1
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Somatilaka BN, Madana L, Sadek A, Chen Z, Chandrasekaran S, McKay RM, Le LQ. STING activation reprograms the microenvironment to sensitize NF1-related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2024:e176748. [PMID: 38502231 DOI: 10.1172/jci176748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene that encodes neurofibromin, a RAS GTPase-Activating Protein. Inactivating NF1 mutations cause hyperactivation of RAS-mediated signaling, resulting in development of multiple neoplasms, including Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs). MPNSTs are an aggressive tumor and the main cause of mortality in NF1 patients. MPNSTs are difficult to resect and refractory to chemo- and radiotherapy, and no molecular therapies currently exist. Immune Checkpoint Blockade (ICB) is an approach to treat inoperable, undruggable cancers like MPNST, but successful outcomes require an immune cell-rich tumor microenvironment (TME). While MPNSTs are non-inflamed "cold" tumors, here, we turned MPNSTs into T cell-inflamed "hot" tumors by activating "stimulator of interferon genes" (STING) signaling. Mouse genetic and human xenograft MPNST models treated with STING agonist plus ICB exhibited growth delay via increased apoptotic cell death. This strategy offers a potential treatment regimen for MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandarigoda N Somatilaka
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Laasya Madana
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Ali Sadek
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Chandrasekaran
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Renee M McKay
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
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2
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Lakes YB, Moye SL, Mo J, Tegtmeyer M, Nehme R, Charlton M, Salinas G, McKay RM, Eggan K, Le LQ. Econazole selectively induces cell death in NF1-homozygous mutant tumor cells. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101309. [PMID: 38086379 PMCID: PMC10772348 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are tumors that develop in more than 99% of individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). They develop in the dermis and can number in the thousands. cNFs can be itchy and painful and negatively impact self-esteem. There is no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for their treatment. Here, we screen a library of FDA-approved drugs using a cNF cell model derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from an NF1 patient. We engineer an NF1 mutation in the second allele to mimic loss of heterozygosity, differentiate the NF1+/- and NF1-/- hiPSCs into Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), and use them to screen a drug library to assess for inhibition of NF1-/- but not NF1+/- cell proliferation. We identify econazole nitrate as being effective against NF1-/- hiPSC-SCPs. Econazole cream selectively induces apoptosis in Nf1-/- murine nerve root neurosphere cells and human cNF xenografts. This study supports further testing of econazole for cNF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenal B Lakes
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie L Moye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Juan Mo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Tegtmeyer
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralda Nehme
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maura Charlton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Salinas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Renee M McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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3
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Jiang C, Kumar A, Yu Z, Shipman T, Wang Y, McKay RM, Xing C, Le LQ. Basement membrane proteins in extracellular matrix characterize NF1 neurofibroma development and response to MEK inhibitor. J Clin Invest 2023:168227. [PMID: 37140985 DOI: 10.1172/jci168227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common tumor-predisposing genetic disorders. Neurofibromas are NF1-associated benign tumors. A hallmark feature of neurofibromas is an abundant collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that constitutes >50% of the tumor dry weight. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying ECM deposition during neurofibroma development and treatment response. We performed a systematic investigation of ECM enrichment during plexiform neurofibroma (pNF) development, and identified basement membrane (BM) proteins, rather than major collagen isoforms, as the most upregulated ECM component. Following MEK inhibitor treatment, the ECM profile displayed an overall down-regulation signature, suggesting ECM reduction as a therapeutic benefit of MEK inhibition. Through these proteomic studies, TGF-β1 signaling was identified as playing a role in ECM dynamics. Indeed, TGF-β1 overexpression promoted pNF progression in vivo. Furthermore, by integrating single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that immune cells including macrophages and T cells produce TGF-β1 to induce Schwann cells to produce and deposit BM proteins for ECM remodeling. Following Nf1 loss, neoplastic Schwann cells further increased BM protein deposition in response to TGF-β1. Our data delineate the regulation governing ECM dynamics in pNF and suggest that BM proteins could serve as markers for disease diagnosis and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Ze Yu
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Tracey Shipman
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Renee M McKay
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States of America
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4
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Somatilaka BN, Sadek A, McKay RM, Le LQ. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: models, biology, and translation. Oncogene 2022; 41:2405-2421. [PMID: 35393544 PMCID: PMC9035132 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive, invasive cancer that comprise around 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas and develop in about 8-13% of patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. They are associated with poor prognosis and are the leading cause of mortality in NF1 patients. MPNSTs can also develop sporadically or following exposure to radiation. There is currently no effective targeted therapy to treat MPNSTs and surgical removal remains the mainstay treatment. Unfortunately, surgery is not always possible due to the size and location of the tumor, thus, a better understanding of MPNST initiation and development is required to design novel therapeutics. Here, we provide an overview of MPNST biology and genetics, discuss findings regarding the developmental origin of MPNST, and summarize the various model systems employed to study MPNST. Finally, we discuss current management strategies for MPNST, as well as recent developments in translating basic research findings into potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandarigoda N. Somatilaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ali Sadek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Renee M. McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas,
75390-9069, USA,O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
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5
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Mo J, Moye SL, McKay RM, Le LQ. Neurofibromin and suppression of tumorigenesis: beyond the GAP. Oncogene 2022; 41:1235-1251. [PMID: 35066574 PMCID: PMC9063229 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease and one of the most common inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, affecting 1 in 3000 individuals worldwide. The NF1 gene encodes neurofibromin, a large protein with RAS GTP-ase activating (RAS-GAP) activity, and loss of NF1 results in increased RAS signaling. Neurofibromin contains many other domains, and there is considerable evidence that these domains play a role in some manifestations of NF1. Investigating the role of these domains as well as the various signaling pathways that neurofibromin regulates and interacts with will provide a better understanding of how neurofibromin acts to suppress tumor development and potentially open new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we discuss what is known about the structure of neurofibromin, its interactions with other proteins and signaling pathways, its role in development and differentiation, and its function as a tumor suppressor. Finally, we discuss the latest research on potential therapeutics for neurofibromin-deficient neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | - Stefanie L. Moye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | - Renee M. McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA,O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Lu Q. Le.
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6
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Tchegnon E, Liao CP, Ghotbi E, Shipman T, Wang Y, McKay RM, Le LQ. Epithelial stem cell homeostasis in Meibomian gland development, dysfunction, and dry eye disease. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151078. [PMID: 34499624 PMCID: PMC8564894 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease affects over 16 million adults in the US, and the majority of cases are due to Meibomian gland dysfunction. Unfortunately, the identity of the stem cells involved in Meibomian gland development and homeostasis is not well elucidated. Here, we report that loss of Krox20, a zinc finger transcription factor involved in the development of ectoderm-derived tissues, or deletion of KROX20-expressing epithelial cells disrupted Meibomian gland formation and homeostasis, leading to dry eye disease secondary to Meibomian gland dysfunction. Ablation of Krox20-lineage cells in adult mice also resulted in dry eye disease, implicating Krox20 in homeostasis of the mature Meibomian gland. Lineage-tracing and expression analyses revealed a restricted KROX20 expression pattern in the ductal areas of the Meibomian gland, although Krox20-lineage cells generate the full, mature Meibomian gland. This suggests that KROX20 marks a stem/progenitor cell population that differentiates to generate the entire Meibomian gland. Our Krox20 mouse models provide a powerful system that delineated the identity of stem cells required for Meibomian gland development and homeostasis and can be used to investigate the factors underlying these processes. They are also robust models of Meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye disease, with a potential for use in preclinical therapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Tchegnon
- Department of Dermatology and.,Genetics, Development and Disease Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology and.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology and.,Genetics, Development and Disease Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,O'Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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7
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common neurocutaneous genetic disorders, presenting with different cutaneous features such as café-au-lait macules, intertriginous skin freckling, and neurofibromas. Although most of the disease manifestations are benign, patients are at risk for a variety of malignancies, including malignant transformation of plexiform neurofibromas. Numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms by which these characteristic neurofibromas develop, with progress made toward unraveling the various players involved in their complex pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cells that give rise to NF1 neoplasms as well as the molecular mechanisms and cellular changes that confer tumorigenic potential. We also discuss the role of the tumor microenvironment and the key aspects of its various cell types that contribute to NF1-associated tumorigenesis. An increased understanding of these intrinsic and extrinsic components is critical for developing novel therapeutic approaches for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bui
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Renee M McKay
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Laura J Klesse
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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8
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Jiang C, McKay RM, Le LQ. Tumorigenesis in neurofibromatosis type 1: role of the microenvironment. Oncogene 2021; 40:5781-5787. [PMID: 34345017 PMCID: PMC8713356 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders and predisposes patients to develop benign and malignant tumors. Neurofibromas are NF1-associated benign tumors but can cause substantial discomfort and disfigurement. Numerous studies have shown that neurofibromas arise from the Schwann cell lineage but both preclinical mouse models and clinical trials have demonstrated that the neurofibroma tumor microenvironment contributes significantly to tumorigenesis. This offers the opportunity for targeting new therapeutic vulnerabilities to treat neurofibromas. However, a translational gap exists between deciphering the contribution of the neurofibroma tumor microenvironment and clinically applying this knowledge to treat neurofibromas. Here, we discuss the key cellular and molecular components in the neurofibroma tumor microenvironment that can potentially be targeted therapeutically to advance neurofibroma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Renee M. McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.Q.L.
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9
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Cai Q, Christie A, Rajaram S, Zhou Q, Araj E, Chintalapati S, Singla N, Cadeddu J, Margulis V, Pedrosa I, Rakheja D, McKay RM, Brugarolas J, Kapur P. Corrigendum to ''Ontological analyses reveal clinically-significant clear cell renal cell carcinoma subtypes with convergent evolutionary trajectories into an aggressive type'' [EBioMedicine 51 (2020) 102526]. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102707. [PMID: 32339934 PMCID: PMC7184150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Satwik Rajaram
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Ellen Araj
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Suneetha Chintalapati
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Nirmish Singla
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Jeffrey Cadeddu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Renee M McKay
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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10
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Cai Q, Christie A, Rajaram S, Zhou Q, Araj E, Chintalapati S, Cadeddu J, Margulis V, Pedrosa I, Rakheja D, McKay RM, Brugarolas J, Kapur P. Ontological analyses reveal clinically-significant clear cell renal cell carcinoma subtypes with convergent evolutionary trajectories into an aggressive type. EBioMedicine 2019; 51:102526. [PMID: 31859241 PMCID: PMC7000318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a particularly challenging tumor type because of its extensive phenotypic variability as well as intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH). Clinically, this complexity has been reduced to a handful of pathological variables such as stage, grade and necrosis, but these variables fail to capture the breadth of the disease. How different phenotypes affect patient prognosis and influence therapeutic response is poorly understood. Extensive ITH illustrates remarkable plasticity, providing a framework to study tumor evolution. While multiregional genomic analyses have shown evolution from an ancient clone that acquires metastatic competency over time, these studies have been conducted agnostic to morphological cues and phenotypic plasticity. Methods We established a systematic ontology of ccRCC phenotypic variability by developing a multi-scale framework along three fundamental axes: tumor architecture, cytology and the microenvironment. We defined 33 parameters, which we comprehensively evaluated in 549 consecutive ccRCCs retrospectively. We systematically evaluated the impact of each parameter on patient outcomes, and assessed their contribution through multivariate analyses. We measured therapeutic impact in the context of anti-angiogenic therapies. We applied dimensionality reduction by t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithms to tumor architectures for the study of tumor evolution superimposing tumor size and grade vectors. Evolutionary models were refined through empirical analyses of directed evolution of tumor intravascular extensions, and metastatic competency (as determined by tumor reconstitution in a heterologous host). Findings We discovered several novel ccRCC phenotypes, developed an integrated taxonomy, and identified features that improve current prognostic models. We identified a subset of ccRCCs refractory to anti-angiogenic therapies. We developed a model of tumor evolution, which revealed converging evolutionary trajectories into an aggressive type. Interpretation This work serves as a paradigm for deconvoluting tumor complexity and illustrates how morphological analyses can improve our understanding of ccRCC pleiotropy. We identified several subtypes associated with aggressive biology, and differential response to targeted therapies. By analyzing patterns of spatial and temporal co-occurrence, intravascular tumor extensions and metastatic competency, we were able to identify distinct trajectories of convergent phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Satwik Rajaram
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Ellen Araj
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Suneetha Chintalapati
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Jeffrey Cadeddu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Pedrosa
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Renee M McKay
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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11
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Grant GR, Naish TR, Dunbar GB, Stocchi P, Kominz MA, Kamp PJJ, Tapia CA, McKay RM, Levy RH, Patterson MO. The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch. Nature 2019; 574:237-241. [PMID: 31578526 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth is heading towards a climate that last existed more than three million years ago (Ma) during the 'mid-Pliocene warm period'1, when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were about 400 parts per million, global sea level oscillated in response to orbital forcing2,3 and peak global-mean sea level (GMSL) may have reached about 20 metres above the present-day value4,5. For sea-level rise of this magnitude, extensive retreat or collapse of the Greenland, West Antarctic and marine-based sectors of the East Antarctic ice sheets is required. Yet the relative amplitude of sea-level variations within glacial-interglacial cycles remains poorly constrained. To address this, we calibrate a theoretical relationship between modern sediment transport by waves and water depth, and then apply the technique to grain size in a continuous 800-metre-thick Pliocene sequence of shallow-marine sediments from Whanganui Basin, New Zealand. Water-depth variations obtained in this way, after corrections for tectonic subsidence, yield cyclic relative sea-level (RSL) variations. Here we show that sea level varied on average by 13 ± 5 metres over glacial-interglacial cycles during the middle-to-late Pliocene (about 3.3-2.5 Ma). The resulting record is independent of the global ice volume proxy3 (as derived from the deep-ocean oxygen isotope record) and sea-level cycles are in phase with 20-thousand-year (kyr) periodic changes in insolation over Antarctica, paced by eccentricity-modulated orbital precession6 between 3.3 and 2.7 Ma. Thereafter, sea-level fluctuations are paced by the 41-kyr period of cycles in Earth's axial tilt as ice sheets stabilize on Antarctica and intensify in the Northern Hemisphere3,6. Strictly, we provide the amplitude of RSL change, rather than absolute GMSL change. However, simulations of RSL change based on glacio-isostatic adjustment show that our record approximates eustatic sea level, defined here as GMSL unregistered to the centre of the Earth. Nonetheless, under conservative assumptions, our estimates limit maximum Pliocene sea-level rise to less than 25 metres and provide new constraints on polar ice-volume variability under the climate conditions predicted for this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Grant
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. .,GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
| | - T R Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - G B Dunbar
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - P Stocchi
- Coastal Systems Department, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - M A Kominz
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - P J J Kamp
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - C A Tapia
- Departamento de Obras Civiles y Geologia, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - R M McKay
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - R H Levy
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - M O Patterson
- Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
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12
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Vento J, Mulgaonkar A, Woolford L, Nham K, Christie A, Bagrodia A, de Leon AD, Hannan R, Bowman I, McKay RM, Kapur P, Hao G, Sun X, Brugarolas J. PD-L1 detection using 89Zr-atezolizumab immuno-PET in renal cell carcinoma tumorgrafts from a patient with favorable nivolumab response. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:144. [PMID: 31155004 PMCID: PMC6545669 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) correlates with a worse prognosis, but whether it also predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy remains unclear. Most studies of PD-L1 are limited by evaluation in primary rather than metastatic sites, and in biopsy samples, which may not be representative. These limitations may be overcome with immuno–positron emission tomography (iPET), an emerging tool allowing the detection of cell surface proteins with radiolabeled antibodies. Here, we report iPET studies of PD-L1 in a preclinical tumorgraft model of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) from a patient who had a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Case presentation A 49-year-old man underwent a cytoreductive nephrectomy in 2017 of a right kidney tumor invading into the adrenal gland that was metastatic to the lungs and a rib. Histological analyses revealed a ccRCC of ISUP grade 4 with extensive sarcomatoid features. IMDC risk group was poor. Within two hours of surgery, a tumor sample was implanted orthotopically into NOD/SCID mice. Consistent with an aggressive tumor, a renal mass was detected 18 days post-implantation. Histologically, the tumorgraft showed sarcomatoid differentiation and high levels of PD-L1, similar to the patient’s tumor. PD-L1 was evaluated in subsequently transplanted mice using iPET and the results were compared to control mice implanted with a PD-L1-negative tumor. We labeled atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody with a mutant Fc, with zirconium-89. iPET revealed significantly higher 89Zr-atezolizumab uptake in index than control tumorgrafts. The patient was treated with high-dose IL2 initially, and subsequently with pazopanib, with rapidly progressive disease, but had a durable response with nivolumab. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of non-invasive detection of PD-L1 in renal cancer using molecular imaging. This study supports clinical evaluation of iPET to identify RCC patients with tumors deploying the PD-L1 checkpoint pathway who may be most likely to benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 disrupting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Vento
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Layton Woolford
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kien Nham
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alberto Diaz de Leon
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Raquibul Hannan
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Isaac Bowman
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Renee M McKay
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guiyang Hao
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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McKay RM, Barrett PJ, Levy RS, Naish TR, Golledge NR, Pyne A. Antarctic Cenozoic climate history from sedimentary records: ANDRILL and beyond. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 374:rsta.2014.0301. [PMID: 26667911 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence from models and geological data implies that the Antarctic Ice Sheet may behave in an unstable manner and retreat rapidly in response to a warming climate, which is a key factor motivating efforts to improve estimates of Antarctic ice volume contributions to future sea-level rise. Here, we review Antarctic cooling history since peak temperatures of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (approx. 50 Ma) to provide a framework for future initiatives to recover sediment cores from subglacial lakes and sedimentary basins in Antarctica's continental interior. While the existing inventory of cores has yielded important insights into the biotic and climatic evolution of Antarctica, strata have numerous and often lengthy time breaks, providing a framework of 'snapshots' through time. Further cores, and more work on existing cores, are needed to reconcile Antarctic records with the more continuous 'far-field' records documenting the evolution of global ice volume and deep-sea temperature. To achieve this, we argue for an integrated portfolio of drilling and coring missions that encompasses existing methodologies using ship- and sea-ice-/ice-shelf-based drilling platforms as well as recently developed seafloor-based drilling and subglacial access systems. We conclude by reviewing key technological issues that will need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - P J Barrett
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - R S Levy
- GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - T R Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - N R Golledge
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand GNS Science, PO Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - A Pyne
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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14
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Triscott JAC, Dobbs BM, McKay RM, Babenko O, Triscott E. Prevalence and Types of Anemia and Associations with Functional Decline in Geriatric Inpatients. J Frailty Aging 2015; 4:7-12. [PMID: 27031910 DOI: 10.14283/jfa.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of anemia in hospitalized seniors has been linked to poor functional outcomes, increased mortality, and longer hospital stays, and has been associated with advancing age, male sex, and cognitive impairment. Despite the potential for complications, anemia often is undiagnosed and/or untreated in seniors. OBJECTIVES Examine (a) the distribution of anemia diagnosis and treatment in patients in a rehabilitation hospital, and (b) patients' cognitive and functional outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective chart review of medical records of 132 patients. MEASUREMENTS The presence and type of anemia were determined based on the World Health Organization criteria for adults and Smith's algorithm, respectively. The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was used to measure cognitive status. Functional impairment was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 82.20 years, with 68% being female, the mean MMSE and FIM scores were 23.95 (SD = 4.3) and 82.82 (SD = 15.63), respectively. In total, 67% of males and 46% of females were anemic (P < 0.05). The majority of anemias were caused by nutritional deficiencies. The percent of anemic females receiving treatment for anemia was higher (71%) than the percent of anemic males (46%) (P < 0.05). The majority of the patients improved functionally regardless of anemia status. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that a substantial number of patients in a geriatric hospital were anemic, with significant percentage going untreated. The overall improvement in patients' functional abilities suggests that remedial rehabilitation of frail seniors has an impact on recovery during their hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A C Triscott
- Dr. Jean A.C. Triscott, Division of Care of the Elderly, Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, 205, 8215 - 112 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2C8, Phone 780-735-8826, Fax 780-735-8846,
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15
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Speechley WJ, Murray CB, McKay RM, Munz MT, Ngan ETC. A failure of conflict to modulate dual-stream processing may underlie the formation and maintenance of delusions. Eur Psychiatry 2009; 25:80-6. [PMID: 19699616 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-stream information processing proposes that reasoning is composed of two interacting processes: a fast, intuitive system (Stream 1) and a slower, more logical process (Stream 2). In non-patient controls, divergence of these streams may result in the experience of conflict, modulating decision-making towards Stream 2, and initiating a more thorough examination of the available evidence. In delusional schizophrenia patients, a failure of conflict to modulate decision-making towards Stream 2 may reduce the influence of contradictory evidence, resulting in a failure to correct erroneous beliefs. METHOD Delusional schizophrenia patients and non-patient controls completed a deductive reasoning task requiring logical validity judgments of two-part conditional statements. Half of the statements were characterized by a conflict between logical validity (Stream 2) and content believability (Stream 1). RESULTS Patients were significantly worse than controls in determining the logical validity of both conflict and non-conflict conditional statements. This between groups difference was significantly greater for the conflict condition. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that delusional schizophrenia patients fail to use conflict to modulate towards Stream 2 when the two streams of reasoning arrive at incompatible judgments. This finding provides encouraging preliminary support for the Dual-Stream Modulation Failure model of delusion formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Speechley
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver B.C., Canada
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16
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Abstract
Wnt signals play important roles in development and oncogenesis and are transduced through at least two pathways: a canonical beta-catenin-dependent and a beta-catenin-independent cascade. Casein kinase I (CKI) is required in both invertebrates and vertebrates to transduce canonical Wnt signals. However, its role in the beta-catenin-independent pathway was unknown. During vertebrate embryogenesis, the beta-catenin-independent cascade is thought to control cell movements and has been postulated to be analogous to the Drosophila planar cell polarity pathway, which signals through the JNK cascade. Here, we report that blocking CKI function inhibits embryonic morphogenesis and activates JNK in cell lines. These studies suggest that CKI might also act in the beta-catenin-independent pathway and indicate a role for CKI during convergence extension in early vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
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17
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Abstract
The canonical Wnt-signaling pathway is critical for many aspects of development, and mutations in components of the Wnt pathway are carcinogenic. Recently, sufficiency tests identified casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon) as a positive component of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, and necessity tests showed that CKIepsilon is required in vertebrates to transduce Wnt signals. In addition to CKIepsilon, the CKI family includes several other isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) and their role in Wnt sufficiency tests had not yet been clarified. However, in Caenorhabditis elegans studies, loss-of-function of a CKI isoform most similar to alpha produced the mom phenotype, indicative of loss-of-Wnt signaling. In this report, we examine the ability of the various CKI isoforms to activate Wnt signaling and find that all the wild-type CKI isoforms do so. Dishevelled (Dsh), another positive component of the Wnt pathway, becomes phosphorylated in response to Wnt signals. All the CKI isoforms, with the exception of gamma, increase the phosphorylation of Dsh in vivo. In addition, CKI directly phosphorylates Dsh in vitro. Finally, we find that CKI is required in vivo for the Wnt-dependent phosphorylation of Dsh. These studies advance our understanding of the mechanism of Wnt action and suggest that more than one CKI isoform is capable of transducing Wnt signals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA
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18
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Boyd PW, Watson AJ, Law CS, Abraham ER, Trull T, Murdoch R, Bakker DC, Bowie AR, Buesseler KO, Chang H, Charette M, Croot P, Downing K, Frew R, Gall M, Hadfield M, Hall J, Harvey M, Jameson G, LaRoche J, Liddicoat M, Ling R, Maldonado MT, McKay RM, Nodder S, Pickmere S, Pridmore R, Rintoul S, Safi K, Sutton P, Strzepek R, Tanneberger K, Turner S, Waite A, Zeldis J. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 2000; 407:695-702. [PMID: 11048709 DOI: 10.1038/35037500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the 'iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Boyd
- National Institute of Water and Atmosphere, Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The Wnt signalling cascade is essential for the development of both invertebrates and vertebrates, and is altered during tumorigenesis. Although a general framework for Wnt signalling has been elucidated, not all of the components have been identified. Here we describe a serine kinase, casein kinase I (CKI), which was isolated by expression cloning in Xenopus embryos. CKI reproduces several properties of Wnt signals, including generation of complete dorsal axes, stabilization of beta-catenin and induction of genes that are direct targets of Wnt signals. Dominant-negative forms of CKI and a pharmacological blocker of CKI inhibited Wnt signals in Xenopus. Inhibiting CKI in Caenorhabditis elegans generated worms with a mom phenotype, indicative of a loss of Wnt signals. In addition, CKI bound to and increased the phosphorylation of dishevelled, a known component of the Wnt pathway. These data indicate that CKI may be a conserved component of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Peters
- Center for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235-9133, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Individual pig growth curves were derived on 445 Yorkshire, 323 Hampshire, and 316 Landrace boars and gilts. The range in age was from 1 to 35 d and these growth curves were linear. The regression parameters (x- and y-intercepts, and slopes) were different among the three breeds, and differences between boars and gilts were found in the Yorkshire breed for the y-intercept and slope and in the Landrace breed for the y-intercept and slope and in the Landrace breed for the y-intercept. An additional 130 Yorkshire, 126 Hampshire, and 96 Landrace boars and gilts were used to evaluate the effectiveness of adjustments that were additive, multiplicative, additive-multiplicative, or based on the x- and y-intercepts. Effectiveness was evaluated in terms of accuracy, equality of variance, and practical application. The multiplicative adjustments were the most effective in the Hampshire breed and the average of the additive and multiplicative adjustments was the most effective in the Yorkshire breed. In the Landrace breed none of the four methods evaluated produced a credible adjusted 21-d weight. From an industry standpoint this study suggests the need for breed-specific specific adjustments, and in some breeds this may have to be extended to sex-specific adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Agriculture Canada Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba
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21
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McKay RM, Gibbs SP. Phycoerythrin is absent from the pyrenoid of Porphyridium cruentum: photosynthetic implications. Planta 1990; 180:249-256. [PMID: 24201953 DOI: 10.1007/bf00194004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid lamellae which traverse the pyrenoid of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum (Agardh) Nägeli appear to lack phycobilisomes. We have confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy that phycoerythrin (PE), an important structural component of the phycobilisomes of red algae, is absent from the pyrenoid. To characterize pyrenoid thylakoids further, electron-microscopic cytochemical methods were employed to detect photosystem activity. Photosystem (PS) I activity was demonstrated in both stromal and pyrenoid thylakoids by the photooxidation of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. In contrast, the localization of photoreduced distyryl nitroblue tetrazolium demonstrated that PSII activity was restricted to stromal thylakoids. The observed partitioning of PE and PSII activity within the plastid may be related to another observation, that being the localization of nearly all ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) within the pyrenoid of this alga. It is possible that the pyrenoid of P. cruentum functions as a specific metabolic compartment where CO2 fixation is enhanced by the absence of photosynthetic O2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McKay
- Department of Biology, McGill University, H3A 1B1, Montreal, P.Q., Canada
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McKay RM. Vesiculo-bullous disorders in adulthood. Can Fam Physician 1987; 33:2797-2800. [PMID: 20469479 PMCID: PMC2218251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this third and final article in the series on vesiculo-bullous disorders, I shall review some of the blistering diseases seen among adults. Many of the disorders are not common, but a delayed diagnosis can put the patient at risk. I shall mention some key aspects of the disease or its diagnosis, but for further detail, I refer the reader to the references cited.
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McKay RM. Vesiculo-bullous disorders in childhood. Can Fam Physician 1987; 33:2593-2597. [PMID: 21264002 PMCID: PMC2218675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the second of three articles outlining the diagnoses to be considered when vesiculo-bullous lesions are identified in the neonate, children, and adults. This paper deals with a number of blistering disorders which can arise throughout infancy and childhood. Both inherited and acquired diseases are considered, and general guidelines for diagnosis and management are discussed.
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McKay RM. Vesiculo-bullous disorders of the neonate. Can Fam Physician 1987; 33:2297-2301. [PMID: 21263952 PMCID: PMC2218535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of three articles which outline the diagnoses to be considered when vesiculo-bullous lesions are identified in the neonate, children, and adults. This paper presents a brief sketch of blistering disorders which may occur during the first few weeks of life. Vesiculo-bullous lesions in the neonate may represent benign, infectious, genetic, or life-threatening disorders. Early recognition, appropriate diagnostic procedures, and specific therapeutic interventions can be vital in reducing potential morbidity and mortality. General guidelines for diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions are discussed, along with some of the newer etiologic and epidemiologic concepts.
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Abstract
Data from 153 foster groups, each consisting of a dam and a nurse, were analyzed separately for breed (Lacombe, Yorkshire) parity (first, second), and sex of piglet (boar, gilt) to estimate prenatal, postnatal and prenatal X postnatal influences on growth and fat measurements. Significant differences were not observed between breeds, parity and sex of piglets; the estimates were pooled over these traits. Prenatal effects were the major contributing factor in the determination of preweaning growth rate, weaning weight, postweaning average daily gain and allometric growth coefficient, rib and loin fat deposition coefficients. Postnatal influence was of minor importance and the prenatal X postnatal interaction was of negligible consequence. These observations indicated that crossfostering of piglets between parities and breeds without regard for the sex of the piglet would not seriously bias subsequent performance testing results. Heritability estimates for weaning weight, postweaning growth rate and backfat thickness differed from published values.
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Abstract
Data from 11 generations of a selection study were analyzed to estimate genetic correlations between boars and gilts, boars and barrows, and gilts and barrows for carcass traits in the Lacombe and Yorkshire breeds of swine. Genetic correlations were estimated to determine if genotype X sex interactions existed and to assess the need for separate genetic parameters for boars and gilts in selection response equations. Genotype X sex interactions were found for total carcass fat/kg of cold carcass weight, area of lean in the ham face/kg of cold carcass weight and percent lean in the ham face/kg of cold carcass weight. Carcass length, longissimus muscle area/kg of cold carcass weight percent ham of side and percent lean in the ham face did not have genotype X sex interactions. Selection based on pooled genetic parameters over sex were favored over selection based on separate genetic parameters regardless of the presence or absence of genotype X sex interactions.
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Grinwich DL, McKay RM. Effects of reduced suckling on days to estrus, conception during lactation and embryo survival in sows. Theriogenology 1985; 23:449-59. [PMID: 16726015 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(85)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1984] [Accepted: 11/29/1984] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trials to investigate the effects of limited suckling on sow reproduction and piglet growth were conducted using 41 first parity and 32 second parity Yorkshire sows. Separation of sows from their litters (22 hrs/day, days 21-35 postpartum) induced estrus in 60% of primiparous and 72% of second parity sows during lactation. Compared to control group animals, primiparous sows had higher weaning weights and second parity sows higher rates of embryo survival on day 30 of gestation. Piglets subjected to suckling restriction had weights, at 2 weeks after weaning, equal to those weaned after 5 weeks of unrestricted suckling. We conclude that suckling restriction can provide the dual benefits of an extended piglet nursing period and a decreased breeding to breeding interval in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Grinwich
- Agriculture Canada Research Station, Box 610 Brandon, Manitoba, Canada R7A 5Z7
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