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Wu C, Xia L, Feng W, Chen Y. MXene-Mediated Catalytic Redox Reactions for Biomedical Applications. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300777. [PMID: 38358020 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in orchestrating a myriad of physiological processes within living systems. With the advent of materdicine, an array of nanomaterials has been intricately engineered to influence the redox equilibrium in biological milieus, thereby pioneering a distinctive therapeutic paradigm predicated on ROS-centric biochemistry. Among these, two-dimensional carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, collectively known as MXenes, stand out due to their multi-valent and multi-elemental compositions, large surface area, high conductivity, and pronounced local surface plasmon resonance effects, positioning them as prominent contributors in ROS modulation. This review aims to provide an overview of the advancements in harnessing MXenes for catalytic redox reactions in various biological applications, including tumor, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory therapies. The emphasis lies on elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of MXenes, involving both pro-oxidation and anti-oxidation processes, underscoring the redox-related therapeutic applications facilitated by self-catalysis, photo-excitation, and sono-excitation properties of MXenes. Furthermore, this review highlights the existing challenges and outlines future development trends in leveraging MXenes for ROS-involving disease treatments, marking a significant step towards the integration of these nanomaterials into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Wu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lili Xia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Zhejiang, 325088, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Zhejiang, 325088, China
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2
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Ibrahim D, El-sayed HI, Mahmoud ER, El-Rahman GIA, Bazeed SM, Abdelwarith AA, Elgamal A, Khalil SS, Younis EM, Kishawy ATY, Davies SJ, Metwally AE. Impacts of Solid-State Fermented Barley with Fibrolytic Exogenous Enzymes on Feed Utilization, and Antioxidant Status of Broiler Chickens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:594. [PMID: 37888546 PMCID: PMC10611247 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present and future high demand of common cereals as corn and wheat encourage the development of feed processing technology that allows for the dietary inclusion of other cereals of low nutritional value in poultry feeding. Barley grains contain anti-nutritional factors that limit their dietary inclusion in the poultry industry. The treatment of barley with solid-state fermentation and exogenous enzymes (FBEs) provides a good alternative to common cereals. In this study, barley grains were subjected to solid-state microbial fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. This study aimed to assess the impact of FBEs on growth, feed utilization efficiency, immune modulation, antioxidant status and the expression of intestinal barrier and nutrient transporter-related genes. One-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308, n = 400) comprised four representative groups with ten replicates (10 chicks/replicate) and were fed corn-soybean meal basal diets with inclusions of FBEs at 0, 5, 10 and 15% for 38 days. Solid-state fermentation of barley grains with fibrolytic enzymes increased protein content, lowered crude fiber and reduced sugars compared to non-fermented barley gains. In consequence, the group fed FBEs10% had the superior feed utilization efficiency and body weight gain (increased by 4.7%) with higher levels of nutrient metabolizability, pancreatic digestive enzyme activities and low digesta viscosity. Notably, the group fed FBEs10% showed an increased villi height and a decreased crypt depth with a remarkable hyperactivity of duodenal glands. In addition, higher inclusion levels of FBEs boosted serum immune-related parameters and intestinal and breast muscle antioxidants status. Intestinal nutrient transporters encoding genes (GLUT-1, CAAT-1, LAT1 and PepT-1) and intestinal barriers encoding genes (MUC-2, JAM-2, occludin, claudins-1 and β-defensin 1) were upregulated with higher dietary FBEs levels. In conclusion, feeding on FBEs10% positively enhanced broiler chickens' performance, feed efficiency and antioxidant status, and boosted intestinal barrier nutrient transporters encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hassainen I. El-sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Elsabbagh R. Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ghada I. Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Shefaa M. Bazeed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo P.O. Box 4942301, Egypt;
| | - Abdelwahab A. Abdelwarith
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (E.M.Y.)
| | - Aya Elgamal
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo P.O. Box 4942301, Egypt;
| | - Samah S. Khalil
- Department of biochemistry, drug information center, Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, Egypt;
| | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (E.M.Y.)
| | - Asmaa T. Y. Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 V8Y1 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Abdallah E. Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Fernández-Puente E, Martín-Prieto E, Márquez CM, Palomero J. Effect of RONS-Induced Intracellular Redox Homeostasis in 6-NBDG/Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes and Single Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098082. [PMID: 37175789 PMCID: PMC10179233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is essential to produce energy through ATP, which is needed by this organ to maintain vital functions. The impairment of glucose uptake compromises the metabolism and function of skeletal muscle and other organs and is a feature of diabetes, obesity, and ageing. There is a need for research to uncover the mechanisms involved in the impairment of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In this study, we adapted, developed, optimised, and validated a methodology based on the fluorescence glucose analogue 6-NBDG, combined with a quantitative fluorescence microscopy image analysis, to determine the glucose uptake in two models of skeletal muscle cells: C2C12 myotubes and single fibres isolated from muscle. It was proposed that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and redox homeostasis play an important role in the modulation of intracellular redox signalling pathways associated with glucose uptake. In this study, we prove that the prooxidative intracellular redox environment under oxidative eustress produced by RONS such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. However, when oxidation is excessive, oxidative distress occurs, and cellular viability is compromised, although there might be an increase in the glucose uptake. Based on the results of this study, the determination of 6-NBDG/glucose uptake in myotubes and skeletal muscle cells is feasible, validated, and will contribute to improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlata Fernández-Puente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Martín-Prieto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Manuel Márquez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Velayuthan LP, Moretto L, Tågerud S, Ušaj M, Månsson A. Virus-free transfection, transient expression, and purification of human cardiac myosin in mammalian muscle cells for biochemical and biophysical assays. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4101. [PMID: 36907906 PMCID: PMC10008826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin expression and purification is important for mechanistic insights into normal function and mutation induced changes. The latter is particularly important for striated muscle myosin II where mutations cause several debilitating diseases. However, the heavy chain of this myosin is challenging to express and the standard protocol, using C2C12 cells, relies on viral infection. This is time and work intensive and associated with infrastructural demands and biological hazards, limiting widespread use and hampering fast generation of a wide range of mutations. We here develop a virus-free method to overcome these challenges. We use this system to transfect C2C12 cells with the motor domain of the human cardiac myosin heavy chain. After optimizing cell transfection, cultivation and harvesting conditions, we functionally characterized the expressed protein, co-purified with murine essential and regulatory light chains. The gliding velocity (1.5-1.7 µm/s; 25 °C) in the in vitro motility assay as well as maximum actin activated catalytic activity (kcat; 8-9 s-1) and actin concentration for half maximal activity (KATPase; 70-80 µM) were similar to those found previously using virus based infection. The results should allow new types of studies, e.g., screening of a wide range of mutations to be selected for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Priya Velayuthan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Luisa Moretto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Sven Tågerud
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Marko Ušaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Månsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden.
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5
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Llanos P, Palomero J. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS) and Cytokines-Myokines Involved in Glucose Uptake and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244008. [PMID: 36552772 PMCID: PMC9776436 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance onset in skeletal muscle is characterized by the impairment of insulin signaling, which reduces the internalization of glucose, known as glucose uptake, into the cell. Therefore, there is a deficit of intracellular glucose, which is the main source for energy production in the cell. This may compromise cellular viability and functions, leading to pathological dysfunction. Skeletal muscle fibers continuously generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). An excess of RONS produces oxidative distress, which may evoke cellular damage and dysfunction. However, a moderate level of RONS, which is called oxidative eustress, is critical to maintain, modulate and regulate cellular functions through reversible interactions between RONS and the components of cellular signaling pathways that control those functions, such as the facilitation of glucose uptake. The skeletal muscle releases peptides called myokines that may have endocrine and paracrine effects. Some myokines bind to specific receptors in skeletal muscle fibers and might interact with cellular signaling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK, and facilitate glucose uptake. In addition, there are cytokines, which are peptides produced by non-skeletal muscle cells, that bind to receptors at the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells and interact with the cellular signaling pathways, facilitating glucose uptake. RONS, myokines and cytokines might be acting on the same signaling pathways that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the experimental studies are limited and scarce. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding the role of RONS, myokines and cytokines as potential signals that facilitate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In addition, we encourage researchers in the field to lead and undertake investigations to uncover the fundamentals of glucose uptake evoked by RONS, myokines, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Llanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jesus Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Alfonso X El Sabio, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-666-589-153
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Heng H, Song G, Cai X, Sun J, Du K, Zhang X, Wang X, Feng F, Wang S. Intrinsic Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activate the In Situ Synthesis of Trimethine Cyanines in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203444. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Heng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Gang Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Cai
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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7
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Matsia S, Tsave O, Hatzidimitriou A, Salifoglou A. Chromium Flavonoid Complexation in an Antioxidant Capacity Role. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137171. [PMID: 35806176 PMCID: PMC9266733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The plethora of flavonoid antioxidants in plant organisms, widespread in nature, and the appropriate metal ions known for their influence on biological processes constitute the crux of investigations toward the development of preventive metallodrugs and therapeutics in several human pathophysiologies. To that end, driven by the need to enhance the structural and (bio)chemical attributes of the flavonoid chrysin, as a metal ion complexation agent, thereby rendering it bioavailable toward oxidative stress, synthetic efforts in our lab targeted ternary Cr(III)-chrysin species in the presence of auxiliary aromatic N,N′-chelators. The crystalline metal-organic Cr(III)-chrysin-L (L = bipyridine (1) and phenanthroline (2)) compounds that arose were physicochemically characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible, ESI-MS, luminescence, and X-ray crystallography. The properties of these compounds in a solid state and in solution formulate a well-defined profile for the two species, thereby justifying their further use in biological experiments, intimately related to cellular processes on oxidative stress. Experiments in C2C12 myoblasts at the cellular level (a) focus on the antioxidant capacity of the Cr(III)-complexed flavonoids, emphasizing their distinct antiradical activity under oxidative stress conditions, and (b) exemplify the importance of structural speciation in Cr(III)-flavonoid interactions, thereby formulating correlations with the antioxidant activity of a bioavailable flavonoid toward cellular pathophysiologies, collectively supporting flavonoid introduction in new metallo-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti Matsia
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.M.); (O.T.)
| | - Olga Tsave
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.M.); (O.T.)
| | - Antonios Hatzidimitriou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Salifoglou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.M.); (O.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-996-179
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8
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Heng H, Song G, Cai X, Sun J, Du K, Zhang X, Wang X, Feng F, Wang S. Intrinsic‐Mitochondrial‐ROS‐Activated In Situ Synthesis of Trimethine Cyanines in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Heng
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Gang Song
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Xuetong Cai
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Ke Du
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Xia Wang
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 163 Xianlin Avenue 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Fude Feng
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District 210023 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Zhongguancun North First Street 100190 Beijing CHINA
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Genetically Encoded Biosensors to Monitor Intracellular Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Glutathione Redox Potential in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910876. [PMID: 34639217 PMCID: PMC8509583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play an important role in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle and are involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, which drive metabolism, regeneration, and adaptation in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are unknown or partially uncovered. We implemented a combination of methodological approaches that are funded for the use of genetically encoded biosensors associated with quantitative fluorescence microscopy imaging to study redox biology in skeletal muscle. Therefore, it was possible to detect and monitor RONS and glutathione redox potential with high specificity and spatio-temporal resolution in two models, isolated skeletal muscle fibers and C2C12 myoblasts/myotubes. Biosensors HyPer3 and roGFP2-Orp1 were examined for the detection of cytosolic hydrogen peroxide; HyPer-mito and HyPer-nuc for the detection of mitochondrial and nuclear hydrogen peroxide; Mito-Grx1-roGFP2 and cyto-Grx1-roGFP2 were used for registration of the glutathione redox potential in mitochondria and cytosol. G-geNOp was proven to detect cytosolic nitric oxide. The fluorescence emitted by the biosensors is affected by pH, and this might have masked the results; therefore, environmental CO2 must be controlled to avoid pH fluctuations. In conclusion, genetically encoded biosensors and quantitative fluorescence microscopy provide a robust methodology to investigate the pathophysiological processes associated with the redox biology of skeletal muscle.
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Greenberg HZE, Zhao G, Shah AM, Zhang M. Role of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease and its therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1433-1451. [PMID: 33881501 PMCID: PMC9074995 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations, CAVD is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and in the absence of effective drugs, it will likely represent an increasing disease burden as populations age. As there are currently no pharmacological therapies available for preventing, treating, or slowing the development of CAVD, understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease is important for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has emerged of an important causative role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CAVD, inducing the differentiation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and then osteoblasts. In this review, we focus on the roles and sources of ROS driving CAVD and consider their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Min Zhang
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
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11
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Sies H, Jones DP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:363-383. [PMID: 32231263 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2145] [Impact Index Per Article: 536.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is an umbrella term for an array of derivatives of molecular oxygen that occur as a normal attribute of aerobic life. Elevated formation of the different ROS leads to molecular damage, denoted as 'oxidative distress'. Here we focus on ROS at physiological levels and their central role in redox signalling via different post-translational modifications, denoted as 'oxidative eustress'. Two species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide anion radical (O2·-), are key redox signalling agents generated under the control of growth factors and cytokines by more than 40 enzymes, prominently including NADPH oxidases and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. At the low physiological levels in the nanomolar range, H2O2 is the major agent signalling through specific protein targets, which engage in metabolic regulation and stress responses to support cellular adaptation to a changing environment and stress. In addition, several other reactive species are involved in redox signalling, for instance nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and oxidized lipids. Recent methodological advances permit the assessment of molecular interactions of specific ROS molecules with specific targets in redox signalling pathways. Accordingly, major advances have occurred in understanding the role of these oxidants in physiology and disease, including the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems, skeletal muscle and metabolic regulation as well as ageing and cancer. In the past, unspecific elimination of ROS by use of low molecular mass antioxidant compounds was not successful in counteracting disease initiation and progression in clinical trials. However, controlling specific ROS-mediated signalling pathways by selective targeting offers a perspective for a future of more refined redox medicine. This includes enzymatic defence systems such as those controlled by the stress-response transcription factors NRF2 and nuclear factor-κB, the role of trace elements such as selenium, the use of redox drugs and the modulation of environmental factors collectively known as the exposome (for example, nutrition, lifestyle and irradiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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