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Parvanovova P, Evinova A, Grofik M, Hnilicova P, Tatarkova Z, Turcanova-Koprusakova M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: Insights from High-Resolution Respirometry. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1294. [PMID: 38927501 PMCID: PMC11201269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a severe neurodegenerative disease whose exact cause is still unclear. Currently, research attention is turning to the mitochondrion as a critical organelle of energy metabolism. Current knowledge is sufficient to confirm the involvement of the mitochondria in the pathophysiology of the disease, since the mitochondria are involved in many processes in the cell; however, the exact mechanism of involvement is still unclear. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from whole fresh blood from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for measurement and matched an age- and sex-matched set of healthy subjects. The group of patients consisted of patients examined and diagnosed at the neurological clinic of the University Hospital Martin. The set of controls consisted of healthy individuals who were actively searched, and controls were selected on the basis of age and sex. The group consisted of 26 patients with sporadic forms of ALS (13 women, 13 men), diagnosed based on the definitive criteria of El Escorial. The average age of patients was 54 years, and the average age of healthy controls was 56 years. We used a high-resolution O2K respirometry method, Oxygraph-2k, to measure mitochondrial respiration. Basal respiration was lower in patients by 29.48%, pyruvate-stimulated respiration (respiratory chain complex I) was lower by 29.26%, and maximal respiratory capacity was lower by 28.15%. The decrease in succinate-stimulated respiration (respiratory chain complex II) was 26.91%. Our data confirm changes in mitochondrial respiration in ALS patients, manifested by the reduced function of complex I and complex II of the respiratory chain. These defects are severe enough to confirm this disease's hypothesized mitochondrial damage. Therefore, research interest in the future should be directed towards a deeper understanding of the involvement of mitochondria and respiratory complexes in the pathophysiology of the disease. This understanding could develop new biomarkers in diagnostics and subsequent therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Parvanovova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (P.P.); (Z.T.)
| | - Andrea Evinova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.E.); (P.H.)
| | - Milan Grofik
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Martin, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Petra Hnilicova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.E.); (P.H.)
| | - Zuzana Tatarkova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (P.P.); (Z.T.)
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Han T, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Jiao A, Gao Q. Ursolic acid alleviates meiotic abnormalities induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in mouse oocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116910. [PMID: 38521372 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a toxic metabolite produced by mold, is mainly found in moldy sugarcane. 3-NPA inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase that can induce oxidative stress injury in cells, reduce ATP production and induce oxidative stress in mouse ovaries to cause reproductive disorders. Ursolic acid (UA) has a variety of biological activities and is a pentacyclic triterpene compound found in many plants. This experiment aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of 3-NPA during mouse oocyte in vitro maturation and the protective effects of UA on oocytes challenged with 3-NPA. The results showed that UA could alleviate 3-NPA-induced oocyte meiotic maturation failure. Specifically, 3-NPA induced a decrease in the first polar body extrusion rate of oocytes, abnormal distribution of cortical granules, and an increase in the proportion of spindle abnormalities. In addition, 3-NPA caused mitochondrial dysfunction and induced oxidative stress, including decreases in the GSH, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels, and increases in the ROS levels, and these effects led to apoptosis and autophagy. The addition of UA could significantly improve the adverse effects caused by 3-NPA. In general, our data show that 3-NPA affects the normal development of oocytes during the in vitro culture, and the addition of UA can effectively repair the damage caused by 3-NPA to oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancang Han
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhaoyang Sun
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Anhui Jiao
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qingshan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center of Yanbian Yellow Cattle Resources Reservation, China; Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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Heidari H, Lawrence DA. Climate Stressors and Physiological Dysregulations: Mechanistic Connections to Pathologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:28. [PMID: 38248493 PMCID: PMC10815632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the complex relationship between environmental factors, their mechanistic cellular and molecular effects, and their significant impact on human health. Climate change is fueled by industrialization and the emission of greenhouse gases and leads to a range of effects, such as the redistribution of disease vectors, higher risks of disease transmission, and shifts in disease patterns. Rising temperatures pose risks to both food supplies and respiratory health. The hypothesis addressed is that environmental stressors including a spectrum of chemical and pathogen exposures as well as physical and psychological influences collectively impact genetics, metabolism, and cellular functions affecting physical and mental health. The objective is to report the mechanistic associations linking environment and health. As environmental stressors intensify, a surge in health conditions, spanning from allergies to neurodegenerative diseases, becomes evident; however, linkage to genetic-altered proteomics is more hidden. Investigations positing that environmental stressors cause mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and oxidative stress, which affect missense variants and neuro- and immuno-disorders, are reported. These disruptions to homeostasis with dyslipidemia and misfolded and aggregated proteins increase susceptibility to cancers, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Proposed interventions, such as vitamin B supplements and antioxidants, target oxidative stress and may aid mitochondrial respiration and immune balance. The mechanistic interconnections of environmental stressors and disruptions in health need to be unraveled to develop strategies to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Heidari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Chithra Y, Dey G, Ghose V, Chandramohan V, Gowthami N, Vasudev V, Srinivas Bharath MM. Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition in Dopaminergic Neurons Causes Altered Protein Profile and Protein Oxidation: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03907-x. [PMID: 36964824 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are critical to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction in PD entails inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I (CI) in the dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. The events contributing to CI inhibition and downstream pathways are not completely elucidated. We conducted proteomic analysis in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line exposed individually to neurotoxic CI inhibitors: rotenone (Rot), paraquat (Pq) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Mass spectrometry (MS) revealed the involvement of biological processes including cell death pathways, structural changes and metabolic processes among others, most of which were common across all models. The proteomic changes induced by Pq were significantly higher than those induced by Rot and MPP+. Altered metabolic processes included downregulated mitochondrial proteins such as CI subunits. MS of CI isolated from the models revealed oxidative post-translational modifications with Tryptophan (Trp) oxidation as the predominant modification. Further, 62 peptides in 22 subunits of CI revealed Trp oxidation with 16 subunits common across toxins. NDUFV1 subunit had the greatest number of oxidized Trp and Rot model displayed the highest number of Trp oxidation events compared to the other models. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) of NDUFV1 revealed that oxidized Trp 433 altered the local conformation thereby changing the distance between the Fe-S clusters, Fe-S 301(N1a) to Fe-S 502 (N3) and Fe-S 802 (N4) to Fe-S 801 (N5), potentially affecting the efficiency of electron transfer. The events triggered by the neurotoxins represent CI damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshachar Chithra
- Department of Bioscience, P.G. Center, Hemagangotri, University of Mysore, Hassan, Karnataka, 573220, India
| | - Gourav Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vivek Chandramohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, 572103, India
| | - Niya Gowthami
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Lakkasandra, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - V Vasudev
- Department of Bioscience, P.G. Center, Hemagangotri, University of Mysore, Hassan, Karnataka, 573220, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), No. 2900, Hosur Road, Lakkasandra, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Kaur P, Attri S, Singh D, Rashid F, Singh S, Kumar A, Kaur H, Bedi N, Arora S. Neuromodulatory effect of 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate against 3-nitropropionic acid induced oxidative impairments in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via BDNF/CREB/TrkB pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4461. [PMID: 36932199 PMCID: PMC10023800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment, energetic crisis and elevated oxidative stress have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the pathological processes of Huntington's disease (HD). 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a natural neurotoxin that mimics the neurological dysfunctions, mitochondrial impairments and oxidative imbalance of HD. The current investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate (4-MTBITC) against the 3-NPA induced neurotoxicity in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. The experimental evidence of oxidative DNA damage by 3-NPA was elucidated by pBR322 DNA nicking assay. In contrast, the 4-MTBITC considerably attenuated the DNA damage, suggesting its free radical scavenging action against 3-NPA and Fenton's reagent. The dose and time-dependent increase of 3-NPA revealed its neurotoxic dose as 0.5 mM after 24 h of treatment of SH-SY5Y cells in MTT assay. In order to determine the optimal dose at which 4-MTBITC protects cell death, the 3-NPA (IC50) induced cells were pretreated with different concentrations of 4-MTBITC for 1 h. The neuroprotective dose of 4-MTBITC against 3-NPA was found to be 0.25 μM. Additionally, the elevated GSH levels in cells treated with 4-MTBITC indicate its propensity to eliminate reactive species generated as a result of 3-NPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Likewise, it was determined through microscopic and flow cytometric experiments that 3-NPA's induced overproduction of reactive species and a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) could be efficiently prevented by pre-treating cells with 4-MTBITC. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, the RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the pre-treatment of 4-MTBITC effectively protected neuronal cells against 3-NPA-induced cell death by preventing Caspase-3 activation, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) upregulation, activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Nrf2 induction. Together, our findings lend credence to the idea that pre-treatment with 4-MTBITC reduced 3-NPA-induced neurotoxicity by lowering redox impairment, apoptotic state, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present work, in conclusion, presented the first proof that the phytoconstituent 4-MTBITC supports the antioxidant system, BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling, and neuronal survival in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against 3-NPA-induced oxidative deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Shivani Attri
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Farhana Rashid
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Sharabjit Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Harjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147001, India
| | - Neena Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Gupta P, Strange K, Telange R, Guo A, Hatch H, Sobh A, Elie J, Carter AM, Totenhagen J, Tan C, Sonawane YA, Neuzil J, Natarajan A, Ovens AJ, Oakhill JS, Wiederhold T, Pacak K, Ghayee HK, Meijer L, Reddy S, Bibb JA. Genetic impairment of succinate metabolism disrupts bioenergetic sensing in adrenal neuroendocrine cancer. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111218. [PMID: 35977518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction mutations can impair energy sensing and cause cancer. Loss of function of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme subunit succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) results in various forms of cancer typified by pheochromocytoma (PC). Here we delineate a signaling cascade where the loss of SDHB induces the Warburg effect, triggers dysregulation of [Ca2+]i, and aberrantly activates calpain and protein kinase Cdk5, through conversion of its cofactor from p35 to p25. Consequently, aberrant Cdk5 initiates a phospho-signaling cascade where GSK3 inhibition inactivates energy sensing by AMP kinase through dephosphorylation of the AMP kinase γ subunit, PRKAG2. Overexpression of p25-GFP in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells also elicits this phosphorylation signaling and causes PC. A potent Cdk5 inhibitor, MRT3-007, reverses this phospho-cascade, invoking a senescence-like phenotype. This therapeutic approach halted tumor progression in vivo. Thus, we reveal an important mechanistic feature of metabolic sensing and demonstrate that its dysregulation underlies tumor progression in PC and likely other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Keehn Strange
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ailan Guo
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | - Heather Hatch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan Elie
- Perha Pharmaceuticals, Hôtel de Recherche, Perharidy Peninsula, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - John Totenhagen
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West 252 50, Czech Republic; School of Pharmacy Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hans K Ghayee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Florida College of Medicine and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Laurent Meijer
- Perha Pharmaceuticals, Hôtel de Recherche, Perharidy Peninsula, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sushanth Reddy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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7
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Ham J, Lim W, Song G. Ethalfluralin impairs implantation by aggravation of mitochondrial viability and function during early pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119495. [PMID: 35605831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethalfluralin, a dinitroaniline-type herbicide, has been used for decades. As a result, its residues are detected on some farmlands. To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of ethalfluralin on early pregnancy, porcine luminal epithelium and trophectoderm cell lines were used. Ethalfluralin was found to inhibit the viability, proliferation, and migration of porcine luminal epithelial (pLE) and porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells. Additionally, ethalfluralin induced apoptotic cell death by means of an imbalance in calcium homeostasis in both pLE and pTr cells. Ethalfluralin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and impaired mitochondrial respiration by downregulating the mitochondrial respiratory complex-related genes. Ethalfluralin also activated endoplasmic reticulum stress signals and autophagy pathways, increased the phosphorylation of P38 MAPK and NF-κB, and suppressed the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, this study elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which ethalfluralin impedes the viability and mitochondrial function in fetal trophectoderm and maternal endometrial cells during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Liu K, Liu Z, Liu Z, Ma Z, Deng Y, Liu W, Xu B. Manganese induces S-nitrosylation of PINK1 leading to nerve cell damage by repressing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155358. [PMID: 35460769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to excess manganese (Mn) causes neurotoxicity, which is characterized by Parkinson-like symptoms and referred to as manganism. In the last few decades, mitochondrial damage and subsequent energy failure have been reported to be important mechanisms of Mn toxicity, yet how Mn causes mitochondrial damage remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Mn induced S-nitrosation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a master regulator in the mitophagy pathway, results in dysregulation of mitophagy and nerve cell injury in the rat striatum. We cultured primary neurons and used 1400 W, a potent and selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, as an intervention to verify the precise mechanism of Mn-induced dysregulation of mitophagy. We demonstrated that Mn-induced S-nitrosylation of PINK1 decreased the phosphorylated level of parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Parkin), as well as the translocation of Parkin to damaged mitochondria, which led to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Our findings indicated the unusual connection between nitrative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Mn-induced neurotoxicity. These data highlight the role of S-nitrosation of PINK1 in Mn-induced dysregulation of mitophagy and provide a reliable target for the development of specific drugs and the early treatment of manganism, which has important theoretical and practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Prasuhn J, Kunert L, Brüggemann N. Neuroimaging Methods to Map In Vivo Changes of OXPHOS and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137263. [PMID: 35806267 PMCID: PMC9266616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathophysiological hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Several clinical trials targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have been performed with conflicting results. Reliable biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo are thus needed to optimize future clinical trial designs. This narrative review highlights various neuroimaging methods to probe mitochondrial dysfunction. We provide a general overview of the current biological understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in degenerative brain disorders and how distinct neuroimaging methods can be employed to map disease-related changes. The reviewed methodological spectrum includes positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and near-infrared spectroscopy imaging, and how these methods can be applied to study alterations in oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. We highlight the advantages and shortcomings of the different neuroimaging methods and discuss the necessary steps to use these for future research. This review stresses the importance of neuroimaging methods to gain deepened insights into mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo, its role as a critical disease mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, the applicability for patient stratification in interventional trials, and the quantification of individual treatment responses. The in vivo assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial prerequisite for providing individualized treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Liesa Kunert
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (J.P.); (L.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-43420; Fax: +49-451-500-43424
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10
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Sai Swaroop R, Akhil PS, Sai Sanwid P, Bandana P, Raksha RK, Meghana M, Bibha C, Sivaramakrishnan V. Integrated multi-omic data analysis and validation with yeast model show oxidative phosphorylation modulates protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35749136 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2090441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive, incurable amyloid aggregating neurodegenerative disease involving the motor neurons. Identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets can assist in the better management of the disease. We used an integrative approach encompassing analysis of transcriptomic datasets of human and mice from the GEO database. Our analysis of ALS patient datasets showed deregulation in Non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease and oxidative phosphorylation. Transgenic mice datasets of SOD1, FUS and TDP-43 showed deregulation in oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome-associated pathways. Commonality analysis between the human and mice datasets showed oxidative phosphorylation as a major deregulated pathway. Further, protein-protein and protein-drug interaction network analysis of mitochondrial electron transport chain showed enrichment of proteins and inhibitors of mitochondrial Complex III and IV. The results were further validated using the yeast model system. Inhibitor studies using metformin (Complex-I inhibitor) and malonate (Complex-II inhibitor) did not show any effect in mitigating the amyloids, while antimycin (Complex-III inhibitor) and azide (Complex-IV inhibitor) reduced amyloidogenesis. Knock-out of QCR8 (Complex-III) or COX8 (Complex-IV) cleared the amyloids. Taken together, our results show a critical role for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in amyloidogenesis and as a potential therapeutic target in ALS.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sai Swaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P S Akhil
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Scientist B, Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla, Pune
| | - Pradhan Sai Sanwid
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rao K Raksha
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath Meghana
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Choudhary Bibha
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Dept. of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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11
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Toda T, Ito M, Takeda JI, Masuda A, Mino H, Hattori N, Mohri K, Ohno K. Extremely low-frequency pulses of faint magnetic field induce mitophagy to rejuvenate mitochondria. Commun Biol 2022; 5:453. [PMID: 35552531 PMCID: PMC9098439 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to time-varying and static weak magnetic fields (WMF). However, the effects of faint magnetic fields, weaker than the geomagnetic field, have been scarcely reported. Here we show that extremely low-frequency (ELF)-WMF, comprised of serial pulses of 10 µT intensity at 1–8 Hz, which is three or more times weaker than the geomagnetic field, reduces mitochondrial mass to 70% and the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex II activity to 88%. Chemical inhibition of electron flux through the mitochondrial ETC complex II nullifies the effect of ELF-WMF. Suppression of ETC complex II subsequently induces mitophagy by translocating parkin and PINK1 to the mitochondria and by recruiting LC3-II. Thereafter, mitophagy induces PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis to rejuvenate mitochondria. The lack of PINK1 negates the effect of ELF-WMF. Thus, ELF-WMF may be applicable for the treatment of human diseases that exhibit compromised mitochondrial homeostasis, such as Parkinson’s disease. The effect of extremely low-frequency pulses of faint magnetic field on mitochondria is investigated, where it led to reduced mitochondrial mass, membrane potential and electron transport chain activity, and induced mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Toda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mino
- Division of Material Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Kaneo Mohri
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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12
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Waseem M, Kaushik P, Dutta S, Chakraborty R, Hassan MI, Parvez S. Modulatory Role of Quercetin in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Hepatotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3192-3202. [PMID: 35128232 PMCID: PMC8811893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background : Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are among the largely manmade nanomaterials worldwide and are broadly used as both industrial and user products. The primary target site for several nanoparticles is the liver, including TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs), exposed directly or indirectly through ingestion of contaminated water, food, or animals and elevated environmental contamination. Oxidative stress is a known facet of nanoparticle-induced toxicity, including TNPs. Mitochondria are potential targets for nanoparticles in several types of toxicity, such as hepatotoxicity. Nevertheless, its causal mechanism is still controversial due to scarcity of literature linking the role of mitochondria-mediated TNP-induced hepatotoxicity. Aim : The objective of the current study was to evaluate the relation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and respiratory chain mechanisms with TNP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, and explore the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin (QR), which is a polyphenolic flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables with known antioxidant properties, on TNP-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and disturbance in respiratory chain complex enzymes in the liver of rats. Results: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial complexes were assessed with regard to TNP-induced hepatotoxicity. The depleted lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl content, in mitochondria, induced by TNPs were restored significantly by pretreatment with QR. QR modulated the altered non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and mitochondrial complex enzymes. Conclusion : Based on the findings, we conclude that QR, which mitigates oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, holds promising capability to potentially diminish TNP-induced adverse effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waseem
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shamita Dutta
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rohan Chakraborty
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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13
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Graf A, Ksenofontov A, Bunik V. Inhibition of 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase as a Chemical Model of Acute Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:751639. [PMID: 34977062 PMCID: PMC8718613 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.751639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypoxia and inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) are known to change cellular amino acid pools, but the quantitative comparison of the metabolic and physiological outcomes has not been done. We hypothesize that OGDHC inhibition models metabolic changes caused by hypoxia, as both perturb the respiratory chain function, limiting either the NADH (OGDHC inhibition) or oxygen (hypoxia) supply. In the current study, we quantify the changes in the amino acid metabolism after OGDHC inhibition in the highly sensitive to hypoxia cerebellum and compare them to the earlier characterized changes after acute hypobaric hypoxia. In addition, the associated physiological effects are characterized and compared. A specific OGDHC inhibitor succinyl phosphonate (SP) is shown to act similar to hypoxia, increasing levels of many amino acids in the cerebellum of non-pregnant rats, without affecting those in the pregnant rats. Compared with hypoxia, stronger effects of SP in non-pregnant rats are observed on the levels of cerebellar amino acids, electrocardiography (ECG), and freezing time. In pregnant rats, hypoxia affects ECG and behavior more than SP, although none of the stressors significantly change the levels of cerebellar amino acids. The biochemical differences underlying the different physiological actions of SP and hypoxia are revealed by correlation analysis of the studied parameters. The negative correlations of cerebellar amino acids with OGDHC and/or tryptophan, shown to arise after the action of SP and hypoxia, discriminate the overall metabolic action of the stressors. More negative correlations are induced in the non-pregnant rats by hypoxia, and in the pregnant rats by SP. Thus, our findings indicate that the OGDHC inhibition mimics the action of acute hypobaric hypoxia on the cerebellar amino acid levels, but a better prediction of the physiological outcomes requires assessment of integral network changes, such as increases in the negative correlations among the amino acids, OGDHC, and/or tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational and Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ksenofontov
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Bunik
- Andrey Nikolaevich (A. N.) Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Biochemistry Department, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Narasimhamurthy RK, Mumbrekar KD, Satish Rao BS. Effects of low dose ionizing radiation on the brain- a functional, cellular, and molecular perspective. Toxicology 2021; 465:153030. [PMID: 34774978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the advancement of radio diagnostic imaging tools and techniques has radically improved the diagnosis of different pathophysiological conditions, accompanied by increased exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. Though the consequences of high dose radiation exposure on humans are very well comprehended, the more publicly relevant effects of low dose radiation (LDR) (≤100 mGy) exposure on the biological system remain ambiguous. The central nervous system, predominantly the developing brain with more neuronal precursor cells, is exceptionally radiosensitive and thus more liable to neurological insult even at low doses, as shown through several rodent studies. Further molecular studies have unraveled the various inflammatory and signaling mechanisms involved in cellular damage and repair that drive these physiological alterations that lead to functional alterations. Interestingly, few studies also claim that LDR exerts therapeutic effects on the brain by initiating an adaptive response. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of low dose radiation at functional, cellular, and molecular levels and the various risks and benefits associated with it based on the evidence available from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Although the consensus indicates minimum consequences, the overall evidence suggests that LDR can bring about considerable neurological effects in the exposed individual, and hence a re-evaluation of the LDR usage levels and frequency of exposure is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha K Narasimhamurthy
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Kamalesh D Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - B S Satish Rao
- Research Directorate Office, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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15
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Ascenzi F, De Vitis C, Maugeri-Saccà M, Napoli C, Ciliberto G, Mancini R. SCD1, autophagy and cancer: implications for therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:265. [PMID: 34429143 PMCID: PMC8383407 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components and recycles them for other cellular functions. Over the years, a mutual regulation between lipid metabolism and autophagy has been uncovered. METHODS This is a narrative review discussing the connection between SCD1 and the autophagic process, along with the modality through which this crosstalk can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. RESULTS Fatty acids, depending on the species, can have either activating or inhibitory roles on autophagy. In turn, autophagy regulates the mobilization of fat from cellular deposits, such as lipid droplets, and removes unnecessary lipids to prevent cellular lipotoxicity. This review describes the regulation of autophagy by lipid metabolism in cancer cells, focusing on the role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the key enzyme involved in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. SCD1 plays an important role in cancer, promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. The role of autophagy in cancer is more complex since it can act either by protecting against the onset of cancer or by promoting tumor growth. Mounting evidence indicates that autophagy and lipid metabolism are tightly interconnected. CONCLUSION Here, we discuss controversial findings of SCD1 as an autophagy inducer or inhibitor in cancer, highlighting how these activities may result in cancer promotion or inhibition depending upon the degree of cancer heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ascenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia De Vitis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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