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Li H, Wang Z, Zhu F, Li G. Alginate-based active and intelligent packaging: Preparation, properties, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135441. [PMID: 39260631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Alginate-based packaging materials have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics due to their biodegradability, renewability, and versatile functionalities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent advances in the development and application of alginate-based films and coatings for food packaging. The composition and fabrication methods of alginate-based packaging materials are discussed, highlighting the incorporation of various functional compounds to enhance their physicochemical properties. The mechanisms of action and the factors influencing the release and migration of active compounds from the alginate matrix are explored. The application of alginate-based packaging materials for the preservation of various food products, including meat, fish, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, is reviewed, demonstrating their effectiveness in extending shelf-life and maintaining quality. The development of alginate-based pH-sensitive indicators for intelligent food packaging is also discussed, focusing on the colorimetric response of natural pigments to spoilage-related pH changes. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges and future perspectives of alginate-based packaging materials, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to improve their performance, sustainability, and industrial adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zongji Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Guantian Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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2
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Mazéas L, Bouguerba-Collin A, Cock JM, Denoeud F, Godfroy O, Brillet-Guéguen L, Barbeyron T, Lipinska AP, Delage L, Corre E, Drula E, Henrissat B, Czjzek M, Terrapon N, Hervé C. Candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of the main extracellular matrix polysaccharides of brown algae and their probable evolutionary history. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:950. [PMID: 39390408 PMCID: PMC11468063 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown algae belong to the Stramenopiles phylum and are phylogenetically distant from plants and other multicellular organisms. This independent evolutionary history has shaped brown algae with numerous metabolic characteristics specific to this group, including the synthesis of peculiar polysaccharides contained in their extracellular matrix (ECM). Alginates and fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides (FCSPs), the latter including fucans, are the main components of ECMs. However, the metabolic pathways of these polysaccharides remain poorly described due to a lack of genomic data. RESULTS An extensive genomic dataset has been recently released for brown algae and their close sister species, for which we previously performed an expert annotation of key genes involved in ECM-carbohydrate metabolisms. Here we provide a deeper analysis of this set of genes using comparative genomics, phylogenetics analyses, and protein modelling. Two key gene families involved in both the synthesis and degradation of alginate were suggested to have been acquired by the common ancestor of brown algae and their closest sister species Schizocladia ischiensis. Our analysis indicates that this assumption can be extended to additional metabolic steps, and thus to the whole alginate metabolic pathway. The pathway for the biosynthesis of fucans still remains biochemically unresolved and we also investigate putative fucosyltransferase genes that may harbour a fucan synthase activity in brown algae. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis is the first extensive survey of carbohydrate-related enzymes in brown algae, and provides a valuable resource for future research into the glycome and ECM of brown algae. The expansion of specific families related to alginate metabolism may have represented an important prerequisite for the evolution of developmental complexity in brown algae. Our analysis questions the possible occurrence of FCSPs outside brown algae, notably within their closest sister taxon and in other Stramenopiles such as diatoms. Filling this knowledge gap in the future will help determine the origin and evolutionary history of fucan synthesis in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mazéas
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Ahlem Bouguerba-Collin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - J Mark Cock
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - France Denoeud
- Génomique Métabolique, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Genoscope, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Olivier Godfroy
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Loraine Brillet-Guéguen
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, FR2424, ABiMS-IFB, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Agnieszka P Lipinska
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludovic Delage
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, FR2424, ABiMS-IFB, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Elodie Drula
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7257 AFMB, Marseille, France
- INRAE, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163 BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7257 AFMB, Marseille, France
- INRAE, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7257 AFMB, Marseille, France
- INRAE, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France.
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3
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Fujiwara T, Mano E, Nango E. Structural basis for the minimal bifunctional alginate epimerase AlgE3 from Azotobacter chroococcum. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1422-1437. [PMID: 38649293 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Among the epimerases specific to alginate, some of them in Azotobacter genera convert β-d-mannuronic acid to α-l-guluronic acid but also have lyase activity to degrade alginate. The remarkable characteristics of these epimerases make it a promising enzyme for tailoring alginates to meet specific demands. Here, we determined the structure of the bifunctional mannuronan C-5 epimerase AlgE3 from Azotobacter chroococcum (AcAlgE3) in complex with several mannuronic acid oligomers as well as in apo form, which allowed us to elucidate the binding manner of each mannuronic acid oligomer, and the structural plasticity, which is dependent on calcium ions. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the lyase activity profiles of AcAlgE3 combined with structural characteristics explained the preference for different chain length oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Fujiwara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eriko Mano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eriko Nango
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Japan
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4
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Saad MH, Sidkey NM, El-Fakharany EM. Identification and statistical optimization of a novel alginate polymer extracted from newly isolated Synechocystis algini MNE ON864447 with antibacterial activity. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:229. [PMID: 37932753 PMCID: PMC10629183 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a potential source of promising secondary metabolites with different biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anticancer activities. To combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent requirement for new drugs, and cyanobacteria metabolites can constitute alternative new antibacterial medication. The chemical complexity of their exopolysaccharides indicates that they have the potential to be bioactive molecules with many biological activities. The present study aimed to produce and optimise a novel alginate polymer from a newly isolated cyanobacterium, S. algini MNE ON864447, in addition to its promising antibacterial activity. We successfully isolated a new cyanobacterium strain, S. algini MNE ON864447 from the Nile River, which produces alginate as an extracellular polymeric substance. The isolated cyanobacterial alginate was identified using a set of tests, including FTIR, TLC, HPLC, GC-MS, and 1H NMR. Plackett-Burman statistical design showed that working volume (X1), the incubation period (X2), and inoculum size (X3) are the most significant variables affecting the production of alginate. The highest alginate production (3.57 g/L) was obtained using 4% inoculum size in 400 mL medium/L conical flask after 20 days of the incubation period. The extracted alginate showed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Streptococcus mutants (NCTC10449) are the most sensitive tested pathogen for purified cyanobacterial alginate with inhibition zone diameters of 34 ± 0.1 mm at 10 mg/mL of purified alginate while Vibro cholera (NCTC 8021) the lowest sensitive one and showed inhibition zone diameters of 22.5 ± 0.05 mm at the same cyanobacterial alginate concentration. This antibacterial activity is a critical step in the development of antibacterial drugs and presents a new challenge to fight against multi-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabroka H Saad
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research andTechnological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg AL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research andTechnological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg AL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
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5
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Mannuronate C-5 epimerases and their use in alginate modification. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:615-627. [PMID: 36876890 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a polysaccharide consisting of β-D-mannuronate (M) and α-L-guluronate (G) produced by brown algae and some bacterial species. Alginate has a wide range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications, owing mainly to its gelling and viscosifying properties. Alginates with high G content are considered more valuable since the G residues can form hydrogels with divalent cations. Alginates are modified by lyases, acetylases, and epimerases. Alginate lyases are produced by alginate-producing organisms and by organisms that use alginate as a carbon source. Acetylation protects alginate from lyases and epimerases. Following biosynthesis, alginate C-5 epimerases convert M to G residues at the polymer level. Alginate epimerases have been found in brown algae and alginate-producing bacteria, predominantly Azotobacter and Pseudomonas species. The best characterised epimerases are the extracellular family of AlgE1-7 from Azotobacter vinelandii (Av). AlgE1-7 all consist of combinations of one or two catalytic A-modules and one to seven regulatory R-modules, but even though they are sequentially and structurally similar, they create different epimerisation patterns. This makes the AlgE enzymes promising for tailoring of alginates to have the desired properties. The present review describes the current state of knowledge regarding alginate-active enzymes with focus on epimerases, characterisation of the epimerase reaction, and how alginate epimerases can be used in alginate production.
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Gaardløsa M, Lervikb A, Samsonova SA. Computational modeling of the molecular basis for the calcium-dependence of the mannuronan C-5 epimerase AvAlgE6 from Azotobacter vinelandii. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2188-2196. [PMID: 37013001 PMCID: PMC10066508 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mannuronan C-5 epimerases catalyze epimerization of β-d-mannuronic acid to α-l-guluronic acid in alginate polymers. The seven extracellular Azotobacter vinelandii epimerases (AvAlgE1-7) are calcium-dependent, and calcium is essential for the structural integrity of their carbohydrate binding R-modules. Ca2+ is also found in the crystal structures of the A-modules, where it is suggested to play a structural role. In this study, the structure of the catalytic A-module of the A. vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerase AvAlgE6 is used to investigate the role of this Ca2+. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with and without calcium reveal the possible importance of the bound Ca2+ in the hydrophobic packing of β-sheets. In addition, a putative calcium binding site is found in the active site, indicating a potential direct role of this calcium in the catalysis. According to the literature, two of the residues coordinating calcium in this site are essential for the activity. MD simulations of the interaction with bound substrate indicate that the presence of a calcium ion in this binding site increases the binding strength. Further, explicit calculations of the substrate dissociation pathways with umbrella sampling simulations show and energetically higher dissociation barrier when calcium is present. The present study eludes to a putative catalytic role of calcium in the charge neutralizing first step of the enzymatic reaction. In addition to the importance for understanding these enzymes' molecular mechanisms, this could have implications for engineering strategies of the epimerases in industrial alginate processing.
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7
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Madsen M, Prestel A, Madland E, Westh P, Tøndervik A, Sletta H, Peters GHJ, Aachmann FL, Kragelund BB, Svensson B. Molecular insights into alginate β-lactoglobulin A multivalencies-The foundation for their amorphous aggregates and coacervation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4556. [PMID: 36571497 PMCID: PMC9847093 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For improved control of biomaterial property design, a better understanding of complex coacervation involving anionic polysaccharides and proteins is needed. Here, we address the initial steps in condensate formation of β-lactoglobulin A (β-LgA) with nine defined alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs) and describe their multivalent interactions in structural detail. Binding of AOSs containing four, five, or six uronic acid residues (UARs), either all mannuronate (M), all guluronate (G), or alternating M and G embodying the block structural components of alginates, was characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and molecular docking. β-LgA was highly multivalent exhibiting binding stoichiometries decreasing from five to two AOSs with increasing degree of polymerization (DP) and similar affinities in the mid micromolar range. The different AOS binding sites on β-LgA were identified by NMR chemical shift perturbation analyses and showed diverse compositions of charged, polar and hydrophobic residues. Distinct sites for the shorter AOSs merged to accommodate longer AOSs. The AOSs bound dynamically to β-LgA, as concluded from saturation transfer difference and 1 H-ligand-targeted NMR analyses. Molecular docking using Glide within the Schrödinger suite 2016-1 revealed the orientation of AOSs to only vary slightly at the preferred β-LgA binding site resulting in similar XP glide scores. The multivalency coupled with highly dynamic AOS binding with lack of confined conformations in the β-LgA complexes may help explain the first steps toward disordered β-LgA alginate coacervate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Madsen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Andreas Prestel
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Eva Madland
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food ScienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Peter Westh
- Interfacial Enzymology, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF IndustryTrondheimNorway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF IndustryTrondheimNorway
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Biophysical and Biomedicinal Chemistry, Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food ScienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen NDenmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
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8
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Beuder S, Braybrook SA. Brown algal cell walls and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:103-111. [PMID: 35396168 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are complex multicellular eukaryotes whose cells possess a cell wall, which is an important structure that regulates cell size and shape. Alginate and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) are two carbohydrate types that have major roles in influencing the mechanical properties of the cell wall (i.e. increasing or decreasing wall stiffness), which in turn regulate cell expansion, division, adhesion, and other processes; however, how brown algal cell wall structure regulates its mechanical properties, and how this relationship influences cellular growth and organismal development, is not well-understood. This chapter is focused on reviewing what we currently know about how the roles of alginates and FCSPs in brown algal developmental processes, as well as how they influence the structural and mechanical properties of cell walls. Additionally, we discuss how brown algal mutants may be leveraged to learn more about the underlying mechanisms that regulate cell wall structure, mechanics, and developmental processes, and finally we propose questions to guide future research with the use of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Beuder
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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9
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Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases: Review of Activity Assays, Enzyme Characteristics, Structure, and Mechanism. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C-5 epimerases (ManC5-Es) are produced by brown algae and some bacteria, such as Azotobacter and some Pseudomonas species. It can convert the transformation of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) to α-L-guluronic acid (G) in alginate with different patterns of epimerization. Alginate with different compositions and monomer sequences possess different properties and functions, which have been utilized in industries for various purposes. Therefore, ManC5-Es are key enzymes that are involved in the modifications of alginate for fuel, chemical, and industrial applications. Focusing on ManC5-Es, this review introduces and summarizes the methods of ManC5-Es activity assay especially the most widely used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy method, characterization of the ManC5-Es from different origins especially the research progress of its enzymatic properties and product block distributions, and the catalytic mechanism of ManC5-E based on the resolved enzyme structures. Additionally, some potential future research directions are also outlooked.
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10
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Cao S, Li L, Zhu B, Yao Z. Alginate modifying enzymes: An updated comprehensive review of the mannuronan C5-epimerases. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Tøndervik A, Aune R, Degelmann A, Piontek M, Ertesvåg H, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletta H. Strain Construction and Process Development for Efficient Recombinant Production of Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases in Hansenula polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837891. [PMID: 35734252 PMCID: PMC9208277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are linear polysaccharides produced by brown algae and some bacteria and are composed of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G). Alginate has numerous present and potential future applications within industrial, medical and pharmaceutical areas and G rich alginates are traditionally most valuable and frequently used due to their gelling and viscosifying properties. Mannuronan C-5 epimerases are enzymes converting M to G at the polymer level during the biosynthesis of alginate. The Azotobacter vinelandii epimerases AlgE1-AlgE7 share a common structure, containing one or two catalytic A-modules (A), and one to seven regulatory R-modules (R). Despite the structural similarity of the epimerases, they create different M-G patterns in the alginate; AlgE4 (AR) creates strictly alternating MG structures whereas AlgE1 (ARRRAR) and AlgE6 (ARRR) create predominantly G-blocks. These enzymes are therefore promising tools for producing in vitro tailor-made alginates. Efficient in vitro epimerization of alginates requires availability of recombinantly produced alginate epimerases, and for this purpose the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha is an attractive host organism. The present study investigates whether H. polymorpha is a suitable expression system for future large-scale production of AlgE1, AlgE4, and AlgE6. H. polymorpha expression strains were constructed using synthetic genes with reduced repetitive sequences as well as optimized codon usage. High cell density cultivations revealed that the largest epimerases AlgE1 (147 kDa) and AlgE6 (90 kDa) are subject to proteolytic degradation by proteases secreted by the yeast cells. However, degradation could be controlled to a large extent either by co-expression of chaperones or by adjusting cultivation conditions. The smaller AlgE4 (58 kDa) was stable under all tested conditions. The results obtained thus point toward a future potential for using H. polymorpha in industrial production of mannuronan C-5 epimerases for in vitro tailoring of alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Randi Aune
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Lu S, Na K, Wei J, Zhang L, Guo X. Alginate oligosaccharides: The structure-function relationships and the directional preparation for application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119225. [PMID: 35287920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of alginate extracted from brown algae. With low molecular weight, high water solubility, and good biological activity, AOS present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. They also exert growth-promoting effects in animals and plants. Three types of AOS, mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), and heterozygous mannuronate and guluronate oligosaccharides (HAOS), can be produced from alginate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus far, most studies on the applications and biological activities of AOS have been based mainly on a hybrid form of HAOS. To improve the directional production of AOS for practical applications, systematic studies on the structures and related biological activities of AOS are needed. This review provides a summary of current understanding of structure-function relationships and advances in the production of AOS. The current challenges and opportunities in the application of AOS is suggested to guide the precise application of AOS in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Jiani Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China.
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13
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Sabra W. The Promise and Challenge of Microbial Alginate Production: A Product with Novel Applications. POLYSACCHARIDES OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN 2022:79-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42215-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
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Mechanistic basis for understanding the dual activities of the bifunctional Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerase and alginate lyase AlgE7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0183621. [PMID: 34878812 PMCID: PMC8824271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01836-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and functional properties of alginates are dictated by the monomer composition and molecular weight distribution. Mannuronan C-5-epimerases determine the monomer composition by catalyzing the epimerization of β-d-mannuronic acid (M) residues into α-l-guluronic acid (G) residues. The molecular weight is affected by alginate lyases, which catalyze a β-elimination mechanism that cleaves alginate chains. The reaction mechanisms for the epimerization and lyase reactions are similar, and some enzymes can perform both reactions. These dualistic enzymes share high sequence identity with mannuronan C-5-epimerases without lyase activity. The mechanism behind their activity and the amino acid residues responsible for it are still unknown. We investigate mechanistic determinants involved in the bifunctional epimerase and lyase activity of AlgE7 from Azotobacter vinelandii. Based on sequence analyses, a range of AlgE7 variants were constructed and subjected to activity assays and product characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Our results show that calcium promotes lyase activity, whereas NaCl reduces the lyase activity of AlgE7. By using defined polymannuronan (polyM) and polyalternating alginate (polyMG) substrates, the preferred cleavage sites of AlgE7 were found to be M|XM and G|XM, where X can be either M or G. From the study of AlgE7 mutants, R148 was identified as an important residue for the lyase activity, and the point mutant R148G resulted in an enzyme with only epimerase activity. Based on the results obtained in the present study, we suggest a unified catalytic reaction mechanism for both epimerase and lyase activities where H154 functions as the catalytic base and Y149 functions as the catalytic acid. IMPORTANCE Postharvest valorization and upgrading of algal constituents are promising strategies in the development of a sustainable bioeconomy based on algal biomass. In this respect, alginate epimerases and lyases are valuable enzymes for tailoring the functional properties of alginate, a polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed with numerous applications in food, medicine, and material industries. By providing a better understanding of the catalytic mechanism and of how the two enzyme actions can be altered by changes in reaction conditions, this study opens further applications of bacterial epimerases and lyases in the enzymatic tailoring of alginate polymers.
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Dharshini RS, Manickam R, Curtis WR, Rathinasabapathi P, Ramya M. Genome analysis of alginate synthesizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SW1 isolated from degraded seaweeds. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:2205-2217. [PMID: 34661815 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SW1 is an aerobic, motile, Gram-negative, and rod-shaped bacterium isolated from degraded seaweeds. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and MALDI TOF analysis, strain SW1 exhibits 100% similarity to P. aeruginosa DSM 50,071, its closest phylogenetic neighbor. The complete genome of strain SW1 consists of a single circular chromosome with 23,258,857 bp (G + C content of 66%), including 6734 protein-coding sequences, 8 rRNA, and 63 tRNA sequences. The genome of the P. aeruginosa SW1 contains at least 27 genes for the biosynthesis of alginate and other exopolysaccharide involved in biofilm formation. KAAS and GO analysis and functional annotation by COG and CAZymes are consistent with the biosynthesis of alginate. In addition, the presence of antimicrobial resistance, multi-efflux operon, and antibiotic inactivation genes indicate a pathogenic potential similar to strain DSM50071. The high-quality genome and associated annotation provide a starting point to exploit the potential for P. aeruginosa to produce alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajathirajan Siva Dharshini
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ranjani Manickam
- SRM-DBT Platform for Advanced Life Science Technologies, SRMIST, Chengalpattu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Wayne R Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pasupathi Rathinasabapathi
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Li J, Pan H, Yang H, Wang C, Liu H, Zhou H, Li P, Li C, Lu X, Tian Y. Rhamnolipid Enhances the Nitrogen Fixation Activity of Azotobacter chroococcum by Influencing Lysine Succinylation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697963. [PMID: 34394039 PMCID: PMC8360865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of nitrogen fixation activity of diazotrophs is essential for safe crop production. Lysine succinylation (KSuc) is widely present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and regulates various biological process. However, knowledge of the extent of KSuc in nitrogen fixation of Azotobacter chroococcum is scarce. In this study, we found that 250 mg/l of rhamnolipid (RL) significantly increased the nitrogen fixation activity of A. chroococcum by 39%, as compared with the control. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that RL could remarkably increase the transcript levels of nifA and nifHDK genes. In addition, a global KSuc of A. chroococcum was profiled using a 4D label-free quantitative proteomic approach. In total, 5,008 KSuc sites were identified on 1,376 succinylated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the addition of RL influence on the KSuc level, and the succinylated proteins were involved in various metabolic processes, particularly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, and nitrogen metabolism. Meanwhile, multiple succinylation sites on MoFe protein (NifDK) may influence nitrogenase activity. These results would provide an experimental basis for the regulation of biological nitrogen fixation with KSuc and shed new light on the mechanistic study of nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiwang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
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17
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Berglund L, Nissilä T, Sivaraman D, Komulainen S, Telkki VV, Oksman K. Seaweed-Derived Alginate-Cellulose Nanofiber Aerogel for Insulation Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34899-34909. [PMID: 34255967 PMCID: PMC8323098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The next generation of green insulation materials is being developed to provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Bio-based cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels offer excellent thermal insulation properties; however, their high flammability restricts their application. In this study, the design concept for the development of a multifunctional and non-toxic insulation material is inspired by the natural composition of seaweed, comprising both alginate and cellulose. The approach includes three steps: first, CNFs were separated from alginate-rich seaweed to obtain a resource-efficient, fully bio-based, and inherently flame-retardant material; second, ice-templating, followed by freeze-drying, was employed to form an anisotropic aerogel for effective insulation; and finally, a simple crosslinking approach was applied to improve the flame-retardant behavior and stability. At a density of 0.015 g cm-3, the lightweight anisotropic aerogels displayed favorable mechanical properties, including a compressive modulus of 370 kPa, high thermal stability, low thermal conductivity (31.5 mW m-1 K-1), considerable flame retardancy (0.053 mm s-1), and self-extinguishing behavior, where the inherent characteristics were considerably improved by crosslinking. Different concentrations of the crosslinker altered the mechanical properties, while the anisotropic structure influenced the mechanical properties, combustion velocity, and to some extent thermal conductivity. Seaweed-derived aerogels possess intrinsic characteristics that could serve as a template for the future development of sustainable high-performance insulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Berglund
- Division
of Materials Science, Luleå University
of Technology, SE 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Tuukka Nissilä
- Fiber
and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI
90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Deeptanshu Sivaraman
- Empa—Building
Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division
of Materials Science, Luleå University
of Technology, SE 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
- Mechanical
& Industrial Engineering, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Ci F, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Mao X. Properties and potential applications of mannuronan C5-epimerase: A biotechnological tool for modifying alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 168:663-675. [PMID: 33220370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the excellent characteristics of alginate, it is an industrially important polysaccharide. Mannuronan C5-epimerase (MC5E) is an alginate-modifying enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-D-mannuronate (M) to its C5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) in alginate. Both the biological activities and physical properties of alginate are determined by M/G ratios and distribution patterns. Therefore, MC5E is regarded as a biotechnological tool for modifying and processing alginate. Various MC5Es derived from brown algae, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter have been isolated and characterized. With the rapid development of structural biology, the crystal structures and catalytic mechanisms of several MC5Es have been elucidated. It is necessary to comprehensively understand the research status of this alginate-modifying enzyme. In this review, the properties and potential applications of MC5Es isolated from different kinds of organisms are summarized and reviewed. Moreover, future research directions of MC5Es as well as strategies to enhance their properties are elucidated, highlighted, and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ci
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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