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Zaki MS, Abd-El-All AM, Attia AS, Dahshan H, Al-Ashery MA, Megahed A. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from Egyptian dairy cattle herds: The prevalence and molecular characteristics. Open Vet J 2024; 14:214-224. [PMID: 38633193 PMCID: PMC11018409 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica that caused substantial health problems and financial losses were believed to have originated primarily from Egypt's dairy farms. Aim The purpose of this study was to ascertain the occurrence of E. coli and S. enterica in three large dairy farms located in the Egyptian governorate of Sharkia. Furthermore, biochemical and serological characteristics of the isolated isolates were described. Further analysis revealed that several E. coli serovars had the genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hylA, while invA, stn, and hilA genes were found in several S. enterica serotypes using a multi-plex PCR. Methods A total of 540 samples of fresh raw cow milk, water, feedstuffs, feces, (108 each), as well as swabs from feeders, milker hands and cattle crushes (36 each ), were gathered and analyzed. Results The recovery of E. coli from various sampling sources was shown to have an overall prevalence of 62.2% (336/540) in the results. Fecal samples had isolated S. enterica, with a frequency of 0.74% (4/540). The existence of various groups of serovars, such as O26, O44, O55, O78 and O111 for E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella inganda for S. enterica was revealed by serological identification of the two species. However, it was discovered that a number of E. coli serovars had much higher percentages of the eaeA and hylA genes as well as shiga-toxin types 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2). The presence of the invA gene, a diagnostic marker for S. enterica was 100% across all serovars. Salmonella enteritidis possessed both the enterotoxin gene (stn) and the hyper-invasive locus gene (hilA). Salmonella typhimurium had the hilA gene, whereas S. inganda had the stn gene. Conclusion Escherichia coli and S. enterica recovered in this study have significant genetic risk factors for high pathogenicity and virulence, posing a real threat to dairy population productivity and health, which could spread to the general public through milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S.A. Zaki
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amr M.M. Abd-El-All
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira S.A. Attia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hesham Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Al-Ashery
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Liu Q, Yang X, Sun H, Wang H, Sui X, Zhang P, Bai X, Xiong Y. Genetic Diversity and Expression of Intimin in Escherichia albertii Isolated from Humans, Animals, and Food. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2843. [PMID: 38137987 PMCID: PMC10745426 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii (E. albertii) is an emerging diarrheagenic pathogen associated with sporadic infections and human gastroenteric outbreaks. The eae gene, which encodes intimin in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) operon, contributes to the establishment of the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion. Increasing collection of E. albertii strains from various sources has resulted in a rapid increase in the number of eae subtypes. This study systematically investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of eae among E. albertii strains isolated from humans, animals, and food. The eae gene was present in 452/459 (98.5%) strains and 23 subtypes were identified including two novel subtypes, named eae-α11 and η3. The eae-σ subtype was the most predominant among humans, animals, and food-derived strains, while eae-γ3, τ, and α11 were unique in human-derived strains. Additionally, the LEE island was also analyzed at genomic, transcriptional, and functional levels through genomic analysis, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and HEp-2 cell adherence assays, respectively. The eae transcript levels were variable and associated with eae subtypes. Three different adherence patterns, including localized adherence-like (LAL), diffuse adherence (DA), and detachment (DE), were observed among E. albertii strains. This study demonstrated a high diversity of functional intimin in E. albertii strains isolated from humans, animals, and food. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted to better elucidate the role of intimin or LEE in different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Xi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Hui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Xinxia Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Peihua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiangning Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (H.S.); (H.W.); (X.S.); (P.Z.); (X.B.)
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Wang L, Bai X, Ylinen E, Zhang J, Saxén H, Matussek A. Genetic Characterization of Intimin Gene ( eae) in Clinical Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Pediatric Patients in Finland. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:669. [PMID: 38133173 PMCID: PMC10748226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections cause outbreaks of severe disease in children ranging from bloody diarrhea to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The adherent factor intimin, encoded by eae, can facilitate the colonization process of strains and is frequently associated with severe disease. The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the prevalence and polymorphisms of eae in clinical STEC strains from pediatric patients under 17 years old with and without HUS, and to assess the pathogenic risk of different eae subtypes. We studied 240 STEC strains isolated from pediatric patients in Finland with whole genome sequencing. The gene eae was present in 209 (87.1%) strains, among which 49 (23.4%) were from patients with HUS, and 160 (76.6%) were from patients without HUS. O157:H7 (126, 60.3%) was the most predominant serotype among eae-positive STEC strains. Twenty-three different eae genotypes were identified, which were categorized into five eae subtypes, i.e., γ1, β3, ε1, θ and ζ3. The subtype eae-γ1 was significantly overrepresented in strains from patients aged 5-17 years, while β3 and ε1 were more commonly found in strains from patients under 5 years. All O157:H7 strains carried eae-γ1; among non-O157 strains, strains of each serotype harbored one eae subtype. No association was observed between the presence of eae/its subtypes and HUS. However, the combination of eae-γ1+stx2a was significantly associated with HUS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a high occurrence and genetic variety of eae in clinical STEC from pediatric patients under 17 years old in Finland, and that eae is not essential for STEC-associated HUS. However, the combination of certain eae subtypes with stx subtypes, i.e., eae-γ1+stx2a, may be used as risk predictors for the development of severe disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Ylinen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (E.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Ji Zhang
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Harri Saxén
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, New Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (E.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Andreas Matussek
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway; (L.W.); (X.B.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
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Yun CS, Moon BY, Hwang MH, Lee SK, Ku BK, Lee K. Characterization of the pathogenicity of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from pneumonia-infected lung samples of dogs and cats in South Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5575. [PMID: 37019949 PMCID: PMC10076304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolated from dog and cat lung samples in South Korea. A total of 101 E. coli isolates were analyzed for virulence factors, phylogroups, and O-serogroups, and their correlation with bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality was elucidated. P fimbriae structural subunit (papA), hemolysin D (hlyD), and cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (cnf1) were highly prevalent in both species, indicating correlation with bacterial pneumonia. Phylogroups B1 and B2 were the most prevalent phylogroups (36.6% and 32.7%, respectively) and associated with high bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality rates. Isolates from both species belonging to phylogroup B2 showed high frequency of papA, hlyD, and cnf1. O-serogrouping revealed 21 and 15 serogroups in dogs and cats, respectively. In dogs, O88 was the most prevalent serogroup (n = 8), and the frequency of virulence factors was high for O4 and O6. In cats, O4 was the most prevalent serogroup (n = 6), and the frequency of virulence factors was high for O4 and O6. O4 and O6 serogroups were mainly grouped under phylogroup B2 and associated with high bacterial pneumonia-induced mortality. This study characterized the pathogenicity of ExPEC and described the probability of ExPEC pneumonia-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun Yun
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Bo-Youn Moon
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Hwang
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyoung Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Kichan Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea.
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Alharbi MG, Al-Hindi RR, Esmael A, Alotibi IA, Azhari SA, Alseghayer MS, Teklemariam AD. The "Big Six": Hidden Emerging Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:356. [PMID: 36355898 PMCID: PMC9693546 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are emerging serogroups that often result in diseases ranging from diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis in humans. The most common non-O157 STEC are O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145. These serogroups are known by the name "big six" because they cause severe illness and death in humans and the United States Department of Agriculture declared these serogroups as food contaminants. The lack of fast and efficient diagnostic methods exacerbates the public impact of the disease caused by these serogroups. Numerous outbreaks have been reported globally and most of these outbreaks were caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as direct contact with reservoirs. Livestock harbor a variety of non-O157 STEC serovars that can contaminate meat and dairy products, or water sources when used for irrigation. Hence, effective control and prevention approaches are required to safeguard the public from infections. This review addresses the disease characteristics, reservoirs, the source of infections, the transmission of the disease, and major outbreaks associated with the six serogroups ("big six") of non-O157 STEC encountered all over the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R. Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmael
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Alotibi
- Health Information Technology Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheren A. Azhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S. Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Addisu D. Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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The Ability of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli to Grow in Raw Cow's Milk Stored at Low Temperatures. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213411. [PMID: 36360022 PMCID: PMC9656703 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of scientific evidence, some consumers assert that raw milk is a natural food with nutritional and immunological properties superior to pasteurized milk. This has led to the increased popularity of unpasteurized cow milk (UPM) and disregard for the risks of being exposed to zoonotic infections. Dairy cattle are healthy carriers of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC), and contaminated UPM has caused STEC outbreaks worldwide. The association between STEC, carrying the eae (E. coli attachment effacement) gene, and severe diseases is well-established. We have previously isolated four eae positive STEC isolates from two neighboring dairy farms in the Southeast of Norway. A whole genome analysis revealed that isolates from different farms exhibited nearly identical genetic profiles. To explore the risks associated with drinking UPM, we examined the ability of the isolates to produce Stx and their growth in UPM at different temperatures. All the isolates produced Stx and one of the isolates was able to propagate in UPM at 8 °C (p < 0.02). Altogether, these results highlight the risk for STEC infections associated with the consumption of UPM.
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Intimin (eae) and virulence membrane protein pagC genes are associated with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates from calves with diarrhea. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:321. [PMID: 36221149 PMCID: PMC9552474 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association of the intimin (eae) and pagC genes with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica collected from calves with diarrhea. Results Fecal samples (n: 150) were collected from calves with diarrhea. Of 150 fecal samples, 122 (81.3%) were culture positive and 115/122 (94.2%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, E. coli (n = 64/115, 55.6%) was the most common isolate followed by S. enterica (n = 41/115, 35.6%). Also, 10 (8.6%) isolates were other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria including Klebsiella and Proteus species. Eighty-nine isolates (77.4%) from calf diarrhea, including 52 (81.3%) E. coli and 37 (90.2%) S. enterica were MDR. The eae and pagC genes were detected in 33 (51.5%) E. coli and 28 (68.3%) S. enterica isolates, respectively. There was a strong association between these genes and biofilm formation and MDR phenotype (P-value = 0.000). All E. coli isolates carrying the eae gene were biofilm producers and MDR. Also, all pagC-positive S. enterica isolates were MDR and 25 (89.3%) isolates of them produced biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6.
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Sváb D, Falgenhauer L, Mag T, Chakraborty T, Tóth I. Genomic Diversity, Virulence Gene, and Prophage Arrays of Bovine and Human Shiga Toxigenic and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Hungary. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896296. [PMID: 35865933 PMCID: PMC9294531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli belonging to the enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and atypical enteropathogenic (aEPEC) pathotypes are significant foodborne zoonotic pathogens posing serious health risks, with healthy cattle as their main reservoir. A representative sampling of Hungarian cattle farms during 2017–2018 yielded a prevalence of 6.5 and 5.8% for STEC and aEPEC out of 309 samples. The draft genomes of twelve STEC (of them 9 EHEC) and four aEPEC of bovine origin were determined. For comparative purposes, we also included 3 EHEC and 2 aEPEC strains of human origin, as well four commensal isolates and one extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) obtained from animals in a final set of 26 strains for a WGS-based analysis. Apart from key virulence genes, these isolates harbored several additional virulence genes with arrays characteristic for the site of isolation. The most frequent insertion site of Shiga toxin (stx) encoding prophages was yehV for the Stx1 prophage and wrbA and sbcB for Stx2. For O157:H7 strains, the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island was present at the selC site, with integration at pheV for other serotypes, and pheU in the case of O26:H11 strains. Several LEE-negative STEC and aEPEC as well as commensal isolates carried additional prophages, with an average of ten prophage regions per isolate. Comparative phylogenomic analysis showed no clear separation between bovine and human lineages among the isolates characterized in the current study. Similarities in virulence gene arrays and close phylogenetic relations of bovine and human isolates underline the zoonotic potential of bovine aEPEC and STEC and emphasize the need for frequent monitoring of these pathogens in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos Sváb
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Domonkos Sváb,
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tünde Mag
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Tóth
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Madoroba E, Malokotsa KP, Ngwane C, Lebelo S, Magwedere K. Presence and Virulence Characteristics of Shiga Toxin Escherichia coli and Non-Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Products from Animal Protein Supply Chain Enterprises in South Africa. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:386-393. [PMID: 35512735 PMCID: PMC9245721 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of food that is contaminated with Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has been linked to serious foodborne disease outbreaks. Our aim was to provide a descriptive study on the presence and virulence factors of STEC and non-STEC O157 isolates recovered from 2017 diverse meat and meat product samples from all provinces of South Africa (n = 1758) and imported meat from South Africa's major ports of entry (n = 259). A cross-sectional study was undertaken to analyze raw intact meat, raw processed (nonintact) meat, and ready-to-eat (RTE) meat from cattle, game, sheep, pork, and poultry. Isolation was performed using International Organization for Standardization-based microbiological techniques, while detection and characterization were performed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and conventional PCR targeting the stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA genes. A total of 28 of 1758 (1.59%; confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2) samples from the domestic market tested positive (n = 10 Escherichia coli O157:H7; n = 14 Escherichia coli O157: non-H7; and n = 4 non-O157 STEC), while 4/259 (1.54%; CI 0.4–4) samples from ports of entry tested positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on RT-PCR. On average, diverse samples from domestic meat and meat products from cattle showed the highest number of positive samples (22/1758; 1.3%; CI 0.8–2). RT-PCR detected more positive samples (n = 32) compared with culture (n = 17). Sixteen different virulence factor combinations were observed. Our findings demonstrate a relatively low presence of diverse STEC strains along the meat value chain. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive report in South Africa to analyze STEC and non-STEC O157 from local and imported samples from many animal species. This is important as it reveals virulence factors in STEC strains circulating in meat and meat products in South Africa, which contribute to the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Keneiloe Portia Malokotsa
- Bacteriology Section, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Ngwane
- Agricultural Research Council-Biometry Unit, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Sogolo Lebelo
- Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Eppinger M, Almería S, Allué-Guardia A, Bagi LK, Kalalah AA, Gurtler JB, Fratamico PM. Genome Sequence Analysis and Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2 Production by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Associated With a Laboratory Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:888568. [PMID: 35770066 PMCID: PMC9234449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-acquired E. coli O157:H7 infection with associated severe sequelae including hemolytic uremic syndrome occurred in an individual working in the laboratory with a mixture of nalidixic acid-resistant (NalR) O157:H7 mutant strains in a soil-biochar blend. The patient was hospitalized and treated with an intravenous combination of metronidazole and levofloxacin. The present study investigated the source of this severe laboratory acquired infection and further examined the influence of the antibiotics used during treatment on the expression and production of Shiga toxin. Genomes of two Stx2a-and eae-positive O157:H7 strains isolated from the patient's stool were sequenced along with two pairs of the wt strains and their derived NalR mutants used in the laboratory experiments. High-resolution SNP typing determined the strains' individual genetic relatedness and unambiguously identified the two laboratory-derived NalR mutant strains as the source of the researcher's life-threatening disease, rather than a conceivable ingestion of unrelated O157:H7 isolates circulating at the same time. It was further confirmed that in sublethal doses, the antibiotics increased toxin expression and production. Our results support a simultaneous co-infection with clinical strains in the laboratory, which were the causative agents of previous O157:H7 outbreaks, and further that the administration of antibiotics may have impacted the outcome of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sonia Almería
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Lori K Bagi
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Anwar A Kalalah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joshua B Gurtler
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
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11
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Cointe A, Bizot E, Delannoy S, Fach P, Bidet P, Birgy A, Weill FX, Lefèvre S, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bonacorsi S. Emergence of New ST301 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Clones Harboring Extra-Intestinal Virulence Traits in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100686. [PMID: 34678979 PMCID: PMC8537712 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O80:H2 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) of sequence type ST301 is one of the main serotypes causing European hemolytic and uremic syndrome, but also invasive infections, due to extra-intestinal virulence factors (VFs). Here, we determined whether other such heteropathotypes exist among ST301. EnteroBase was screened for ST301 strains that were included in a general SNP-phylogeny. French strains belonging to a new heteropathotype clone were sequenced. ST, hierarchical clusters (HC), serotype, resistome, and virulome were determined using EnteroBase, the CGE website, and local BLAST. The ST301 general phylogeny shows two groups. Group A (n = 25) is mainly composed of enteropathogenic E. coli, whereas group B (n = 55) includes mostly EHEC. Three serotypes, O186:H2, O45:H2 and O55:H9, share the same virulome as one of the O80:H2 sub-clones from which they derive subsequent O-antigen switches. The O55:H9 clone, mainly present in France (n = 29), as well as in the UK (n = 5) and Germany (n = 1), has a low background of genetic diversity (four HC20), although it has three Stx subtypes, an H-antigen switch, and genes encoding the major extra-intestinal VF yersiniabactin, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Diverse heteropathotype clones genetically close to the O80:H2 clone are present among the ST301, requiring close European monitoring, especially the virulent O55:H9 clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cointe
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Etienne Bizot
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Platform Identy Path, Food Safety Laboratory, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Patrick Fach
- Platform Identy Path, Food Safety Laboratory, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (S.D.); (P.F.)
| | - Philippe Bidet
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - André Birgy
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Unités des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75015 Paris, France; (F.-X.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lefèvre
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Unités des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, 75015 Paris, France; (F.-X.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Patricia Mariani-Kurkdjian
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Service de Microbiologie, Centre National de Référence Escherichia coli, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France; (E.B.); (P.B.); (A.B.); (P.M.-K.); (S.B.)
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12
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Manage DP, Lauzon J, Pilarski LM, Pilarski PM, McMullen LM. Comparison of a Miniaturized Cassette PCR System with a Commercially Available Platform for Detecting Escherichia coli in Beef Carcass Swabs. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080959. [PMID: 34442581 PMCID: PMC8398369 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection sensitivity of cassette PCR was compared with a commercial BAX® PCR system for detection of eae and stx genes in Escherichia coli from 806 beef carcass swabs. Cassette PCR detects multiple genetic markers on multiple samples using PCR and melt curve analysis. Conventional PCR served as a gold standard. Overall, for positive and negative concordance, cassette PCR was 98.6% concordant with conventional PCR, and BAX PCR was 65.4% concordant. Of 806 beef carcass swabs, 339 by cassette PCR and 84 by BAX PCR harbored eae + stx+E. coli. For BAX PCR reactions, 84% of eae+ swabs, 79% of stx+ swabs, and 86% of eae + stx+ swabs were also detected by cassette PCR. For cassette PCR reactions, 457 swabs were eae+ with only 117 scored as eae+ using BAX PCR for 26% positive concordance. For stx primers, cassette PCR scored 480 samples as stx+ but only 215 samples were stx+ by BAX PCR, giving 45% positive concordance. Importantly, cassette PCR scored 339 swabs as harboring eae + stx+ E. coli, but BAX PCR detected only 71 positives giving only 21% positive concordance, with many false negatives. Cassette PCR is a highly sensitive method for detection of STEC genes in E. coli found in carcass swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dammika P. Manage
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (D.P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jana Lauzon
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (D.P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Linda M. Pilarski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
| | - Patrick M. Pilarski
- 5-005 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada;
| | - Lynn M. McMullen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (D.P.M.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hu Y, Cui G, Fan Y, Liu Y, Zhou W, Huo S, Wu X, Song S, Cui X, Zhao L, Bai L, Cui S, He Z. Isolation and Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Retail Beef Samples from Eight Provinces in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:616-625. [PMID: 34403269 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide, data on the molecular and phylogenetic properties of STEC isolates from retail beef samples in China remain scant. Fresh retail beef samples (n = 1062) were collected from eight provinces, and STEC isolates were recovered and characterized. PCR data showed that more than 50% of the samples were stx positive, and 82 STEC isolates were recovered from 14.8% (79/535) stx-positive enriched broths. In contrast, all ciprofloxacin resistant isolates (n = 19) and 13 cefotaxime (CTX) resistant isolates were eae positive and belonged to three serotypes: O111:H8, O26:H11, or O157:H7. Point mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants were identified in 16 and 20 isolates, respectively. BlaCTX-M and a point mutation (C-42T) in ampC promoter were detected in 15 and 8 of the CTX resistant isolates, respectively. In addition, macrolide resistance gene mphA was identified in eight azithromycin resistant O111:H8 isolates and one O26:H11 isolate. Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis demonstrated that the O26 and O157 isolates had multiple origins, but the O111 isolates were closely related. Taken together, our data demonstrated that several sequence types associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome from the retail beef samples in China had developed into dangerous multidrug resistant pathogens. The resistant phenotype can facilitate their transmission among the farm animals and human beings when there is an antimicrobial selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangqing Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Shanxi Provincial Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiling Fan
- Department of Microbiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing Technology of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Huo
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Jiang Xi Institute for Food Control, Nanchang, China
| | - Sheng Song
- Department of Microbiology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Warning, Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Microbiological Inspection Center, Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Department of Food Science, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- Department of Food Science, The National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei He
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Microbiology, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing, China
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14
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant, qnr-Carrying Escherichia coli Isolated from the German Food Chain in 2017. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061308. [PMID: 34208509 PMCID: PMC8233838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are the highest priority, critically important antimicrobial agents. Resistance development can occur via different mechanisms, with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) being prevalent in the livestock and food area. Especially, qnr genes, commonly located on mobile genetic elements, are major drivers for the spread of resistance determinants against fluoroquinolones. We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of qnr-positive Escherichia (E.) coli obtained from different monitoring programs in Germany in 2017. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate commonalities of qnr-carrying plasmids in E. coli. We found qnr to be broadly spread over different livestock and food matrices, and to be present in various sequence types. The qnr-positive isolates were predominantly detected within selectively isolated ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing E. coli, leading to a frequent association with other resistance genes, especially cephalosporin determinants. Furthermore, we found that qnr correlates with the presence of genes involved in resistance development against quaternary ammonium compounds (qac). The detection of additional point mutations in many isolates within the chromosomal QRDR region led to even higher MIC values against fluoroquinolones for the investigated E. coli. All of these attributes should be carefully taken into account in the risk assessment of qnr-carrying E. coli from livestock and food.
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15
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Hua Y, Bai X, Zhang J, Jernberg C, Chromek M, Hansson S, Frykman A, Yang X, Xiong Y, Wan C, Matussek A. Molecular characteristics of eae-positive clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2562-2570. [PMID: 33179570 PMCID: PMC7733975 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1850182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause a wide range of symptoms from asymptomatic carriage, mild diarrhea to bloody diarrhea (BD) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Intimin, encoded by the eae gene, also plays a critical role in STEC pathogenesis. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of eae among clinical STEC isolates from patients with diarrhea, BD, HUS as well as from asymptomatic STEC-positive individuals in Sweden with whole-genome sequencing. We found that 173 out of 239 (72.4%) of clinical STEC strains were eae positive. Six eae subtypes (ϵ1, γ1, β3, θ, ζ and ρ) were identified eae and its subtype γ1 were significantly overrepresented in O157:H7 strains isolated from BD and HUS patients. ϵ1 was associated with O121:H19 and O103:H2 strains, and β3 to O26:H11 strains. The combination of eae subtype γ1 and stx subtype (stx 2 or stx 1+stx 2) is more likely to cause severe disease, suggesting the possibility of using eae genotypes in risk assessment of STEC infection. In summary, this study demonstrated a high prevalence of eae in clinical STEC strains and considerable genetic diversity of eae in STEC strains in Sweden from 1994 through 2018, and revealed association between eae subtypes and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hua
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiangning Bai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- mEpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Milan Chromek
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Hansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Frykman
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andreas Matussek
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping Region County, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Costa M, Londero A, Brusa V, Galli L, Van Der Ploeg C, Roge A, Leotta GA. Characterization and molecular subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in provincial abattoirs from the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during 2016-2018. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105133. [PMID: 32979660 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We characterized Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 (n = 20) and non-O157 (n = 68) isolated from carcasses (n = 54), the environment (n = 20), head meat (n = 3) and viscera washing and chilling water (n = 11) in provincial abattoirs before and after implementing improvement actions. The strains were tested for eae, saa, ehxA and fliCH7 genes. Variants stx1 and stx2 were also determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out with restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI. All twenty O157 STEC strains [H7; H21; HNM] carried genes rfbO157 and ehxA; 90.0 % were positive for eae and 15.0 % were negative for fliCH7 and positive for saa. Results of PFGE showed 17 XbaI patterns, of which 14 were unique and three formed clusters. From the 68 non-O157 STEC strains, 66.2 %, 55.9 % and 2.9 % were positive for ehxA, saa and eae genes, respectively. Fifty-three XbaI patterns were obtained (49 unique and four forming clusters). Cross-contamination between products and between the environment and products was confirmed in all abattoirs. While the proposed improvements reduced the risk of contamination, Good Hygiene Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices should be implemented in provincial abattoirs, stressing the importance of having a uniform national food safety standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Londero
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Van Der Ploeg
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Roge
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, (1282), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Av. 60 y 118 s/n. CC 296 UNLP (1900), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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