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Sharma A, Verma C, Singh P, Mukhopadhyay S, Gupta A, Gupta B. Alginate based biomaterials for hemostatic applications: Innovations and developments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130771. [PMID: 38467220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Development of the efficient hemostatic materials is an essential requirement for the management of hemorrhage caused by the emergency situations to avert most of the casualties. Such injuries require the use of external hemostats to facilitate the immediate blood clotting. A variety of commercially available hemostats are present in the market but most of them are associated with limitations such as exothermic reactions, low biocompatibility, and painful removal. Thus, fabrication of an ideal hemostatic composition for rapid blood clot formation, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial nature presents a real challenge to the bioengineers. Benefiting from their tunable fabrication properties, alginate-based hemostats are gaining importance due to their excellent biocompatibility, with >85 % cell viability, high absorption capacity exceeding 500 %, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, studies have estimated that wounds treated with sodium alginate exhibited a blood loss of 0.40 ± 0.05 mL, compared to the control group with 1.15 ± 0.13 mL, indicating its inherent hemostatic activity. This serves as a solid foundation for designing future hemostatic materials. Nevertheless, various combinations have been explored to further enhance the hemostatic potential of sodium alginate. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of alginate based composite hemostats incorporated with different hemostatic agents, such as inorganic materials, polymers, biological agents, herbal agents, and synthetic drugs. This article outlines the challenges which need to be addressed before the clinical trials and give an overview of the future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sharma
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chetna Verma
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amlan Gupta
- Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Bhuvanesh Gupta
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Han Y, Duan J, Chen M, Huang S, Zhang B, Wang Y, Liu J, Li X, Yu W. Relationship between serum sodium level and sepsis-induced coagulopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1324369. [PMID: 38298508 PMCID: PMC10828971 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1324369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A discussion about the correlation between the level of serum sodium and sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC). Materials and methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on sepsis patients who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. Based on the presence of coagulation disorders, the patients were divided into two groups: sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and non-sepsis-induced coagulopathy (non-SIC) groups. We recorded demographic characteristics and laboratory indicators at the time of ICU admission, and analyzed relationship between serum sodium level and SIC. Results One hundred and twenty-five patients with sepsis were enrolled, among which, the SIC and the non-SIC groups included 62 and 63 patients, respectively. Compared to patients in the non-SIC group, the level of serum sodium of those in the SIC was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Multi-factor logistic regression showed serum sodium level was independently associated with SIC (or = 1.127, p = 0.001). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the higher the serum sodium level, the significantly higher the SIC score was (r = 0.373, p < 0.001). Additionally, the mortality rate of patients with sepsis in the ICU were significantly correlated with increased serum sodium levels (p = 0.014). Conclusion An increase in serum sodium level was independently associated with an increased occurrence of SIC and also associated with the poor prognosis for patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijie Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Beiyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyao Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Wu D, Prem A, Xiao J, Salsbury FR. Thrombin - A Molecular Dynamics Perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1112-1124. [PMID: 37605420 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230821102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a crucial enzyme involved in blood coagulation, essential for maintaining circulatory system integrity and preventing excessive bleeding. However, thrombin is also implicated in pathological conditions such as thrombosis and cancer. Despite the application of various experimental techniques, including X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and HDXMS, none of these methods can precisely detect thrombin's dynamics and conformational ensembles at high spatial and temporal resolution. Fortunately, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, a computational technique that allows the investigation of molecular functions and dynamics in atomic detail, can be used to explore thrombin behavior. This review summarizes recent MD simulation studies on thrombin and its interactions with other biomolecules. Specifically, the 17 studies discussed here provide insights into thrombin's switch between 'slow' and 'fast' forms, active and inactive forms, the role of Na+ binding, the effects of light chain mutation, and thrombin's interactions with other biomolecules. The findings of these studies have significant implications for developing new therapies for thrombosis and cancer. By understanding thrombin's complex behavior, researchers can design more effective drugs and treatments that target thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhou Wu
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Athul Prem
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Jiajie Xiao
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
- Freenome, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Freddie R Salsbury
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
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Exosite Binding in Thrombin: A Global Structural/Dynamic Overview of Complexes with Aptamers and Other Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910803. [PMID: 34639143 PMCID: PMC8509272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is the key enzyme of the entire hemostatic process since it is able to exert both procoagulant and anticoagulant functions; therefore, it represents an attractive target for the developments of biomolecules with therapeutic potential. Thrombin can perform its many functional activities because of its ability to recognize a wide variety of substrates, inhibitors, and cofactors. These molecules frequently are bound to positively charged regions on the surface of protein called exosites. In this review, we carried out extensive analyses of the structural determinants of thrombin partnerships by surveying literature data as well as the structural content of the Protein Data Bank (PDB). In particular, we used the information collected on functional, natural, and synthetic molecular ligands to define the anatomy of the exosites and to quantify the interface area between thrombin and exosite ligands. In this framework, we reviewed in detail the specificity of thrombin binding to aptamers, a class of compounds with intriguing pharmaceutical properties. Although these compounds anchor to protein using conservative patterns on its surface, the present analysis highlights some interesting peculiarities. Moreover, the impact of thrombin binding aptamers in the elucidation of the cross-talk between the two distant exosites is illustrated. Collectively, the data and the work here reviewed may provide insights into the design of novel thrombin inhibitors.
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Hassankalhori M, Bolcato G, Bissaro M, Sturlese M, Moro S. Shedding Light on the Molecular Recognition of Sub-Kilodalton Macrocyclic Peptides on Thrombin by Supervised Molecular Dynamics. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:707661. [PMID: 34532343 PMCID: PMC8438215 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.707661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles are attractive structures for drug development due to their favorable structural features, potential in binding to targets with flat featureless surfaces, and their ability to disrupt protein–protein interactions. Moreover, large novel highly diverse libraries of low-molecular-weight macrocycles with therapeutically favorable characteristics have been recently established. Considering the mentioned facts, having a validated, fast, and accurate computational protocol for studying the molecular recognition and binding mode of this interesting new class of macrocyclic peptides deemed to be helpful as well as insightful in the quest of accelerating drug discovery. To that end, the ability of the in-house supervised molecular dynamics protocol called SuMD in the reproduction of the X-ray crystallography final binding state of a macrocyclic non-canonical tetrapeptide—from a novel library of 8,988 sub-kilodalton macrocyclic peptides—in the thrombin active site was successfully validated. A comparable binding mode with the minimum root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 1.4 Å at simulation time point 71.6 ns was achieved. This method validation study extended the application domain of the SuMD sampling method for computationally cheap, fast but accurate, and insightful macrocycle–protein molecular recognition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hassankalhori
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bolcato
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maicol Bissaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Kamenik AS, Singh I, Lak P, Balius TE, Liedl KR, Shoichet BK. Energy penalties enhance flexible receptor docking in a model cavity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106195118. [PMID: 34475217 PMCID: PMC8433570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106195118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein flexibility remains a major challenge in library docking because of difficulties in sampling conformational ensembles with accurate probabilities. Here, we use the model cavity site of T4 lysozyme L99A to test flexible receptor docking with energy penalties from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Crystallography with larger and smaller ligands indicates that this cavity can adopt three major conformations: open, intermediate, and closed. Since smaller ligands typically bind better to the cavity site, we anticipate an energy penalty for the cavity opening. To estimate its magnitude, we calculate conformational preferences from MD simulations. We find that including a penalty term is essential for retrospective ligand enrichment; otherwise, high-energy states dominate the docking. We then prospectively docked a library of over 900,000 compounds for new molecules binding to each conformational state. Absent a penalty term, the open conformation dominated the docking results; inclusion of this term led to a balanced sampling of ligands against each state. High ranked molecules were experimentally tested by Tm upshift and X-ray crystallography. From 33 selected molecules, we identified 18 ligands and determined 13 crystal structures. Most interesting were those bound to the open cavity, where the buried site opens to bulk solvent. Here, highly unusual ligands for this cavity had been predicted, including large ligands with polar tails; these were confirmed both by binding and by crystallography. In docking, incorporating protein flexibility with thermodynamic weightings may thus access new ligand chemotypes. The MD approach to accessing and, crucially, weighting such alternative states may find general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Parnian Lak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Trent E Balius
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic, and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Hofer F, Kamenik AS, Fernández-Quintero ML, Kraml J, Liedl KR. pH-Induced Local Unfolding of the Phl p 6 Pollen Allergen From cpH-MD. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:603644. [PMID: 33511157 PMCID: PMC7835895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.603644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to endosomal degradation is a decisive contribution to a protein's immunogenicity. It is assumed that the processing kinetics of structured proteins are inherently linked to their probability of local unfolding. In this study, we quantify the impact of endosomal acidification on the conformational stability of the major timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 6. We use state of the art sampling approaches in combination with constant pH MD techniques to profile pH-dependent local unfolding events in atomistic detail. Integrating our findings into the current view on type 1 allergic sensitization, we characterize local protein dynamics in the context of proteolytic degradation at neutral and acidic pH for the wild type protein and point mutants with varying proteolytic stability. We analyze extensive simulation data using Markov state models and retrieve highly reliable thermodynamic and kinetic information at varying pH levels. Thereby we capture the impact of endolysosomal acidification on the structure and dynamics of the Phl p 6 mutants. We find that upon protonation at lower pH values, the conformational flexibilities in key areas of the wild type protein, i.e., T-cell epitopes and early proteolytic cleavage sites, increase significantly. A decrease of the pH even leads to local unfolding in otherwise stable secondary structure elements, which is a prerequisite for proteolytic cleavage. This effect is even more pronounced in the destabilized mutant, while no unfolding was observed for the stabilized mutant. In summary, we report detailed structural models which rationalize the experimentally observed cleavage pattern during endosomal acidification.
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Kahler U, Kamenik AS, Waibl F, Kraml J, Liedl KR. Protein-Protein Binding as a Two-Step Mechanism: Preselection of Encounter Poses during the Binding of BPTI and Trypsin. Biophys J 2020; 119:652-666. [PMID: 32697976 PMCID: PMC7399559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular recognition between proteins follows complex mechanisms, the understanding of which can substantially advance drug discovery efforts. Here, we track each step of the binding process in atomistic detail with molecular dynamics simulations using trypsin and its inhibitor bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) as a model system. We use umbrella sampling to cover a range of unbinding pathways. Starting from these simulations, we subsequently seed classical simulations at different stages of the process and combine them to a Markov state model. We clearly identify three kinetically separated states (an unbound state, an encounter state, and the final complex) and describe the mechanisms that dominate the binding process. From our model, we propose the following sequence of events. The initial formation of the encounter complex is driven by long-range interactions because opposite charges in trypsin and BPTI draw them together. The encounter complex features the prealigned binding partners with binding sites still partially surrounded by solvation shells. Further approaching leads to desolvation and increases the importance of van der Waals interactions. The native binding pose is adopted by maximizing short-range interactions. Thereby side-chain rearrangements ensure optimal shape complementarity. In particular, BPTI’s P1 residue adapts to the S1 pocket and prime site residues reorient to optimize interactions. After the paradigm of conformation selection, binding-competent conformations of BPTI and trypsin are already present in the apo ensembles and their probabilities increase during this proposed two-step association process. This detailed characterization of the molecular forces driving the binding process includes numerous aspects that have been discussed as central to the binding of trypsin and BPTI and protein complex formation in general. In this study, we combine all these aspects into one comprehensive model of protein recognition. We thereby contribute to enhance our general understanding of this fundamental mechanism, which is particularly critical as the development of biopharmaceuticals continuously gains significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Kahler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ruben EA, Gandhi PS, Chen Z, Koester SK, DeKoster GT, Frieden C, Di Cera E. 19F NMR reveals the conformational properties of free thrombin and its zymogen precursor prethrombin-2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8227-8235. [PMID: 32358061 PMCID: PMC7294081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational properties of trypsin-like proteases and their zymogen forms remain controversial because of a lack of sufficient information on their free forms. Specifically, it is unclear whether the free protease is zymogen-like and shifts to its mature form upon a ligand-induced fit or exists in multiple conformations in equilibrium from which the ligand selects the optimal fit via conformational selection. Here we report the results of 19F NMR measurements that reveal the conformational properties of a protease and its zymogen precursor in the free form. Using the trypsin-like, clotting protease thrombin as a relevant model system, we show that its conformation is quite different from that of its direct zymogen precursor prethrombin-2 and more similar to that of its fully active Na+-bound form. The results cast doubts on recent hypotheses that free thrombin is zymogen-like and transitions to protease-like forms upon ligand binding. Rather, they validate the scenario emerged from previous findings of X-ray crystallography and rapid kinetics supporting a pre-existing equilibrium between open (E) and closed (E*) forms of the active site. In this scenario, prethrombin-2 is more dynamic and exists predominantly in the E* form, whereas thrombin is more rigid and exists predominantly in the E form. Ligand binding to thrombin takes place exclusively in the E form without significant changes in the overall conformation. In summary, these results disclose the structural architecture of the free forms of thrombin and prethrombin-2, consistent with an E*-E equilibrium and providing no evidence that free thrombin is zymogen-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza A Ruben
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zhiwei Chen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah K Koester
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory T DeKoster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Enrico Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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