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Coussau L, Morissette O, Robert D, Sirois P. Drivers of growth in strong year classes of the deepwater redfish (Sebastes mentella) population from the Gulf of St. Lawrence derived from otolith increment-based growth chronologies. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39152736 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The case of the deepwater redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) is a compelling example of drastic fluctuations in annual recruitment strength, characteristic of spasmodic stocks. After three decades of low abundance, the emergence of three consecutive strong year classes in 2011-2013 resulted in an unprecedented increase in biomass. In spasmodic stocks such as GSL redfish, strong year classes sustain both the biomass and catch for decades. Therefore, understanding the growth dynamics of these cohorts is essential. In the present study, we reconstructed the annual growth rates of redfish using otolith increment-based annual chronology and investigated the drivers of growth variation in redfish strong year classes of the early 2010s and early 1980s. Stock biomass was identified as the main extrinsic driver of redfish growth, suggesting intense competition for food at high conspecific density. Warming of deep waters in the GSL, where adult redfish settle, positively correlated with individual growth. However, recent warming of the cold intermediate layer showed a negative correlation with redfish growth, likely related to the shrinking of the habitat this water mass provides for various redfish cold-water prey rather than to a direct effect of temperature. Reconstruction of redfish annual growth trajectories from birth to capture emphasized the importance of carryover effects in the growth potential of strong year classes. This work provided an important first outlook of the factors driving growth variation in GSL redfish spasmodic stock and explored midterm consequences of density-dependent pressures on biological parameters of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Coussau
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Morissette
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Robert
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Sirois
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
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Carrillo-Arizmendi L, Vargas-Hernández JJ, Rozenberg P, Pérez-Suárez M, Martínez-Campos AR. Phenotypic plasticity of growth ring traits in Pinus hartwegii at the ends of its elevational gradient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1072638. [PMID: 37799549 PMCID: PMC10548213 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1072638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Phenotypic plasticity (PP) could be an important short-term mechanism to modify physiological and morphological traits in response to climate change and global warming, particularly for high-mountain tree species. The objective was to evaluate PP response of growth ring traits to temperature and precipitation in Pinus hartwegii Lindl. populations located at the ends of its elevational gradient on two volcanic mountains in central Mexico (La Malinche and Nevado de Toluca). Methods Increment cores collected from 274 P. hartwegii trees were used to estimate their PP through reaction norms (RN), which relate the ring width and density traits with climate variables (temperature and precipitation). We estimated the trees' sensitivity (significant RN) to climatic variables, as well as the relative proportion of RN with positive and negative slope. We also estimated the relationship between the PP of ring width and density traits using correlation and Principal Component (PC) analyses. Results Over 70% of all trees showed significant RN to growing season and winter temperatures for at least one growth ring trait, with a similar proportion of significant RN at both ends of the gradient on both mountains. Ring width traits had mostly negative RN, while ring density traits tended to have positive RN. Frequency of negative RN decreased from lower to higher elevation for most traits. Average PP was higher at the lower end of the gradient, especially on LM, both for ring width and ring density traits, although high intrapopulation variation in PP was found on both mountains. Discussion Results indicate that P. hartwegii presents spatially differentiated plastic responses in width and density components of radial growth. PP was particularly strong at the lower elevation, which has higher temperature and water stress conditions, putting these populations at risk from the continuing global warming driven by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Carrillo-Arizmendi
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - J. Jesús Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Forestry Sciences, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Marlin Pérez-Suárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico
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Lindmark M, Karlsson M, Gårdmark A. Larger but younger fish when growth outpaces mortality in heated ecosystem. eLife 2023; 12:82996. [PMID: 37157843 PMCID: PMC10168697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms are predicted to 'shrink' with global warming, in line with general growth models and the temperature-size rule (TSR), both predicting smaller adult sizes with warming. However, they also predict faster juvenile growth rates and thus larger size-at-age of young organisms. Hence, the result of warming on the size-structure of a population depends on the interplay between how mortality rate, juvenile- and adult growth rates are affected by warming. Here, we use two-decade long time series of biological samples from a unique enclosed bay heated by cooling water from a nearby nuclear power plant to become 5-10 °C warmer than its reference area. We used growth-increment biochronologies (12,658 reconstructed length-at-age estimates from 2426 individuals) to quantify how >20 years of warming has affected body growth, size-at-age, and catch to quantify mortality rates and population size- and age structure of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). In the heated area, growth rates were faster for all sizes, and hence size-at-age was larger for all ages, compared to the reference area. While mortality rates were also higher (lowering mean age by 0.4 years), the faster growth rates lead to a 2 cm larger mean size in the heated area. Differences in the size-spectrum exponent (describing how the abundance declines with size) were less clear statistically. Our analyses reveal that mortality, in addition to plastic growth and size-responses, is a key factor determining the size structure of populations exposed to warming. Understanding the mechanisms by which warming affects the size- and the age structure of populations is critical for predicting the impacts of climate change on ecological functions, interactions, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lindmark
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Malin Karlsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Uppsala, Sweden
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Campana SE, Smoliński S, Black BA, Morrongiello JR, Alexandroff SJ, Andersson C, Bogstad B, Butler PG, Denechaud C, Frank DC, Geffen AJ, Godiksen JA, Grønkjaer P, Hjörleifsson E, Jónsdóttir IG, Meekan M, Mette M, Tanner SE, van der Sleen P, von Leesen G. Growth portfolios buffer climate-linked environmental change in marine systems. Ecology 2023; 104:e3918. [PMID: 36342309 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale, climate-induced synchrony in the productivity of fish populations is becoming more pronounced in the world's oceans. As synchrony increases, a population's "portfolio" of responses can be diminished, in turn reducing its resilience to strong perturbation. Here we argue that the costs and benefits of trait synchronization, such as the expression of growth rate, are context dependent. Contrary to prevailing views, synchrony among individuals could actually be beneficial for populations if growth synchrony increases during favorable conditions, and then declines under poor conditions when a broader portfolio of responses could be useful. Importantly, growth synchrony among individuals within populations has seldom been measured, despite well-documented evidence of synchrony across populations. Here, we used century-scale time series of annual otolith growth to test for changes in growth synchronization among individuals within multiple populations of a marine keystone species (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua). On the basis of 74,662 annual growth increments recorded in 13,749 otoliths, we detected a rising conformity in long-term growth rates within five northeast Atlantic cod populations in response to both favorable growth conditions and a large-scale, multidecadal mode of climate variability similar to the East Atlantic Pattern. The within-population synchrony was distinct from the across-population synchrony commonly reported for large-scale environmental drivers. Climate-linked, among-individual growth synchrony was also identified in other Northeast Atlantic pelagic, deep-sea and bivalve species. We hypothesize that growth synchrony in good years and growth asynchrony in poorer years reflects adaptive trait optimization and bet hedging, respectively, that could confer an unexpected, but pervasive and stabilizing, impact on marine population productivity in response to large-scale environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Campana
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Szymon Smoliński
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Bryan A Black
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - John R Morrongiello
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella J Alexandroff
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Carin Andersson
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Paul G Butler
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Côme Denechaud
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA
| | - Audrey J Geffen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Peter Grønkjaer
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Madelyn Mette
- U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Susanne E Tanner
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter van der Sleen
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group and Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gotje von Leesen
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Khan U, Bal H, Battal ZS, Seyhan K. Using otolith and body shape to discriminate between stocks of European anchovy (Engraulidae: Engraulis encrasicolus) from the Aegean, Marmara and Black Seas. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:1452-1465. [PMID: 36097416 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
European anchovy, a small pelagic fish, plays a significant role in the blue economy, with remarkable commercial, ecological and culinary values. In this study, the variability in the shapes of the body and sagitta otoliths was examined to identify the different anchovy stocks in the Black Sea (26.5°E-39.9°E, 38.7° N-42.1°N) and adjacent regions, i.e., the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea. The body shape was assessed with geometric morphometrics, while shape indices and elliptic Fourier analysis were used to evaluate the shape of the sagitta otoliths. The data were analysed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance, discriminant function and principal component analysis. The anchovy population could be divided into five distinct stocks based on body shape, with an overall leave-one-out cross-validated correct classification of 85.6%. The geometric morphometrics revealed significant differences in body depth, snout, lower jaw and caudal fin. The differences in sagitta otolith shape also revealed the existence of four distinct stocks with an overall leave-one-out cross-validated correct classification of 46.5%-69.3%. The elliptic Fourier analysis revealed two main stocks of anchovy from the Black Sea as the Eastern-Middle Black Sea stock and the Western Black Sea stock. Based on the elliptic Fourier analysis, the differences in the sagitta otoliths increase in magnitude with increasing geographic separation, first manifested at the otolith anterior notch, followed by changes in the otolith width. The findings affirmed the existence of distinct stocks that should have important implications for effective management of this pelagic fish in the Black Sea and adjacent regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Khan
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Habib Bal
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erdek Directorate of District Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Fisheries, Erdek, Türkiye
| | | | - Kadir Seyhan
- Department of Maritime Business Administration, Faculty of Marine Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
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Denechaud C, Geffen AJ, Smoliński S, Godiksen JA. Otolith "spawning zones" across multiple Atlantic cod populations: Do they accurately record maturity and spawning? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257218. [PMID: 34516576 PMCID: PMC8437307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific changes identified in the otolith macrostructure of Northeast Arctic cod as “spawning zones” are presumed to represent spawning events, but recent experimental studies have challenged this relationship. Because these zones are not routinely recorded outside of Norway, otoliths from multiple Atlantic cod populations with different life history and environmental traits were first examined to see if spawning zones could be identified as a general characteristic of cod. Then, a large archival collection of cod otoliths was used to investigate temporal changes in the occurrence of spawning zones and test for correlations between maturity at age derived from otolith spawning zones and gonad maturity stages. This study shows that spawning zones likely are a universal trait of Atlantic cod and not limited to certain environments or migratory behaviors as previously proposed. Maturity at age derived from spawning zone data showed trends consistent with those from gonad examinations. However, spawning zones appear to form with a one- or two-year lag with sexual maturity, which is suspected to reflect a stabilizing of energy partitioning after the first spawning events. Our results illustrate the potential for use of spawning zones, for example in species or populations with limited available maturity data, and highlights the need for addressing the physiological processes behind their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Denechaud
- Demersal Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (HI), Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen (UiB), Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Audrey J. Geffen
- Demersal Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (HI), Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen (UiB), Bergen, Norway
| | - Szymon Smoliński
- Demersal Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (HI), Bergen, Norway
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jane A. Godiksen
- Demersal Fish Research Group, Institute of Marine Research (HI), Bergen, Norway
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Escobar‐Sandoval M, Pâques L, Fonti P, Martinez‐Meier A, Rozenberg P. Phenotypic plasticity of European larch radial growth and wood density along a-1,000 m elevational gradient. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:45-60. [PMID: 37284284 PMCID: PMC10168074 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism for sedentary long-living species to adjust to changing environment. Here, we use mature Larix decidua tree-ring variables collected along an elevational transect in the French Alps to characterize the range of individual plastic responses to temperature. Stem cores from 821 mature Larix decidua trees have been collected from four plots distributed along a 1,000-m elevational gradient in a natural forest to build up individual linear reaction norms of tree-ring microdensity traits to temperature. The sign, magnitude and spread of variations of the slopes of the individual reaction norms were used to characterize variation of phenotypic plasticity among plots and traits. Results showed a large range of phenotypic plasticity (with positive and negative slopes) at each elevational plot and for each tree-ring variable. Overall, phenotypic plasticity tends to be larger but positive at higher elevation, negative at the warmer lower sites, and more variable in the center of the elevation distribution. Individual inter-ring reaction norm is a valuable tool to retrospectively characterize phenotypic plasticity of mature forest trees. This approach applied to Larix decidua tree-ring micro-density traits along an elevation gradient showed the existence of large inter-individual variations that could support local adaptation to a fast-changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Pâques
- INRAEUMR 0588 BIOFORAOrléans Cedex 2France
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Smoliński S, Denechaud C, von Leesen G, Geffen AJ, Grønkjær P, Godiksen JA, Campana SE. Differences in metabolic rate between two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations estimated with carbon isotopic composition in otoliths. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248711. [PMID: 33793572 PMCID: PMC8016290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The isotopic composition of inorganic carbon in otoliths (δ13Coto) can be a useful tracer of metabolic rates and a method to study ecophysiology in wild fish. We evaluated environmental and physiological sources of δ13Coto variation in Icelandic and Northeast Arctic (NEA) cod (Gadus morhua) over the years 1914-2013. Individual annual growth increments of otoliths formed at age 3 and 8 were micromilled and measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, all annual increment widths of the otoliths were measured providing a proxy of fish somatic growth. We hypothesized that changes in the physiological state of the organism, reflected by the isotopic composition of otoliths, can affect the growth rate. Using univariate and multivariate mixed-effects models we estimated conditional correlations between carbon isotopic composition and growth of fish at different levels (within individuals, between individuals, and between years), controlling for intrinsic and extrinsic effects on both otolith measurements. δ13Coto was correlated with growth within individuals and between years, which was attributed to the intrinsic effects (fish age or total length). There was no significant correlation between δ13Coto and growth between individuals, which suggests that caution is needed when interpreting δ13Coto signals. We found a significant decrease in δ13Coto through the century which was explained by the oceanic Suess effect-admixture of isotopically light carbon from fossil fuel. We calculated the proportion of the respired carbon in otolith carbonate (Cresp) using carbon isotopic composition in diet and dissolved inorganic carbon of the seawater. This approach allowed us to correct the values for each stock in relation to these two environmental baselines. Cresp was on average 0.275 and 0.295 in Icelandic and NEA stock, respectively. Our results provide an insight into the physiological basis for differences in growth characteristics between these two cod stocks, and how that may vary over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Smoliński
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Côme Denechaud
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gotje von Leesen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Audrey J. Geffen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter Grønkjær
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Steven E. Campana
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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