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Ferrito N, Báez-Flores J, Rodríguez-Martín M, Sastre-Rodríguez J, Coppola A, Isidoro-García M, Prieto-Matos P, Lacal J. Biomarker Landscape in RASopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8563. [PMID: 39201250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of related genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes within the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for cell division, growth, and differentiation, and its disruption can lead to a variety of developmental and health issues. RASopathies present diverse clinical features and pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Studying the landscape of biomarkers in RASopathies has the potential to improve both clinical practices and the understanding of these disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries in RASopathy molecular profiling, which extend beyond traditional gene mutation analysis. mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, protein expression patterns, and post-translational modifications characteristic of RASopathy patients within pivotal signaling pathways such as the RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Rho/ROCK/LIMK2/cofilin pathways are summarized. Additionally, the field of metabolomics holds potential for uncovering metabolic signatures associated with specific RASopathies, which are crucial for developing precision medicine. Beyond molecular markers, we also examine the role of histological characteristics and non-invasive physiological assessments in identifying potential biomarkers, as they provide evidence of the disease's effects on various systems. Here, we synthesize key findings and illuminate promising avenues for future research in RASopathy biomarker discovery, underscoring rigorous validation and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ferrito
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julián Sastre-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alessio Coppola
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Dahl O, Myklebust MP. A study of microRNAs as new prognostic biomarkers in anal cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2024; 63:456-465. [PMID: 38899393 PMCID: PMC11332526 DOI: 10.2340/1651-226x.2024.27976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (MiR) influences the growth of cancer by regulation of mRNA for 50-60% of all genes. We present as per our knowledge the first global analysis of microRNA expression in anal cancer patients and their prognostic impact. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with T1-4 N0-3 M0 anal cancer treated with curative intent from September 2003 to April 2011 were included in the study. RNA was extracted from fresh frozen tissue and sequenced using NGS. Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified using the R-package DEseq2 and the endpoints were time to progression (TTP) and cancer specific survival (CSS). RESULTS Five microRNAs were significantly associated with 5-year progression free survival (PFS): Low expression of two microRNAs was associated with higher PFS, miR-1246 (100% vs. 55.6%, p = 0.008), and miR-135b-5p (92.9% vs. 59.3%, p = 0.041). On the other hand, high expressions of three microRNAs were associated with higher PFS, miR-148a-3p (93.3% vs. 53.6%, p = 0.025), miR-99a-5p (92.9% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.016), and let-7c-3p (92.9% vs. 57.1%, p = 0.016). Corresponding findings were documented for CSS. INTERPRETATION Our study identified five microRNAs as prognostic markers in anal cancer. MiR-1246 and microRNA-135b-5p were oncoMiRs (miRs with oncogene effects), while miR-148a-3p, miR- 99a-5p, and let-7c-3p acted as tumour suppressors in anal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Dahl
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; University of Bergen, Bergen Norway.
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Zhang P, Huang L, Ma P, Niu X. Altered Expressions of NF1 and NF1-Related microRNAs as Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:870191. [PMID: 35559021 PMCID: PMC9086456 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.870191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a highly malignant, aggressive, and pleomorphic subtype of soft tissue sarcoma in adults. However, UPS is difficult to be diagnosed due to the lack of specific morphological and immunophenotypic features. Here, we aimed to identify new biomarkers for the diagnosis of UPS. Methods: The mRNA and protein expression of neurofibromin 1 (NF1) in 68 pairs of UPS and adjacent normal tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between the NF1 protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. Then, differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs) were identified between the UPS tumor tissue and matched adjacent normal tissue using Hisep sequencing, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The DE miRNAs of the regulating NF1 gene were also identified using the TargetScan and miRanda databases and validated by qRT-PCR. Results: Compared with the adjacent normal tissue, both mRNA and protein expressions of NF1 in the UPS tumor tissue were significantly decreased, and the positive rate of NF1 protein was associated with the tumor size, metastasis, and recurrence. A total of 125 known DE miRNAs were identified from the screened miRNAs based on | log2(Fold Change) ≥5 and p-value < 0.05 (A total of 82 upregulated and 43 downregulated DE miRNAs in the UPS tissue). Target genes regulated by the DE miRNAs were enriched in pathways of metabolisms, RNA degradation, PI3K-Akt, and Rap1 pathway. In total, 11 miRNAs which were predicted to regulate the NF1 gene were screened. After verification, the relative expressions of hsa-miR-199a-3p and hsa-miR-34a-5p were increased and decreased in the UPS tumor tissue compared with those in the adjacent normal tissue, respectively. Conclusion: NF1 and NF1-related microRNAs including hsa-miR-199a-3p and hsa-miR-34a-5p may be novel biomarkers in the diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Ma
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Niu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China
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Antonaci M, Wheeler GN. MicroRNAs in neural crest development and neurocristopathies. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:965-974. [PMID: 35383827 PMCID: PMC9162459 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific migratory population of multipotent stem cells that originate during late gastrulation in the region between the neural and non-neural ectoderm. This population of cells give rise to a range of derivatives, such as melanocytes, neurons, chondrocytes, chromaffin cells, and osteoblasts. Because of this, failure of NC development can cause a variety of pathologies, often syndromic, that are globally called neurocristopathies. Many genes are known to be involved in NC development, but not all of them have been identified. In recent years, attention has moved from protein-coding genes to non-coding genes, such as microRNAs (miRNA). There is increasing evidence that these non-coding RNAs are playing roles during embryogenesis by regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. In this review, we give an introduction to miRNAs in general and then focus on some miRNAs that may be involved in NC development and neurocristopathies. This new direction of research will give geneticists, clinicians, and molecular biologists more tools to help patients affected by neurocristopathies, as well as broadening our understanding of NC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonaci
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7 7TJ, U.K
| | - Grant N. Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7 7TJ, U.K
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Mo J, Moye SL, McKay RM, Le LQ. Neurofibromin and suppression of tumorigenesis: beyond the GAP. Oncogene 2022; 41:1235-1251. [PMID: 35066574 PMCID: PMC9063229 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and one of the most common inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, affecting 1 in 3000 individuals worldwide. The NF1 gene encodes neurofibromin, a large protein with RAS GTP-ase activating (RAS-GAP) activity, and loss of NF1 results in increased RAS signaling. Neurofibromin contains many other domains, and there is considerable evidence that these domains play a role in some manifestations of NF1. Investigating the role of these domains as well as the various signaling pathways that neurofibromin regulates and interacts with will provide a better understanding of how neurofibromin acts to suppress tumor development and potentially open new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we discuss what is known about the structure of neurofibromin, its interactions with other proteins and signaling pathways, its role in development and differentiation, and its function as a tumor suppressor. Finally, we discuss the latest research on potential therapeutics for neurofibromin-deficient neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Stefanie L Moye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Renee M McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
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Lu VM, Wang S, Daniels DJ, Spinner RJ, Levi AD, Niazi TN. The clinical course and role of surgery in pediatric malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: a database study. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2022; 29:92-99. [PMID: 34624851 DOI: 10.3171/2021.7.peds21263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare tumors found throughout the body, with their clinical course in children still not completely understood. Correspondingly, this study aimed to determine survival outcomes and specific clinical predictors of survival in this population from a large national database. METHODS All patients with MPNSTs aged ≤ 18 years in the US National Cancer Database (NCDB) between 2005 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Data were summarized, and overall survival was modeled using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 251 pediatric patients with MPNSTs (132 [53%] females and 119 [47%] males) were identified; the mean age at diagnosis was 13.1 years (range 1-18 years). There were 84 (33%) MPNSTs located in the extremities, 127 (51%) were smaller than 1 cm, and 22 (9%) had metastasis at the time of diagnosis. In terms of treatment, surgery was pursued in 187 patients (74%), chemotherapy in 116 patients (46%), and radiation therapy in 129 patients (61%). The 5-year overall survival rate was estimated at 52% (95% CI 45%-59%), with a median survival of 64 months (range 36-136 months). Multivariate regression revealed that older age (HR 1.10, p < 0.01), metastases at the time of diagnosis (HR 2.14, p = 0.01), and undergoing biopsy only (HR 2.98, p < 0.01) significantly and independently predicted a shorter overall survival. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors found that older patient age, tumor metastases at the time of diagnosis, and undergoing only biopsy significantly and independently predicted poorer outcomes. Only approximately half of patients survived to 5 years. These results have shown a clear survival benefit in pursuing maximal safe resection in pediatric patients with MPNSTs. As such, judicious workup with meticulous resection by an expert team should be considered the standard of care for these tumors in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Lu
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami
| | - Shelly Wang
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami.,3Department of Neurological Surgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; and
| | - David J Daniels
- 2Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Spinner
- 2Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Allan D Levi
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami
| | - Toba N Niazi
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami.,3Department of Neurological Surgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; and
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Rabab’h O, Gharaibeh A, Al-Ramadan A, Ismail M, Shah J. Pharmacological Approaches in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Nervous System Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153880. [PMID: 34359780 PMCID: PMC8345673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common cancer predisposition genetic disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this literature review, we discuss the major pathways in the nervous system that are affected by NF1, tumors that are associated with NF1, drugs that target these pathways, and genetic models of NF1. We also summarize the latest updates from clinical trials that are evaluating pharmacological agents to treat these tumors and discuss the efforts that are being made to cure the disease in the future Abstract Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and a common tumor predisposition syndrome that affects 1 in 3000 to 4000 patients in the USA. Although studies have been conducted to better understand and manage this disease, the underlying pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis type 1 has not been completely elucidated, and this disease is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment options are limited to surgery with chemotherapy for tumors in cases of malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize the advances in the development of targeted pharmacological interventions for neurofibromatosis type 1 and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rabab’h
- Insight Research Institute, Flint, MI 48507, USA; (O.R.); (A.G.); (A.A.-R.); (M.I.)
- Center for Cognition and Neuroethics, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA
| | - Abeer Gharaibeh
- Insight Research Institute, Flint, MI 48507, USA; (O.R.); (A.G.); (A.A.-R.); (M.I.)
- Center for Cognition and Neuroethics, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA
- Insight Institute of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience, Flint, MI 48507, USA
- Insight Surgical Hospital, Warren, MI 48091, USA
| | - Ali Al-Ramadan
- Insight Research Institute, Flint, MI 48507, USA; (O.R.); (A.G.); (A.A.-R.); (M.I.)
- Center for Cognition and Neuroethics, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA
| | - Manar Ismail
- Insight Research Institute, Flint, MI 48507, USA; (O.R.); (A.G.); (A.A.-R.); (M.I.)
| | - Jawad Shah
- Insight Research Institute, Flint, MI 48507, USA; (O.R.); (A.G.); (A.A.-R.); (M.I.)
- Center for Cognition and Neuroethics, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, USA
- Insight Institute of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience, Flint, MI 48507, USA
- Insight Surgical Hospital, Warren, MI 48091, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence:
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Perez-Becerril C, Evans DG, Smith MJ. Pathogenic noncoding variants in the neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis predisposition genes. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:1187-1207. [PMID: 34273915 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), type 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis are a group of autosomal dominant disorders that predispose to the development of nerve sheath tumors. Pathogenic variants (PVs) that cause NF1 and NF2 are located in the NF1 and NF2 loci, respectively. To date, most variants associated with schwannomatosis have been identified in the SMARCB1 and LZTR1 genes, and a missense variant in the DGCR8 gene was recently reported to predispose to schwannomas. In spite of the high detection rate for PVs in NF1 and NF2 (over 90% of non-mosaic germline variants can be identified by routine genetic screening) underlying PVs for a proportion of clinical cases remain undetected. A higher proportion of non-NF2 schwannomatosis cases have no detected PV, with PVs currently only identified in around 70%-86% of familial cases and 30%-40% of non-NF2 sporadic schwannomatosis cases. A number of variants of uncertain significance have been observed for each disorder, many of them located in noncoding, regulatory, or intergenic regions. Here we summarize noncoding variants in this group of genes and discuss their established or potential role in the pathogenesis of NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Becerril
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although tumors with nerve sheath differentiation are vast, the main clinically significant problems faced by the pathologist are the separation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) from histologic mimics, the diagnosis of neurofibromatous neoplasms with atypical features, and the separation of cutaneous neurofibromatous neoplasms from melanoma. This review briefly discusses a variety of common nerve sheath tumors and summarizes recent advances on these diagnostic fronts. RECENT FINDINGS Much of recent work has focused on abnormalities in polycomb repressive complex 2, and the ways in which these abnormalities may be exploited in the diagnosis of MPNSTs. Progress has been made in the diagnostic and clinical understanding of atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms and low-grade MPNSTs. A number of reports have explored the diagnostic distinction between cutaneous neurofibroma and melanoma. SUMMARY New discoveries show promise in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve sheath tumors, but challenges - old and new - remain.
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