, suggesting the crucial role of the pollen arrival on the progression of ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta D’Apice
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | - Silvia Moschin
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Sebastiano Nigris
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | | | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST)University of CalabriaArcavacata of RendeCS87036Italy
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST)University of CalabriaArcavacata of RendeCS87036Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
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Ha CM, Rao X, Saxena G, Dixon RA. Growth-defense trade-offs and yield loss in plants with engineered cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:60-74. [PMID: 33811329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of plant secondary cell walls, lignin provides structural integrity and rigidity, and contributes to primary defense by providing a physical barrier to pathogen ingress. Genetic modification of lignin biosynthesis has been adopted to reduce the recalcitrance of lignified cell walls to improve biofuel production, tree pulping properties and forage digestibility. However, lignin-modification is often, but unpredictably, associated with dwarf phenotypes. Hypotheses suggested to explain this include: collapsed vessels leading to defects in water and solute transport; accumulation of molecule(s) that are inhibitory to plant growth or deficiency of metabolites that are critical for plant growth; activation of defense pathways linked to cell wall integrity sensing. However, there is still no commonly accepted underlying mechanism for the growth defects. Here, we discuss recent data on transcriptional reprogramming in plants with modified lignin content and their corresponding suppressor mutants, and evaluate growth-defense trade-offs as a factor underlying the growth phenotypes. New approaches will be necessary to estimate how gross changes in transcriptional reprogramming may quantitatively affect growth. Better understanding of the basis for yield drag following cell wall engineering is important for the biotechnological exploitation of plants as factories for fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Man Ha
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 28 Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430068, China
| | - Garima Saxena
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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9
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Sabbioni G, Funck D, Forlani G. Enzymology and Regulation of δ 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase 2 From Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672702. [PMID: 34603346 PMCID: PMC8480329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under several stress conditions, such as excess salt and drought, many plants accumulate proline inside the cell, which is believed to help counteracting the adverse effects of low water potential. This increase mainly relies upon transcriptional induction of δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), the enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis from glutamate. P5CS mediates both the phosphorylation of glutamate and the reduction of γ-glutamylphosphate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In most higher plants, two isoforms of P5CS have been found, one constitutively expressed to satisfy proline demand for protein synthesis, the other stress-induced. Despite the number of papers to investigate the regulation of P5CS at the transcriptional level, to date, the properties of the enzyme have been only poorly studied. As a consequence, the descriptions of post-translational regulatory mechanisms have largely been limited to feedback-inhibition by proline. Here, we report cloning and heterologous expression of P5CS2 from Oryza sativa. The protein has been fully characterized from a functional point of view, using an assay method that allows following the physiological reaction of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses show that the activity is subjected to a wide array of regulatory mechanisms, ranging from product inhibition to feedback inhibition by proline and other amino acids. These findings confirm long-hypothesized influences of both, the redox status of the cell and nitrogen availability, on proline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sabbioni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Forlani,
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10
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Han HL, Liu J, Feng XJ, Zhang M, Lin QF, Wang T, Qi SL, Xu T, Hua XJ. SSR1 is involved in maintaining the function of mitochondria electron transport chain and iron homeostasis upon proline treatment in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153325. [PMID: 33271443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing intracellular proline under stressed condition could help the plants survive, treating plant with high level of proline under normal condition could be inhibitory to plant growth. Among other possible mechanisms, proline-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to electron overflow in mitochondria electron transport chain (mETC) caused by elevated proline degradation may contribute to the proline toxicity. However, direct evidences are still elusive. Here, we reported a functional characterization of SSR1, encoding a protein localized in mitochondria matrix, in maintaining the function of mETC through analyzing the proline hypersensitive phenotype of an Arabidopsis mutant ssr1-1 with a truncated SSR1 protein. Our analysis demonstrated that upon proline treatment, there were higher mitochondrial ROS, lower ATP content, reduced activity of mETC complex I and II, and reduced iron content in ssr1-1, in comparison to the wild type. Therefore, SSR1 is involved in maintaining normal capacity of mETC in transporting electrons in a way that related to iron homeostasis. Our results also supported that normal mETC activity is required for alleviating the proline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuan Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Qing Fang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334001, China.
| | - Shi Lian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Xue Jun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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11
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Song L, Pan Y, Gong J, Li X, Liu M, Yang B, Zhang Z, Baoyin T. Physiology of Leymus chinensis under seasonal grazing: Implications for the development of sustainable grazing in a temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:110984. [PMID: 32579531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have different physiological characteristics as the season changes, grazing management in compliance with plant growth and development characteristics may provide new ideas for sustainable livestock development. However, there has been little research on seasonal grazing and plants physiological responses under it. Here, we studied a typical steppe ecosystem of Inner Mongolia, with Leymus chinensis as the dominant species, in five grazing treatments: continuous grazing, seasonal grazing (which started in spring or in early and late summer), and no grazing (the control). We analyzed growth and resistance of L. chinensis in the five treatments by measuring annual primary productivity, morphological traits and various physiological processes. Compared with continuous grazing, seasonal grazing significantly alleviated grassland degradation. The plants were less affected by stress under spring grazing, with net photosynthesis and non-photochemical quenching closer to the control values and with a lower malondialdehyde content. The annual primary production of plants under grazing started in the early and late summer were 3-4 times the value under continuous grazing. Regrowth under early-summer grazing was greatly improved, and stress resistance was stronger with a higher proline content and high antioxidant enzyme activity. And nutrient accumulation at the end of the growing season such as abundant soluble sugars were transferred from aboveground tissue to the roots in September under late-summer grazing, which benefited regrowth the next year. All these physiological processes were regulated by hormonal changes. Our results highlight how plants response grazing stress in different growing seasons and suggest that seasonal grazing can improve the stress resistance and regrowth capacity of forage vegetation, and applying this knowledge can promote more sustainable grazing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; The High School Affiliated to University of Science & Technology Beijing, PR China
| | - Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaobing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Tourism and Resources Environment in Taishan University, Taian, 271021, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Taogetao Baoyin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, PR China.
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