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Jash A, Pridmore T, Collins JB, Hay AM, Hudson KE, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC. Complement C3 and marginal zone B cells promote IgG-mediated enhancement of RBC alloimmunization in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e167665. [PMID: 38618959 PMCID: PMC11014669 DOI: 10.1172/jci167665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Administration of anti-RhD immunoglobulin (Ig) to decrease maternal alloimmunization (antibody-mediated immune suppression [AMIS]) was a landmark clinical development. However, IgG has potent immune-stimulatory effects in other settings (antibody-mediated immune enhancement [AMIE]). The dominant thinking has been that IgG causes AMIS for antigens on RBCs but AMIE for soluble antigens. However, we have recently reported that IgG against RBC antigens can cause either AMIS or AMIE as a function of an IgG subclass. Recent advances in mechanistic understanding have demonstrated that RBC alloimmunization requires the IFN-α/-β receptor (IFNAR) and is inhibited by the complement C3 protein. Here, we demonstrate the opposite for AMIE of an RBC alloantigen (IFNAR is not required and C3 enhances). RBC clearance, C3 deposition, and antigen modulation all preceded AMIE, and both CD4+ T cells and marginal zone B cells were required. We detected no significant increase in antigen-specific germinal center B cells, consistent with other studies of RBC alloimmunization that show extrafollicular-like responses. To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first evidence of an RBC alloimmunization pathway which is IFNAR independent and C3 dependent, thus further advancing our understanding of RBCs as an immunogen and AMIE as a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Pridmore
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
| | - James B. Collins
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ariel M. Hay
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chance John Luckey
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
| | - James C. Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Virginia, USA
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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2
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Carpenter MC, Souter SC, Zipkin RJ, Ackerman ME. Current Insights Into K-associated Fetal Anemia and Potential Treatment Strategies for Sensitized Pregnancies. Transfus Med Rev 2024; 38:150779. [PMID: 37926651 PMCID: PMC10856777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
K-associated anemic disease of the fetus and newborn (K-ADFN) is a rare but life-threatening disease in which maternal alloantibodies cross the placenta and can mediate an immune attack on fetal red blood cells expressing the K antigen. A considerably more common disease, D-associated hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (D-HDFN), can be prophylactically treated using polyclonal α-D antibody preparations. Currently, no such prophylactic treatment exists for K-associated fetal anemia, and disease is usually treated with intrauterine blood transfusions. Here we review current understanding of the biology of K-associated fetal anemia, how the maternal immune system is sensitized to fetal red blood cells, and what is understood about potential mechanisms of prophylactic HDFN interventions. Given the apparent challenges associated with preventing alloimmunization, we highlight novel strategies for treating sensitized mothers to prevent fetal anemia that may hold promise not only for K-mediated disease, but also for other pathogenic alloantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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3
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Jajosky RP, Patel KR, Allen JWL, Zerra PE, Chonat S, Ayona D, Maier CL, Morais D, Wu SC, Luckey CJ, Eisenbarth SC, Roback JD, Fasano RM, Josephson CD, Manis JP, Chai L, Hendrickson JE, Hudson KE, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. Antibody-mediated antigen loss switches augmented immunity to antibody-mediated immunosuppression. Blood 2023; 142:1082-1098. [PMID: 37363865 PMCID: PMC10541552 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against fetal red blood cell (RBC) antigens can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Reductions in HDFN due to anti-RhD antibodies have been achieved through use of Rh immune globulin (RhIg), a polyclonal antibody preparation that causes antibody-mediated immunosuppression (AMIS), thereby preventing maternal immune responses against fetal RBCs. Despite the success of RhIg, it is only effective against 1 alloantigen. The lack of similar interventions that mitigate immune responses toward other RBC alloantigens reflects an incomplete understanding of AMIS mechanisms. AMIS has been previously attributed to rapid antibody-mediated RBC removal, resulting in B-cell ignorance of the RBC alloantigen. However, our data demonstrate that antibody-mediated RBC removal can enhance de novo alloimmunization. In contrast, inclusion of antibodies that possess the ability to rapidly remove the target antigen in the absence of detectable RBC clearance can convert an augmented antibody response to AMIS. These results suggest that the ability of antibodies to remove target antigens from the RBC surface can trigger AMIS in situations in which enhanced immunity may otherwise occur. In doing so, these results hold promise in identifying key antibody characteristics that can drive AMIS, thereby facilitating the design of AMIS approaches toward other RBC antigens to eliminate all forms of HDFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kashyap R. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jerry William L. Allen
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia E. Zerra
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Satheesh Chonat
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Diyoly Ayona
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cheryl L. Maier
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dominique Morais
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - C. John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John D. Roback
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ross M. Fasano
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John P. Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Center for Transfusion and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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4
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Wabnitz H, Cruz-Leal Y, Lazarus AH. Antigen copy number and antibody dose can determine the outcome of erythrocyte alloimmunization inducing either antibody-mediated immune suppression or enhancement in a murine model. Transfusion 2023; 63:696-702. [PMID: 36802050 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of anti-D for the prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is one of the most successful clinical uses of the phenomenon of antibody-mediated immune suppression (AMIS). However, despite adequate prophylaxis, failures can still occur in the clinic and are poorly understood. Recently, the copy number of red blood cell (RBC) antigens has been shown to influence immunogenicity in the context of RBC alloimmunization; however, its influence on AMIS remains unexplored. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBCs expressing approximately 3,600 and approximately 12,400 copy numbers of surface-bound hen egg lysozyme (HEL), named respectively HELmed -RBCs and HELhi -RBCs, and selected doses of a polyclonal HEL-specific IgG were transfused into mice. Recipient HEL-specific IgM, IgG, and IgG subclass responses were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Antigen copy number affected the antibody dose required for AMIS induction with higher antigen copy numbers requiring larger doses of antibody. For instance, 5 μg of antibody caused AMIS for HELmed -RBCs but not HELhi -RBCs, while 20 μg induced significant suppression for both HEL-RBCs. Overall, increasing amounts of the AMIS-inducing antibody were associated with a more complete AMIS effect. In contrast, the lowest tested doses of the AMIS-inducing IgG led to evidence of enhancement at the IgM and IgG levels. DISCUSSION The results demonstrate that the relationship between antigen copy number and antibody dose can influence the outcome of AMIS. Further, this work suggests that the same antibody preparation can induce both AMIS and enhancement but that the outcome may depend on the quantitative interrelationship of antigen-antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Wabnitz
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan H Lazarus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Innovation and Portfolio Management, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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6
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Zhi H, Sheridan D, Newman DK, Newman PJ. Prophylactic administration of HPA-1a-specific antibodies prevents fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in mice. Blood 2022; 140:2146-2153. [PMID: 35881848 PMCID: PMC9837438 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a life-threatening bleeding disorder caused by maternal alloantibodies directed against paternally inherited human platelet alloantigens (HPAs) present on the surface of fetal and neonatal platelets. There are currently no approved therapies for the prevention of FNAIT. We report herein the ability of 2 human HPA-1a-specific therapeutic candidates, one a polyclonal, and the other a monoclonal antibody, to prevent alloimmunization in a novel preclinical mouse model of FNAIT. Both antibody preparations effected the rapid and complete elimination of HPA-1a+ platelets from circulation and prevented the development of HPA-1a alloantibodies. HPA-1a- female mice treated prophylactically with anti-HPA-1a antibody prior to exposure to HPA-1a+ platelets gave birth to HPA-1a+/- pups with significantly improved platelet counts and no bleeding symptoms. These preclinical data establish both the potential and threshold exposure targets for prophylactic treatment with HPA-1a-specific antibodies for the prevention of FNAIT in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhi
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Debra K. Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Peter J. Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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7
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Qiu A, Miller A, Zotti FD, Santhanakrishnan M, Hendrickson JE, Tredicine M, Stowell SR, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE. FcγRIV is required for IgG2c mediated enhancement of RBC alloimmunization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972723. [PMID: 36189253 PMCID: PMC9519184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with anti-D can prevent maternal alloimmunization to RhD thereby preventing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Unexpectedly, anti-D fails in some cases and some monoclonal anti-D preparations paradoxically enhances alloimmunization. The underlying mechanisms modulating humoral alloimmunization by anti-D are unknown. We previously reported that IgG antibody subclasses differentially regulate alloimmunity in response to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in a mouse model; in particular, IgG2c significantly enhanced RBC alloantibody responses. Initial mechanistic studies revealed that IgG2c:RBC immune complexes were preferentially consumed by the splenic dendritic cell (DC) subsets that play a role in RBC alloimmunization. The deletion of activating Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) (i.e., FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV) on DCs abrogated IgG2c-mediated enhanced alloimmunization. Because DCs express high levels of FcγRIV, which has high affinity for the IgG2c subclass, we hypothesized that FcγRIV was required for enhanced alloimmunization. To test this hypothesis, knockout mice and blocking antibodies were used to manipulate FcγR expression. The data presented herein demonstrate that FcγRIV, but not FcγRI or FcγRIII, is required for IgG2c-mediated enhancement of RBC alloantibody production. Additionally, FcγRI is alone sufficient for IgG2c-mediated RBC clearance but not for increased alloimmunization, demonstrating that RBC clearance can occur without inducing alloimmunization. Together, these data, combined with prior observations, support the hypothesis that passive immunization with an RBC-specific IgG2c antibody increases RBC alloantibody production through FcγRIV ligation on splenic conventional DCs (cDCs). This raises the question of whether standardizing antibody subclasses in immunoprophylaxis preparations is desirable and suggests which subclasses may be optimal for generating monoclonal anti-D therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anabel Miller
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Flavia Dei Zotti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manjula Santhanakrishnan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James C. Zimring
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Krystalyn E. Hudson,
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8
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Mori F, Salvatore A, Ascione E, Di Marzo R, Fox B. Evaluation of prophylactic polyclonal anti-D antibodies: Differences in Fc-glycosylation in commercial products. Vox Sang 2021; 117:624-625. [PMID: 34699082 PMCID: PMC9298374 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mori
- Department of Research and Innovation, Kedrion S.p.A., Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Ester Ascione
- Department of Industrial Development, Kedrion S.p.A., Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Marzo
- Therapeutic Area Lead, Global Medical Affairs Department, Kedrion S.p.A., Lucca, Italy
| | - Bernard Fox
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Herts, UK
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9
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Hendel JL, Gardner RA, Spencer DIR. Automation of Immunoglobulin Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:173-204. [PMID: 34687010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of reliable, affordable, high-resolution glycomics technologies that can be used for many samples in a high-throughput manner are essential for both the optimization of glycosylation in the biopharmaceutical industry as well as for the advancement of clinical diagnostics based on glycosylation biomarkers. We will use this chapter to review the sample preparation processes that have been used on liquid-handling robots to obtain high-quality glycomics data for both biopharmaceutical and clinical antibody samples. This will focus on glycoprotein purification, followed by glycan or glycopeptide generation, derivatization and enrichment. The use of liquid-handling robots for glycomics studies on other sample types beyond antibodies will not be discussed here. We will summarize our thoughts on the current status of the field and explore the benefits and challenges associated with developing and using automated platforms for sample preparation. Finally, the future outlook for the automation of glycomics will be discussed along with a projected impact on the field in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L Hendel
- Ludger Limited, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
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10
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Jackson ME, Baker JM. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn: Historical and Current State. Clin Lab Med 2020; 41:133-151. [PMID: 33494881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is an immune-mediated disorder affecting neonates globally, with a range of clinical presentations from severe and life threatening to mild or even asymptomatic. Historically, HDFN has been responsible for a large proportion of perinatal mortality, and, despite advances in diagnosis and management, this morbidity and mortality has not been eradicated. Blood banking techniques and blood transfusion have contributed to improved prophylaxis and management, drastically improving the outcome of newborns with HDFN over the last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E Jackson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Jillian M Baker
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada; Unity Health Toronto (St. Michael's Hospital), 61 Queen Street East, 2nd, Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5C2T2, Canada; University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada.
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11
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Protein Glycosylation Investigated by Mass Spectrometry: An Overview. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091986. [PMID: 32872358 PMCID: PMC7564411 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein glycosylation is a post-translational modification of crucial importance for its involvement in molecular recognition, protein trafficking, regulation, and inflammation. Indeed, abnormalities in protein glycosylation are correlated with several disease states such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and congenial disorders. The understanding of cellular mechanisms through the elucidation of glycan composition encourages researchers to find analytical solutions for their detection. Actually, the multiplicity and diversity of glycan structures bond to the proteins, the variations in polarity of the individual saccharide residues, and the poor ionization efficiencies make their detection much trickier than other kinds of biopolymers. An overview of the most prominent techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) for protein glycosylation (glycoproteomics) studies is here presented. The tricks and pre-treatments of samples are discussed as a crucial step prodromal to the MS analysis to improve the glycan ionization efficiency. Therefore, the different instrumental MS mode is also explored for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycopeptides and the glycans structural composition, thus contributing to the elucidation of biological mechanisms.
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