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Alsafy MAM, El-Gendy SAA, Atkinson B, Sturrock CJ, Kamal BM, Alibhai A, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Soliman S, Rashwan AM, Roshdy K, Rutland CS. Novel Insights Into the Architecture of Macro and Microstructures in Cattle Ossa Cordis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:574-593. [PMID: 38838186 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Ossa cordis, bones located within the heart trigones, are often classified as heterotopic or ectopic bones. Despite their high prevalence in cattle and some other bovids, little is known about their structure or development. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microtomography, gross dissections, and measurements showed the anatomical locations, prevalence, shapes, and measurements of the cardiac bones in both Egyptian Baladi cattle and Holstein-Friesians. All cattle (n = 12) had an Ossa cordis dextrum (average = 50.70 × 20.91 × 5.40 mm). Additionally, 80% Egyptian Baladi and 57% Holstein-Friesian had a smaller Ossa cordis sinistrum (average = 24.94 × 12.75 × 4.12 mm). Egyptian Baladi Ossa cordis were smaller than observed in Holstein-Friesians. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed the elemental constitution (carbon, oxygen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, and magnesium) of Ossa cordis and Cartilago cordis. These imaging techniques, plus four histological stains (hematoxylin and eosin, Crossman's trichrome, Alcian blue with Van Gieson, and Sirius Red) and microscopy, demonstrated osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, astrocytes, blood vessels, bone marrow, lamellar and woven bone, cortical bone, trabeculations with pores and canaliculi, and fibrous components including collagen in the Ossa cordis dextrum and sinistrum. Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage (chondrocytes and cartilage matrix) were found within and surrounding the Ossa cordis. These findings were additionally compared against other cattle breeds and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abis 10th, Alexandria, PO 21944, Egypt
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abis 10th, Alexandria, PO 21944, Egypt
| | - Brian Atkinson
- Hounsfield Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- Hounsfield Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Basma M Kamal
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 6010230, Egypt
| | - Aziza Alibhai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Soha Soliman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Rashwan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Al Gomhouria St, Scientic Campus, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Karam Roshdy
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abis 10th, Alexandria, PO 21944, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Kapoor K. 3D visualization and printing: An "Anatomical Engineering" trend revealing underlying morphology via innovation and reconstruction towards future of veterinary anatomy. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:159-182. [PMID: 38236439 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The amalgamation of veterinary anatomy, technology and innovation has led to development of latest technological advancement in the field of veterinary medicine, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) imaging and reconstruction. 3D visualization technique followed by 3D reconstruction has been proven to enhance non-destructive 3D visualization grossly or microscopically, e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and glands. The core aim of this manuscript is to document non-invasive 3D visualization methods being adopted currently in veterinary anatomy to reveal underlying morphology and to reconstruct them by 3D softwares followed by printing, its applications, current challenges, trends and future opportunities. 3D visualization methods such as MRI, CT scans and micro-CT scans are utilised in revealing volumetric data and underlying morphology at microscopic levels as well. This will pave a way to transform and re-invent the future of teaching in veterinary medicine, in clinical cases as well as in exploring wildlife anatomy. This review provides novel insights into 3D visualization and printing as it is the future of veterinary anatomy, thus making it spread to become the plethora of opportunities for whole veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritima Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
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Alsafy MAM, El-Gendy SAA, Kamal BM, Rutland CS, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Soliman S, ELKhamary AN, Nomir AG. Heart ventricles of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): new insights from sectional anatomy, 3D computed tomography, and morphometry. BMC ZOOL 2023; 8:12. [PMID: 37596650 PMCID: PMC10436409 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-023-00173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dromedary camel heart morphology is a crucial research topic with clinical applications. The study aims to understand the dromedary camel anatomy, morphology, and architecture of the ventricular mass. RESULTS Sagittal and transverse gross sections were compared to sagittal, transverse, and 3D render volume reconstruction computed tomography (CT) scans. The subepicardial fat, which covered the heart base, the coronary groove (sulcus coronarius), the left longitudinal interventricular groove (sulcus interventricularis paraconalis), and the right longitudinal interventricular groove (sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus), had a relatively low density with a homogeneous appearance in the 3D render volume CT. The pericardium in the color cardiac window was identified better than the black and white window (ghost). Transverse and sagittal CT scans demonstrated the internal structures of the heart, including the right atrioventricular orifice (ostium atrioventriculare dextrum), right atrioventricular orifice (ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum), and aortic orifice (ostium aortae), chordae tendineae, the cusps of the valves (cuspis valvae), and the papillary muscles (musculi papillares). The papillary muscle (musculi papillares) was presented with a more moderate density than the rest of the heart, and the cusps of the valves (cuspis valvae) had a lower density. The ventricular wall (margo ventricularis) exhibited different densities: the outer part was hyperdense, while the inner part was hypodense. The thicknesses of the ventricular mural wall and the interventricular septum (septum atrioventriculare) were highest at the midpoint of the ventricular mass, and the lowest value was present toward the apical part. The coronary groove (sulcus coronarius) circumference measured 51.14 ± 0.72 cm, and the fat in the coronary groove (sulcus coronarius) (56 ± 6.55 cm2) represented 28.7% of the total cross-sectional area. CONCLUSION The current study provided more information about ventricular mass measurements by gross and CT analysis on the heart, which provides a valuable guide for future cardiac CT investigations in camels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Samir A A El-Gendy
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Basma M Kamal
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Soha Soliman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N ELKhamary
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G Nomir
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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El-Gendy SAA, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, Ez Elarab SM, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Kamal BM. Ossa cordis and os aorta in the one-humped camel: Computed tomography, light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:53-62. [PMID: 36354738 PMCID: PMC10100463 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the morphological characteristics of the camel heart Ossa cordis, and os aorta using computed tomography soft tissue window (CT) alongside 3D render volume reconstructions and light microscopy. The current study techniques demonstrated the Ossa cordis and os aorta in the cardiac window with more precision than the black and white (ghost), and angiography images. Transverse and sagittal CT images additionally demonstrated the presence of Ossa cordis and os aorta. This study is the first to record two small Ossa cordis sinistrum and one os aorta in the camel heart, in addition to the more commonly observed singular, large, os cordis dextrum. The os cordis dextrum was always located in the upper part of the interventricular septum, near to its junction with the atrium, forming an elongated rectangular shape when observed transversally. The wider cranial part was composed from bone, whereas the caudal aspect was narrow and contained both bone and cartilage. Light microscopy identified that the os cordis dextrum consisted of trabecular bone, marrow spaces, and hyaline cartilage. Two Ossa cordis sinistrum were detected on the left side of the heart, one in the right fibrous ring and another in the interventricular septum, microscopy showed that both contained only trabecular bone with osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. At the level of ascending aorta, there was also trabecular bone containing osteocytes, an os aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A A El-Gendy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Samar M Ez Elarab
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Basma M Kamal
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
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Moittié S, Jarvis R, Bandelow S, Byrne S, Dobbs P, Grant M, Reeves C, White K, Liptovszky M, Baiker K. Vitamin D status in chimpanzees in human care: a Europe wide study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17625. [PMID: 36271125 PMCID: PMC9587231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While vitamin D deficiency is a public health concern in humans, comparatively little is known about vitamin D levels in non-human primates. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in overall health and its deficiency is associated with a range of disorders, including cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death in great apes. Serum samples (n = 245) from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at 32 European zoos were measured for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Of these samples, 33.1% indicated inadequate vitamin D status, using the human reference interval (25-OHD < 50 nmol/L). The season of the year, health status of the animal, and the provision of daily outdoor access had a significant effect on vitamin D status. This is the first large-scale study on vitamin D status of non-human great apes in human care. Inadequate 25-OHD serum concentrations are widespread in the chimpanzee population in Europe and could be a risk factor for the development of idiopathic myocardial fibrosis, a major cause of mortality in this species, as well as other diseases. A review of husbandry and nutrition practices is recommended to ensure optimal vitamin D supply for these endangered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moittié
- grid.412748.cSchool of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, West Indies, Grenada ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Rachel Jarvis
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Stephan Bandelow
- grid.412748.cSchool of Medicine, St. George’s University, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Sarah Byrne
- Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, CV9 3PX UK ,Present Address: Dublin Zoo, Saint James’, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Melissa Grant
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B5 7ET UK
| | - Christopher Reeves
- grid.498924.a0000 0004 0430 9101Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kate White
- grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Mátyás Liptovszky
- Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, CV9 3PX UK ,Present Address: Department of Life Sciences, Perth Zoo, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
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Yoshida M, Miyoshi K, Tajima T, Wada A, Ueda H, Kooriyama T. Anatomical features of ossa cordis in the Steller sea lion. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:660-665. [PMID: 35387952 PMCID: PMC9177389 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irregular triangular cartilage or bone fragments are sometimes found in the fibrous triangle of the heart. Ossa cordis and/or cartilago cordis has been demonstrated in various terrestrial
animal species. Regarding marine mammals, sperm whales lack heart bones, and there have been no studies on bones or cartilage in pinniped hearts. Therefore, we examined the ossa cordis
and/or cartilago cordis of the Steller sea lion. Eleven Steller sea lion hearts were examined morphologically and histologically. Before dissection, some hearts were imaged by CT to confirm
the presence of ossa cordis or cartilago cordis. As a result, ossa cordis-like fragments were confirmed in four adults and one pup. All of the fragments were found at the right fiber
triangle, and one adult had ossified tissue, including adipose tissue in the bone marrow cavity. The ossa cordis probably support the aorta because they surround the aorta as in other
terrestrial animals. Steller sea lions can dive to a few hundred meters, but they need to rest on land frequently. Hence, their ossa cordis help maintain heart function during the
tachycardia that occurs upon repeated surfacing and movements on land after diving in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Companion animal behavior and Wildlife ecology, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kenjiro Miyoshi
- Veterinary Ophthalmology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Tomohiko Tajima
- Laboratory of Companion animal behavior and Wildlife ecology, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Akihiko Wada
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Takanori Kooriyama
- Laboratory of Companion animal behavior and Wildlife ecology, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Goerdajal C, Grewal N, De Bakker MAG, Richardson MK. Ventricular Septation and Outflow Tract Development in Crocodilians Result in Two Aortas with Bicuspid Semilunar Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8100132. [PMID: 34677201 PMCID: PMC8537894 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outflow tract of crocodilians resembles that of birds and mammals as ventricular septation is complete. The arterial anatomy, however, presents with a pulmonary trunk originating from the right ventricular cavum, and two aortas originating from either the right or left ventricular cavity. Mixing of blood in crocodilians cannot occur at the ventricular level as in other reptiles but instead takes place at the aortic root level by a shunt, the foramen of Panizza, the opening of which is guarded by two facing semilunar leaflets of both bicuspid aortic valves. Methods: Developmental stages of Alligator mississipiensis, Crocodilus niloticus and Caiman latirostris were studied histologically. Results and Conclusions: The outflow tract septation complex can be divided into two components. The aorto-pulmonary septum divides the pulmonary trunk from both aortas, whereas the interaortic septum divides the systemic from the visceral aorta. Neural crest cells are most likely involved in the formation of both components. Remodeling of the endocardial cushions and both septa results in the formation of bicuspid valves in all three arterial trunks. The foramen of Panizza originates intracardially as a channel in the septal endocardial cushion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Poelmann
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-652695875
| | | | - Charissa Goerdajal
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Nimrat Grewal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Merijn A. G. De Bakker
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
| | - Michael K. Richardson
- Sylvius Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Sylvi-usweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.A.G.D.B.); (M.K.R.)
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