1
|
Abubaker M, Greaney A, Newport D, Mulvihill JJE. Characterization of primary human leptomeningeal cells in 2D culture. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26744. [PMID: 38434413 PMCID: PMC10906397 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of brain barriers is critical for a healthy central nervous system. While extensive research has focused on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the brain vasculature and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, the barriers formed by the meninges have not received as much attention. These membranes create a barrier between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as between CSF and blood. Recent studies have revealed that this barrier has been implicated in the development of neurological and immunological disorders. In order to gain a deeper comprehension of the functioning and significance of the meningeal barriers, sophisticated models of these barriers, need to be created. The aim of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of commercially available primary leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) that form the meningeal barriers, in a cultured environment, including their morphology, proteomics, and barrier properties, and to determine whether passaging of these cells affects their behaviour in comparison to their in vivo state. The results indicate that higher passage numbers significantly alter the morphology and protein localisation and expression of the LMCs. Furthermore, the primary cell culture co-stained for S100A6 and E-cadherin suggesting it is a co-culture of both pial and arachnoid cells. Additionally, cultured LMCs showed an increase in vimentin and cytokeratin expression and a lack of junctional proteins localisation on the cell membrane, which could suggest loss of epithelial properties due to culture, preventing barrier formation. This study shows that the LMCs may be a co-culture of pial and arachnoid cells, that the optimal LMC passage range is between passages two and five for experimentation and that the primary human LMCs form a weak barrier when in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mannthalah Abubaker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aisling Greaney
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John J E Mulvihill
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohammed TO, Lin YR, Akter L, Weissenbruch K, Ngo KX, Zhang Y, Kodera N, Bastmeyer M, Miyanari Y, Taoka A, Franz CM. S100A11 promotes focal adhesion disassembly via myosin II-driven contractility and Piezo1-mediated Ca2+ entry. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261492. [PMID: 38277157 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
S100A11 is a small Ca2+-activatable protein known to localize along stress fibers (SFs). Analyzing S100A11 localization in HeLa and U2OS cells further revealed S100A11 enrichment at focal adhesions (FAs). Strikingly, S100A11 levels at FAs increased sharply, yet transiently, just before FA disassembly. Elevating intracellular Ca2+ levels with ionomycin stimulated both S100A11 recruitment and subsequent FA disassembly. However, pre-incubation with the non-muscle myosin II (NMII) inhibitor blebbistatin or with an inhibitor of the stretch-activatable Ca2+ channel Piezo1 suppressed S100A11 recruitment, implicating S100A11 in an actomyosin-driven FA recruitment mechanism involving Piezo1-dependent Ca2+ influx. Applying external forces on peripheral FAs likewise recruited S100A11 to FAs even if NMII activity was inhibited, corroborating the mechanosensitive recruitment mechanism of S100A11. However, extracellular Ca2+ and Piezo1 function were indispensable, indicating that NMII contraction forces act upstream of Piezo1-mediated Ca2+ influx, in turn leading to S100A11 activation and FA recruitment. S100A11-knockout cells display enlarged FAs and had delayed FA disassembly during cell membrane retraction, consistent with impaired FA turnover in these cells. Our results thus demonstrate a novel function for S100A11 in promoting actomyosin contractility-driven FA disassembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareg Omer Mohammed
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - You-Rong Lin
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lucky Akter
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kai Weissenbruch
- Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kien Xuan Ngo
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yusuke Miyanari
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1162, Japan
| | - Azuma Taoka
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1162, Japan
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Kang X, Kang X, Yang F. S100A6: molecular function and biomarker role. Biomark Res 2023; 11:78. [PMID: 37670392 PMCID: PMC10481514 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6 (also called calcyclin) is a Ca2+-binding protein that belongs to the S100 protein family. S100A6 has many functions related to the cytoskeleton, cell stress, proliferation, and differentiation. S100A6 also has many interacting proteins that are distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, and outside the cell. Almost all these proteins interact with S100A6 in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and some also have specific motifs responsible for binding to S100A6. The expression of S100A6 is regulated by several transcription factors (such as c-Myc, P53, NF-κB, USF, Nrf2, etc.). The expression level depends on the specific cell type and the transcription factors activated in specific physical and chemical environments, and is also related to histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and other epigenetic modifications. The differential expression of S100A6 in various diseases, and at different stages of those diseases, makes it a good biomarker for differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, as well as a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we mainly focus on the S100A6 ligand and its transcriptional regulation, molecular function (cytoskeleton, cell stress, cell differentiation), and role as a biomarker in human disease and stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fengguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
- The Orthopedics Department of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
S100A6 Protein-Expression and Function in Norm and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021341. [PMID: 36674873 PMCID: PMC9866648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A6, also known as calcyclin, is a calcium-binding protein belonging to the S100 protein family. It was first identified and purified more than 30 years ago. Initial structural studies, focused mostly on the mode and affinity of Ca2+ binding and resolution of the resultant conformational changes, were soon complemented by research on its expression, localization and identification of binding partners. With time, the use of biophysical methods helped to resolve the structure and versatility of S100A6 complexes with some of its ligands. Meanwhile, it became clear that S100A6 expression was altered in various pathological states and correlated with the stage/progression of many diseases, including cancers, indicative of its important, and possibly causative, role in some of these diseases. This, in turn, prompted researchers to look for the mechanism of S100A6 action and to identify the intermediary signaling pathways and effectors. After all these years, our knowledge on various aspects of S100A6 biology is robust but still incomplete. The list of S100A6 ligands is growing all the time, as is our understanding of the physiological importance of these interactions. The present review summarizes available data concerning S100A6 expression/localization, interaction with intracellular and extracellular targets, involvement in Ca2+-dependent cellular processes and association with various pathologies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Meenakshi S I, Rao M, Mayor S, Sowdhamini R. A census of actin-associated proteins in humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1168050. [PMID: 37187613 PMCID: PMC10175787 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1168050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments help in maintaining the cell structure and coordinating cellular movements and cargo transport within the cell. Actin participates in the interaction with several proteins and also with itself to form the helical filamentous actin (F-actin). Actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and actin-associated proteins (AAPs) coordinate the actin filament assembly and processing, regulate the flux between globular G-actin and F-actin in the cell, and help maintain the cellular structure and integrity. We have used protein-protein interaction data available through multiple sources (STRING, BioGRID, mentha, and a few others), functional annotation, and classical actin-binding domains to identify actin-binding and actin-associated proteins in the human proteome. Here, we report 2482 AAPs and present an analysis of their structural and sequential domains, functions, evolutionary conservation, cellular localization, abundance, and tissue-specific expression patterns. This analysis provides a base for the characterization of proteins involved in actin dynamics and turnover in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madan Rao
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Ramanathan Sowdhamini,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma X, Yan X, Ke R, Shan H, Rehman SU, Feng T, Zheng Y, Chuang C, Zhou W, Liu Q, Zheng J. Comparative Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Hirudo nipponia in Different Growth Periods. Front Physiol 2022; 13:873831. [PMID: 35812329 PMCID: PMC9259933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.873831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirudo nipponia is the only blood-sucking leech included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia having distinct features of anticoagulation, exorcizing blood stasis, and promoting menstruation. Despite such significant characteristics, very little is known about its molecular genetics and related physiological mechanisms. In this study, the transcriptomes of H. nipponia at three developmental stages (larvae, young, and adults), revealed a total of 1,348 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 223 differentially expressed lncRNAs, and 88 novel mRNAs. A significant diverse gene expression patterns were observed at different developmental stages which were analyzed by differential gene expression trends, and the overall gene expression trends consist of three overall down-regulated trends, and two overall up-regulated trends. Furthermore, the GO and KEGG enrichment functional annotation analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly associated with protein hydrolysis, signal transduction, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism while growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction-related DEGs were also found. Additionally, real-time quantitative PCR results confirmed deep sequencing results based on the relative expression levels of nine randomly selected genes. This is the first transcriptome-based comprehensive study of H. irudo nipponia at different developmental stages which provided considerable deep understanding related to gene expression patterns and their relevant developmental pathways, neurodevelopmental and reproductive characteristics of the leech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ren Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Huiquan Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yalin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chen Chuang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Weiguan Zhou
- Thai Natural Hirudin Co, Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyou Liu, ; Jinghui Zheng,
| | - Jinghui Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyou Liu, ; Jinghui Zheng,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Broer T, Chavez T, Zhou CJ, Tran S, Xiang Y, Khodabukus A, Diao Y, Bursac N. Myoblast deactivation within engineered human skeletal muscle creates a transcriptionally heterogeneous population of quiescent satellite-like cells. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121508. [PMID: 35421801 PMCID: PMC9289780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs), the adult Pax7-expressing stem cells of skeletal muscle, are essential for muscle repair. However, in vitro investigations of SC function are challenging due to isolation-induced SC activation, loss of native quiescent state, and differentiation to myoblasts. In the present study, we optimized methods to deactivate in vitro expanded human myoblasts within a 3D culture environment of engineered human skeletal muscle tissues ("myobundles"). Immunostaining and gene expression analyses revealed that a fraction of myoblasts within myobundles adopted a quiescent phenotype (3D-SCs) characterized by increased Pax7 expression, cell cycle exit, and activation of Notch signaling. Similar to native SCs, 3D-SC quiescence is regulated by Notch and Wnt signaling while loss of quiescence and reactivation of 3D-SCs can be induced by growth factors including bFGF. Myobundle injury with a bee toxin, melittin, induces robust myofiber fragmentation, functional decline, and 3D-SC proliferation. By applying single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we discover the existence of two 3D-SC subpopulations (quiescent and activated), identify deactivation-associated gene signature using trajectory inference between 2D myoblasts and 3D-SCs, and characterize the transcriptomic changes within reactivated 3D-SCs in response to melittin-induced injury. These results demonstrate the ability of an in vitro engineered 3D human skeletal muscle environment to support the formation of a quiescent and heterogeneous SC population recapitulating several aspects of the native SC phenotype, and provide a platform for future studies of human muscle regeneration and disease-associated SC dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Torie Broer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chris J Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sabrina Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robaszkiewicz K, Jurewicz E, Moraczewska J, Filipek A. Ca 2+-dependent binding of S100A6 to cofilin-1 regulates actin filament polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. Cell Calcium 2021; 99:102457. [PMID: 34464867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 is a Ca2+-binding protein belonging to the S100 family. Many reports indicate that S100A6 is involved in actin filament organization, however the mechanism of S100A6 action in this process is not fully understood. By screening S100A6 binding partners in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, we have found that S100A6 binds cofilin-1, a protein required for the dynamics of actin polymerization and depolymerization. By applying various biochemical and cell biology assays, we have shown that S100A6 bound to cofilin-1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner and increased cofilin-1 affinity for F-actin. Microscopic analysis indicated that S100A6 significantly decreased severing of the actin filaments induced by cofilin-1. Moreover, in the presence of cofilin-1, S100A6 stabilized the filaments by inhibiting their depolymerization. When S100A6 was present at sub-stoichiometric concentrations in relation to actin, polymerization of G-actin accelerated by cofilin-1 was increased. At higher S100A6:actin ratios the polymerization rate was decreased. Altogether, these results show that S100A6 regulates actin filament dynamics by controlling activity of cofilin-1 and suggest that this regulation is Ca2+ -dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Robaszkiewicz
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jurewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Moraczewska
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pasmans K, Adriaens ME, Olinga P, Langen R, Rensen SS, Schaap FG, Olde Damink SWM, Caiment F, van Loon LJC, Blaak EE, Meex RCR. Hepatic Steatosis Contributes to the Development of Muscle Atrophy via Inter-Organ Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:733625. [PMID: 34707570 PMCID: PMC8542925 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.733625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with hepatic steatosis often display several metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance and muscle atrophy. Previously, we found that hepatic steatosis results in an altered hepatokine secretion profile, thereby inducing skeletal muscle insulin resistance via inter-organ crosstalk. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the altered secretion profile in the state of hepatic steatosis also induces skeletal muscle atrophy via effects on muscle protein turnover. To investigate this, eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow (4.5% fat) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat) for 12 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis, after which the livers were excised and cut into ~200-µm slices. Slices were cultured to collect secretion products (conditioned medium; CM). Differentiated L6-GLUT4myc myotubes were incubated with chow or HFD CM to measure glucose uptake. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were incubated with chow or HFD CM to measure protein synthesis and breakdown, and gene expression via RNA sequencing. Furthermore, proteomics analysis was performed in chow and HFD CM. It was found that HFD CM caused insulin resistance in L6-GLUT4myc myotubes compared with chow CM, as indicated by a blunted insulin-stimulated increase in glucose uptake. Furthermore, protein breakdown was increased in C2C12 cells incubated with HFD CM, while there was no effect on protein synthesis. RNA profiling of C2C12 cells indicated that 197 genes were differentially expressed after incubation with HFD CM, compared with chow CM, and pathway analysis showed that pathways related to anatomical structure and function were enriched. Proteomics analysis of the CM showed that 32 proteins were differentially expressed in HFD CM compared with chow CM. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these proteins had important functions with respect to insulin-like growth factor transport and uptake, and affect post-translational processes, including protein folding, protein secretion and protein phosphorylation. In conclusion, the results of this study support the hypothesis that secretion products from the liver contribute to the development of muscle atrophy in individuals with hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pasmans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel E. Adriaens
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sander S. Rensen
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven W. M. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ruth C. R. Meex
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ruth C. R. Meex,
| |
Collapse
|