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Batten L, Sathyapalan T, Palmer TM. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Diabetes with Increased Risk of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17465. [PMID: 38139295 PMCID: PMC10744197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk. The leading causes of death in people with diabetes are strokes and cardiovascular disease. Significant morbidity is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, resulting in myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, along with the sequelae of these events, including loss of functional ability, heart failure, and amputations. While the increased platelet activity, pro-coagulability, and endothelial dysfunction directly impact this risk, the molecular mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk remain unclear. This review highlights the complex mechanisms underlying thrombosis prevalence in individuals with diabetes and hyperglycaemia. Post-translational modifications, such as O-GlcNAcylation, play a crucial role in controlling protein function in diabetes. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation remains poorly understood due to its intricate regulation and the potential involvement of multiple variables. Further research is needed to determine the precise impact of O-GlcNAcylation on specific disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Batten
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy M. Palmer
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
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Ayodeji SA, Bao B, Teslow EA, Polin LA, Dyson G, Bollig-Fischer A, Fehl C. Hyperglycemia and O-GlcNAc transferase activity drive a cancer stem cell pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:102. [PMID: 37231419 PMCID: PMC10210312 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced glucose metabolism is a feature of most tumors, but downstream functional effects of aberrant glucose flux are difficult to mechanistically determine. Metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes have a hyperglycemia component and are correlated with elevated pre-menopausal cancer risk for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, determining pathways for hyperglycemic disease-coupled cancer risk remains a major unmet need. One aspect of cellular sugar utilization is the addition of the glucose-derived protein modification O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) via the single human enzyme that catalyzes this process, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). The data in this report implicate roles of OGT and O-GlcNAc within a pathway leading to cancer stem-like cell (CSC) expansion. CSCs are the minor fraction of tumor cells recognized as a source of tumors as well as fueling metastatic recurrence. The objective of this study was to identify a novel pathway for glucose-driven expansion of CSC as a potential molecular link between hyperglycemic conditions and CSC tumor risk factors. METHODS We used chemical biology tools to track how a metabolite of glucose, GlcNAc, became linked to the transcriptional regulatory protein tet-methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) as an O-GlcNAc post-translational modification in three TNBC cell lines. Using biochemical approaches, genetic models, diet-induced obese animals, and chemical biology labeling, we evaluated the impact of hyperglycemia on CSC pathways driven by OGT in TNBC model systems. RESULTS We showed that OGT levels were higher in TNBC cell lines compared to non-tumor breast cells, matching patient data. Our data identified that hyperglycemia drove O-GlcNAcylation of the protein TET1 via OGT-catalyzed activity. Suppression of pathway proteins by inhibition, RNA silencing, and overexpression confirmed a mechanism for glucose-driven CSC expansion via TET1-O-GlcNAc. Furthermore, activation of the pathway led to higher levels of OGT production via feed-forward regulation in hyperglycemic conditions. We showed that diet-induced obesity led to elevated tumor OGT expression and O-GlcNAc levels in mice compared to lean littermates, suggesting relevance of this pathway in an animal model of the hyperglycemic TNBC microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data revealed a mechanism whereby hyperglycemic conditions activated a CSC pathway in TNBC models. This pathway can be potentially targeted to reduce hyperglycemia-driven breast cancer risk, for instance in metabolic diseases. Because pre-menopausal TNBC risk and mortality are correlated with metabolic diseases, our results could lead to new directions including OGT inhibition for mitigating hyperglycemia as a risk factor for TNBC tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed A Ayodeji
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Emily A Teslow
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lisa A Polin
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Greg Dyson
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Aliccia Bollig-Fischer
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Charlie Fehl
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Hypoglycaemia aggravates impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation in diabetes by suppressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Microvasc Res 2023; 146:104468. [PMID: 36513147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes exacerbates vascular injury by triggering endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) both play major roles in endothelial dysfunction. However, effects of hypoglycaemia, the main complication of the insulin therapy to the glycemic control in diabetes, on eNOS activity and iNOS expression, and underlying mechanisms in diabetes remain unknown. Hence, we aimed to determine the effects of hypoglycaemia on eNOS activity and iNOS expression in different arterial beds of diabetic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high fat diet (HFD) to induce diabetes and then received insulin injection to attain acute and recurrent hypoglycaemia. Immunoblotting was used to analyse the phosphorylation and O-glycosylation status of eNOS and iNOS level from thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery tissue. Indicators of oxidative stress from plasm were determined, and endothelial-dependent vasodilation was detected via wire myograph system. RESULTS Hypoglycaemia was associated with a marked increase in eNOS O-GlcNAcylation and decrease in Serine (Ser)-1177 phosphorylation from thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries. Moreover, hypoglycaemia resulted in elevated phosphorylation of eNOS at Threonine (Thr)-495 site in mesenteric arteries. Besides, changes in these post-translational modifications were associated with increased O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), decreased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473, and increased protein kinase C α subunit (PKCα). iNOS expression was induced in hypoglycaemia. Furthermore, endothelial-dependent vasodilation was impaired under insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, and further in recurrent hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, these findings strongly indicate that hypoglycaemia-dependent vascular dysfunction in diabetes is mediated through altered eNOS activity and iNOS expression. Therefore, this implies that therapeutic modulation of eNOS activity and iNOS expression in diabetics under intensive glucose control may prevent and treat adverse cardiovascular events.
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Recurrent Hypoglycemia Impaired Vascular Function in Advanced T2DM Rats by Inducing Pyroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7812407. [PMID: 35915611 PMCID: PMC9338872 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7812407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypoglycemia is a dangerous side effect of intensive glucose control in diabetes. Even though it leads to adverse cardiovascular events, the effects of hypoglycemia on vascular biology in diabetes have not been adequately studied. Methods Aged Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet and given streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Acute and recurrent hypoglycemia were then induced by glucose via insulin administration. Vascular function, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis levels in aortic tissue were assessed by physiological and biochemical methods. Results Hypoglycemia was associated with a marked decrease in vascular function, elevated oxidative stress, and elevated pyroptosis levels in the thoracic aorta. The changes in oxidative stress and pyroptosis were greater in rats with recurrent hypoglycemia than in those with acute hypoglycemia. Conclusions Hypoglycemia impaired vascular function in aged rats with T2DM by inducing pyroptosis. The extent of injury increased with the duration of blood glucose fluctuation.
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Abramowitz LK, Hanover JA. Chronically Elevated O-GlcNAcylation Limits Nitric Oxide Production and Deregulates Specific Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:802336. [PMID: 35432339 PMCID: PMC9010940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the immune response to harmful stimuli, including pathogens, damaged cells and toxic compounds. However, uncontrolled inflammation can be detrimental and contribute to numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, such as insulin resistance. At the forefront of this response are macrophages, which sense the local microenvironment to respond with a pro-inflammatory, M1-polarized phenotype, or anti-inflammatory, M2-polarized phenotype. M1 macrophages upregulate factors like pro-inflammatory cytokines, to promote inflammatory signaling, and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), to produce nitric oxide (NO). The generated NO can kill microorganisms to protect the body, but also signal back to the macrophage to limit pro-inflammatory cytokine production to maintain macrophage homeostasis. Thus, the tight regulation of iNOS in macrophages is critical for the immune system. Here, we investigated how elevation of the nutrient-sensitive posttranslational modification, O-GlcNAc, impacts M1 polarized macrophages. We identified increased gene expression of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Il-1β, Il-12) when O-GlcNAc cycling was blocked. We further uncovered an interaction between O-GlcNAc and iNOS, with iNOS being an OGT target in vitro. Analysis of M1 polarized bone marrow derived macrophages deficient in the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), revealed decreased iNOS activity as measured by a reduction in NO release. Further, elevated O-GlcNAc acted on Il-6 expression through the iNOS pathway, as iNOS inhibitior L-NIL raised wildtype Il-6 expression similar to OGA deficient cells but had no further effect on the hyper-O-GlcNAcylated cells. Thus O-GlcNAc contributes to macrophage homeostasis through modulation of iNOS activity.
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He A, Shen J, Xue Y, Xiang Li, Li Y, Huang L, Lv D, Luo M. Diacerein attenuates vascular dysfunction by reducing inflammatory response and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:68-74. [PMID: 34801936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of diacerein on vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats and elucidate the mechanism of diacerein. METHODS In a rat model, type 2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Vascular function was assessed in vascular reactivity experiment. The effect of diacerein (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) on blood glucose, inflammation and insulin signaling, and modulators in vascular tissue in diabetic rats were investigated by molecular and biochemical approaches. RESULTS In this study, diacerein inhibited diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. Diacerein treatment normalized blood glucose, insulin tolerance test, inflammatory cytokine levels and nitric oxide synthases expression in diabetic rats. Moreover, diacerein inhibited NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways and activated insulin signaling pathway related proteins IRS-1 and AKT in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Diacerein improved vascular function effectively in diabetic rats by suppressing inflammation and reducing insulin resistance. These results suggest that diacerein may represent a novel therapy for patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An He
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuzhou Xue
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuanjing Li
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Longxiang Huang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dingyi Lv
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Minghao Luo
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Hypertonic stress modulates eNOS function through O-GlcNAc modification at Thr-866. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11272. [PMID: 34050207 PMCID: PMC8163736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation, an energy-sensitive posttranslational modification, can regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Previous studies found that Thr866 is the key site for low-glucose-mediated regulation of eNOS O-GlcNAc. However, it is not known whether this activity functions through the Thr866 site concomitant with other physical and chemical factors. Therefore, we first explored the effects of physical and chemical factors on eNOS O-GlcNAc and its Thr866 site. In this study, hypertonic stress, hyperthermia and hydrogen peroxide all increased the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc, whereas hypoxia and high levels of alcohol had no effect. on the expression levels of eNOS O-GlcNAc; by contrast, low pH led to a decrease in eNOS O-GlcNAc levels. Notably, eNOS O-GlcNAc protein levels were unchanged after Thr866 site mutation only under hypertonic conditions, suggesting that hypertonic stress may act through the Thr866 site. Upon exploring the mechanism of hypertonic stress on eNOS O-GlcNAc activity and function, we found that hypertonic stress can upregulate the expression of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which is dependent on AMPK. When AMPK was knocked out, the upregulation of OGT expression and increased O-GlcNAc modifications induced by hypertonic stress were reversed.
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Wang Z, Li X, Spasojevic I, Lu L, Shen Y, Qu X, Hoffmann U, Warner DS, Paschen W, Sheng H, Yang W. Increasing O-GlcNAcylation is neuroprotective in young and aged brains after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113646. [PMID: 33600817 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s) together with the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and O-GlcNAcylation forms the XBP1s/HBP/O-GlcNAc axis. Our previous studies have provided evidence that activation of this axis is neuroprotective after ischemic stroke and critically, ischemia-induced O-GlcNAcylation is impaired in the aged brain. However, the XBP1s' neuroprotective role and its link to O-GlcNAcylation in stroke, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting this axis in stroke, have not been well established. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying this age-related impairment of O-GlcNAcylation induction after brain ischemia remain completely unknown. In this study, using transient ischemic stroke models, we first demonstrated that neuron-specific overexpression of Xbp1s improved outcome, and pharmacologically boosting O-GlcNAcylation with thiamet-G reversed worse outcome observed in neuron-specific Xbp1 knockout mice. We further showed that thiamet-G treatment improved long-term functional recovery in both young and aged animals after transient ischemic stroke. Mechanistically, using an analytic approach developed here, we discovered that availability of UDP-GlcNAc was compromised in the aged brain, which may constitute a novel mechanism responsible for the impaired O-GlcNAcylation activation in the aged brain after ischemia. Finally, based on this new mechanistic finding, we evaluated and confirmed the therapeutic effects of glucosamine treatment in young and aged animals using both transient and permanent stroke models. Our data together support that increasing O-GlcNAcylation is a promising strategy in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine - Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; PK/PD Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liping Lu
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xingguang Qu
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wulf Paschen
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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