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Akhi A, Hasan A, Saha N, Howlader S, Bhattacharjee S, Dey K, Atique Ullah AKM, Bhuiyan FR, Chakraborty AK, Akhtar US, Shaikh MAA, Dey BK, Bhattacharjee S, Ganguli S. Ophiorrhiza mungos-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles as Effective and Reusable Adsorbents for the Removal of Methylene Blue from Water. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4324-4338. [PMID: 38313493 PMCID: PMC10831830 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a plant extract has attracted significant attention in recent years. It is found as an alternative for other physicochemical approaches because of its simplicity, low cost, and eco-friendly rapid steps. In the present study, Ophiorrhiza mungos (Om)-mediated AgNPs have been shown to be effective bioadsorbents for methylene blue (MB) dye removal (88.1 ± 1.74%) just after 1 h at room temperature in the dark from an aqueous medium for the first time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms fit the experimental results having the correlation coefficient constants R2 = 0.9956 and R2 = 0.9838, respectively. From the Langmuir fittings, the maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity were found to be 80.451 mg/g and 0.041, respectively, indicating the excellent performance and spontaneity of the process. Taking both models under consideration, interestingly, our findings indicated a fairly cooperative multilayer adsorption that might have been governed by chemisorption and physisorption, whereas the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics mechanism. The positive and low values of enthalpy (ΔH0 = 4.91 kJ/mol) confirmed that adsorption is endothermic and physical in nature; however, the negative free energy and positive entropy value (ΔS0 = 53.69 J/mol K) suggested that the adsorption is spontaneous. The biosynthesized adsorbent was successfully reused up to the fifth cycle. A proposed reaction mechanism for the adsorption process of MB dye onto Om-AgNPs is suggested. The present study may offer a novel finding such as an effective and sustainable approach for the removal of MB dye from water using biosynthesized Om-AgNPs as reusable adsorbents at a comparatively faster rate at a low dose for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklima
A Akhi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
- Biomaterials
Research Laboratory (BRL), Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Abid Hasan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
- Biomaterials
Research Laboratory (BRL), Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nakshi Saha
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
- Biomaterials
Research Laboratory (BRL), Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir Howlader
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
- Biomaterials
Research Laboratory (BRL), Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sabonty Bhattacharjee
- Centre
for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Kamol Dey
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Atique Ullah
- Nanoscience
and Technology Research Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan
- Laboratory
of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ashok Kumar Chakraborty
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Sarmeen Akhtar
- Bangladesh
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Benu Kumar Dey
- Department
of Chemistry and Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Academic), University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Samiran Bhattacharjee
- Centre
for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Ganguli
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
- Biomaterials
Research Laboratory (BRL), Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
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Saad H, Nour El-Dien FA, El-Gamel NEA, Abo Dena AS. Removal of bromophenol blue from polluted water using a novel azo-functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1316-1329. [PMID: 38174277 PMCID: PMC10763660 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Water pollution from organic dyes poses a serious danger to the environment. In the present work, we report a novel adsorbent (ADFS) based on azo-dye-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for the removal of the anionic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) from contaminated water. The fabricated SPIONs, azo dye, and ADFS adsorbent were characterized with FTIR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, SEM imaging, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. DLS measurements showed a particle size of 46.1 and 176.5 nm for the SPIONs and the ADFS, respectively. The adsorbent exhibited an adsorption capacity of 7.43 mg g-1 and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (r2 = 0.9981). The ADFS could efficiently remove BPB from water after stirring for 120 minutes at room temperature and pH 2. The adsorption process was proved to occur via physisorption, as revealed by the Freundlich isotherm (n = 1.82 and KF = 11.5). Thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption is spontaneous (-8.03 ≤ ΔG ≤ -0.58 kJ mol-1) and enthalpy-driven might take place via van der Waals interactions and/or hydrogen bonding (ΔH = -82.19 kJ mol-1 and ΔS = -0.24 kJ mol-1 K-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Saad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
- General Organization for Export and Import Control Ramses Street Cairo Egypt
| | - F A Nour El-Dien
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Nadia E A El-Gamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abo Dena
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR) Giza Egypt
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt (FUE) New Cairo Egypt
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Rehman MU, Taj MB, Carabineiro SAC. Biogenic adsorbents for removal of drugs and dyes: A comprehensive review on properties, modification and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139477. [PMID: 37442388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the potential and versatility of biogenic materials as sustainable and environmentally benign alternatives to conventional adsorbents for the removal of drugs and dyes. Biogenic adsorbents derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, algae and biopolymers have bioactive compounds that interact with functional groups of pollutants, resulting in their binding with the sorbent. These materials can be modified mechanically, thermally and chemically to enhance their adsorption properties. Biogenic hybrid composites, which integrate the characteristics of more than one material, have also been fabricated. Additionally, microorganisms and algae are analyzed for their ability to uptake pollutants. Various influential factors that contribute to the adsorption process are also discussed. The challenge, limitations and future prospects for research are reviewed and bridging gap between large scale application and laboratory scale. This comprehensive review, involves a combination of various biogenic adsorbents, going beyond the existing literature where typically only specific adsorbents are reported. The review also covers the isotherms, kinetics, and desorption studies of biogenic adsorbents, providing an improved framework for their effective use in removing pharmaceuticals and dyes from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Taj
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Sónia A C Carabineiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Shukla BK, Gautam MK, Rawat S, Bhandari H, Singh J, Garg S. A sustainable approach for the removal of toxic 4-nitrophenol in the presence of H2O2 using visible light active Bi2MoO6 nanomaterial synthesized via continuous flow method. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Valadez-Renteria E, Oliva J, Navarro-Garcia NE, Rodriguez-Gonzalez V. Novel sustainable composites made of car's waste and sodium titanate for the efficient photocatalytic removal of the bromophenol blue dye: study under solar and UV-Vis light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76752-76765. [PMID: 35670940 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, W-doped sodium nanotube titanate (NaTNT) nanoparticles were used for the photocatalytic degradation of the bromophenol blue (BPB) dye. The NaTNT powder was mixed with car's tire powder (TP) to enhance its light absorption or was supported on recycled car's air filters (AFs) to facilitate its removal from the cleaned water after the degradation of the BPB. The SEM analysis indicated that the NaTNT nanoparticles and the TP had sizes in the range of 150-325 nm and 8-37 µm, respectively. Both powders were also studied by X-ray diffraction and found that the sodium titanate corresponds to the Na2Ti6O13 with monoclinic phase, while the TP is formed by rubber, silicon, ZnS, and ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of the NaTNT powder was evaluated for the degradation of BPB dye (20 ppm) and obtained a maximum degradation of 95 and 80% under UV-Vis and natural solar light, respectively, after 4 h of irradiation. For the NaTNT + TP composite mixture, the maximum degradation was 87 and 68% under UV-Vis and solar light, respectively. The NaTNT and NaTNT + TP powders were supported on the AFs to form the AF + NaTNT and AF + NaTNT + TP composites. Those ones produced maximum degradation of 86% and 74% (under UV-Vis light), respectively. Besides, several initial pHs were tested for the contaminated water and determined that the maximum degradation of BPB (93-95%) is reached for the pHs of 3 and 7. Reuse experiments (3 cycles) revealed that the diminution of the BPB degradation percentage was 23% and 20% for the NaTNT and NaTNT + TP powders, respectively. Overall, it was demonstrated that the wasted car's air filters can be used as a support for photocatalytic powders, and this combination of AF + powder degrades the BPB with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Valadez-Renteria
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Jorge Oliva
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Nayeli E Navarro-Garcia
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Vicente Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica Y Tecnológica A.C, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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Adsorption Characteristics and Mechanisms of Fe-Mn Oxide Modified Biochar for Pb(II) in Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148420. [PMID: 35886272 PMCID: PMC9316531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study prepared iron-manganese oxide-modified biochar (FM-BC) by impregnating rice straw biochar (BC) with a mixed solution of ferric nitrate and potassium permanganate. The effects of pH, FM-BC dosage, interference of coexisting ions, adsorption time, incipient Pb(II) concentration, and temperature on the adsorption of Pb(II) by FM-BC were investigated. Moreover, the Pb(II) adsorption mechanism of FM-BC was analyzed using a series of characterization techniques. The results showed that the Fe-Mn oxide composite modification significantly promoted the physical and chemical functions of the biochar surface and the adsorption capacity of Pb(II). The specific surface area of FM-BC was 18.20 times larger than that of BC, and the maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity reached 165.88 mg/g. Adsorption kinetic tests showed that the adsorption of Pb(II) by FM-BC was based on the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicated that the adsorption process was mainly governed by chemical adsorption. The isothermal adsorption of Pb(II) by FM-BC conformed to the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. Characterization analyses (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) showed that the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) by FM-BC was mainly via electrostatic adsorption, chemical precipitation, complexation, ion exchange, and the transformation of Mn2O3 into MnO2. Therefore, FM-BC is a promising adsorbent for Pb(II) removal from wastewater.
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Microbial Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Characterization and Multifaceted Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNanoparticles have gained considerable importance compared to bulk counterparts due to their unique properties. Due to their high surface to volume ratio and high reactivity, metallic and metal-oxide nanostructures have shown great potential applications. Among them, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained tremendous attention attributed to their unique properties such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, simplicity, easy fabrication, and environmental friendly. Remarkably, ZnONPs exhibit optical, physical, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. These nanoparticles have been applied in various fields such as in biomedicine, biosensors, electronics, food, cosmetic industries, textile, agriculture and environment. The synthesis of ZnONPs can be performed by chemical, physical and biological methods. Although the chemical and physical methods suffer from some disadvantages such as the involvement of high temperature and pressure conditions, high cost and not environmentally friendly, the green synthesis of ZnONPs offers a promising substitute to these conventional methods. On that account, the microbial mediated synthesis of ZnONPs is clean, eco-friendly, nontoxic and biocompatible method. This paper reviews the microbial synthesis of ZnONPs, parameters used for the optimization process and their physicochemical properties. The potential applications of ZnONPs in biomedical, agricultural and environmental fields as well as their toxic aspects on human beings and animals have been reviewed.
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Cai B, Mazahreh J, Ma Q, Wang F, Hu X. Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of biopolymer materials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1613-1628. [PMID: 35452704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop technologies that can physically manipulate the structure of biocompatible and green polymer materials in order to tune their performance in an efficient, repeatable, easy-to-operate, chemical-free, non-contact, and highly controllable manner. Ultrasound technology produces a cavitation effect that promotes the generation of free radicals, the fracture of chemical chain segments and a rapid change of morphology. The cavitation effects are accompanied by thermal, chemical, and biological effects that interact with the material being studied. With its high efficiency, cleanliness, and reusability applications, ultrasound has a vast range of opportunity within the field of natural polymer-based materials. This work expounds the basic principle of ultrasonic cavitation and analyzes the influence that ultrasonic strength, temperature, frequency and induced liquid surface tension on the physical and chemical properties of biopolymer materials. The mechanism and the influence that ultrasonic modification has on materials is discussed, with highlighted details on the agglomeration, degradation, morphology, structure, and the mechanical properties of these novel materials from naturally derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cai
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Janine Mazahreh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Qingyu Ma
- School of Computer and Electrical Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Cai B, Gu H, Wang F, Printon K, Gu Z, Hu X. Ultrasound regulated flexible protein materials: Fabrication, structure and physical-biological properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 79:105800. [PMID: 34673337 PMCID: PMC8560629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound can be used in the biomaterial field due to its high efficiency, easy operation, no chemical treatment, repeatability and high level of control. In this work, we demonstrated that ultrasound is able to quickly regulate protein structure at the solution assembly stage to obtain the designed properties of protein-based materials. Silk fibroin proteins dissolved in a formic acid-CaCl2 solution system were treated in an ultrasound with varying times and powers. By altering these variables, the silks physical properties and structures can be fine-tuned and the results were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), gas permeability and water contact angle measurements. Ultrasonic treatment aids the interactions between the calcium ions and silk molecular chains which leads to increased amounts of intermolecular β-sheets and α-helix. This unique structural change caused the silk film to be highly insoluble in water while also inducing a hydrophilic swelling property. The ultrasound-regulated silk materials also showed higher thermal stability, better biocompatibility and breathability, and favorable mechanical strength and flexibility. It was also possible to tune the enzymatic degradation rate and biological response (cell growth and proliferation) of protein materials by changing ultrasound parameters. This study provides a unique physical and non-contact material processing method for the wide applications of protein-based biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cai
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanling Gu
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kyle Printon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Zhenggui Gu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Akpomie KG, Ghosh S, Gryzenhout M, Conradie J. One-pot synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via chemical precipitation for bromophenol blue adsorption and the antifungal activity against filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8305. [PMID: 33859316 PMCID: PMC8050082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were prepared via a facile one-pot chemical precipitation approach and applied in the adsorption of bromophenol blue (BRB) and as antifungal agents against the filamentous fungi and plant pathogens; Alternaria alternata CGJM3078, Alternaria alternata CGJM3006 and Fusarium verticilliodes CGJM3823. The ZnONPs were characterized by the UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET, SEM, TEM, and EDX techniques, which showed efficient synthesis. The characteristics ZnO UV-Vis absorption band was observed at 375 nm, while the XRD showed an average ZnONPs crystalline size of 47.2 nm. The SEM and TEM images showed an irregular shaped and aggregated porous structure of 65.3 nm average-sized ZnONPs. The TGA showed 22.9% weight loss at 800 °C indicating the high thermal stability of ZnONPs, while BET analysis revealed a surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of 9.259 m2/g, 0.03745 cm3/g and 9.87 nm respectively. The Freundlich, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models showed R2 > 0.9494 and SSE < 0.7412, thus, exhibited the best fit to the isotherm and kinetics models. Thermodynamics revealed feasible, endothermic, random, and spontaneous adsorption of BRB onto the synthesized ZnONPs. The antifungal assay conducted depicts strong antifungal activities against all three tested fungi. Noticeably, ZnONPs (0.002-5 mg/mL) showed maximum activities with the largest zone of inhibition against A. alternata CGJM 3006 from 25.09 to 36.28 mm. This was followed by the strain F. verticilliodes CGJM 3823 (range from 23.77 to 34.77 mm) > A. alternata CGJM3078 (range from 22.73 to 30.63 mm) in comparison to Bleach 5% (positive control). Additionally a model was proposed based on the possible underlying mechanisms for the antifungal effect. This research demonstrated the potent use of ZnONPs for the adsorption of BRB and as effective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kovo G Akpomie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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