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Brunchi CE, Morariu S. Laponite ®-From Dispersion to Gel-Structure, Properties, and Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:2823. [PMID: 38930887 PMCID: PMC11206873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Laponite® (LAP) is an intensively studied synthetic clay due to the versatility given by its layered structure, which makes it usable in various applications. This review describes the multifaceted properties and applications of LAP in aqueous dispersions and gel systems. The first sections of the review discuss the LAP structure and the interactions between clay discs in an aqueous medium under different conditions (such as ionic strength, pH, temperature, and the addition of polymers) in order to understand the function of clay in tailoring the properties of the designed material. Additionally, the review explores the aging phenomenon characteristic of LAP aqueous dispersions as well as the development of shake-gels by incorporating LAP. The second part shows the most recent studies on materials containing LAP with possible applicability in the drilling industry, cosmetics or care products industry, and biomedical fields. By elucidating the remarkable versatility and ease of integration of LAP into various matrices, this review underscores its significance as a key ingredient for the creation of next-generation materials with tailored functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Morariu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
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2
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Milani GP, Buonsenso D, Marchisio P, Agostoni C, Corso CM, Guarino A, Poeta M, Proli F, Drosi A, Morello R, Lo Vecchio A. Gastroenteritis is Less Severe But is More Often Associated With Systemic Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2-positive Than in SARS-CoV-2-Negative Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:e320-e322. [PMID: 37314203 PMCID: PMC10417221 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the clinical and metabolic features of acute gastroenteritis in children with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A multicenter case-control study was conducted in 2022 including 200 children. Clinical data and laboratory tests were analyzed. Children with SARS-CoV-2 presented less frequently hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis, but more often systemic inflammation as compared with children without SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio P. Milani
- From the Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Igiene, Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- From the Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- From the Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Corso
- From the Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics. University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Poeta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics. University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Proli
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Drosi
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Morello
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics. University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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3
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Nizet S, Rieger J, Sarabi A, Lajtai G, Zatloukal K, Tschegg C. Binding and inactivation of human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, onto purified clinoptilolite-tuff. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4673. [PMID: 36949092 PMCID: PMC10031168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID19 pandemic is caused by a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, which presents high mutational rates. The development of effective therapeutics and mitigation strategies using vaccination or therapeutic antibodies faces serious challenges because of the regular emergence of immune escape variants of the virus. An efficient approach would involve the use of an agent to non-specifically limit or block viruses contacting the mucosae and therefore entering the body. Here, we investigated the ability of a micronized purified clinoptilolite-tuff to bind and neutralize different viruses from the Coronaviridae family. Using plaque assay, RT-qPCR and immunostaining, the adsorption and inactivation of the seasonal human coronavirus HCoV-229E and of 2 SARS-CoV-2 variants were demonstrated. The resulting data suggest that purified clinoptilolite-tuff could be used as an ingredient in new medical devices and/or pharmaceuticals to prevent or mitigate SARS-CoV-2 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nizet
- Glock Health, Science and Research GmbH, Hausfeldstrasse 17, 2232, Deutsch-Wagram, Austria.
| | - J Rieger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A Sarabi
- Glock Health, Science and Research GmbH, Hausfeldstrasse 17, 2232, Deutsch-Wagram, Austria
| | | | - K Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C Tschegg
- Glock Health, Science and Research GmbH, Hausfeldstrasse 17, 2232, Deutsch-Wagram, Austria
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4
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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5
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Friedel DM, Cappell MS. Diarrhea and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023; 52:59-75. [PMID: 36813431 PMCID: PMC9659511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality, thoroughly affected daily living, and caused severe economic disruption throughout the world. Pulmonary symptoms predominate and account for most of the associated morbidity and mortality. However, extrapulmonary manifestations are common in COVID-19 infections, including gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as diarrhea. Diarrhea affects approximately 10% to 20% of COVID-19 patients. Diarrhea can occasionally be the presenting and only COVID-19 symptom. Diarrhea in COVID-19 subjects is usually acute but is occasionally chronic. It is typically mild-to-moderate and nonbloody. It is usually much less clinically important than pulmonary or potential thrombotic disorders. Occasionally the diarrhea can be profuse and life-threatening. The entry receptor for COVID-19, angiotensin converting enzyme-2, is found throughout the GI tract, especially in the stomach and small intestine, which provides a pathophysiologic basis for local GI infection. COVID-19 virus has been documented in feces and in GI mucosa. Treatment of COVID-19 infection, especially antibiotic therapy, is a common culprit of the diarrhea, but secondary infections including bacteria, especially Clostridioides difficile, are sometimes implicated. Workup for diarrhea in hospitalized patients usually includes routine chemistries; basic metabolic panel; and a complete hemogram; sometimes stool studies, possibly including calprotectin or lactoferrin; and occasionally abdominal CT scan or colonoscopy. Treatment for the diarrhea is intravenous fluid infusion and electrolyte supplementation as necessary, and symptomatic antidiarrheal therapy, including Loperamide, kaolin-pectin, or possible alternatives. Superinfection with C difficile should be treated expeditiously. Diarrhea is prominent in post-COVID-19 (long COVID-19), and is occasionally noted after COVID-19 vaccination. The spectrum of diarrhea in COVID-19 patients is presently reviewed including the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Friedel
- Division of Therapeutic Endoscopy, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, New York University Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola 11501, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Cappell
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Service, Aleda E. Lutz Veterans Administration Hospital at Saginaw, Building 1, Room 3212, 1500 Weiss Street, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA,Corresponding author
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Ayaz H, Aslam N, Awan FM, Basri R, Rauff B, Alzahrani B, Arif M, Ikram A, Obaid A, Naz A, Khan SN, Yang BB, Nazir A. Mapping CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis identifies hsa_circ_0080942 and hsa_circ_0080135 as a potential theranostic agents for SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283589. [PMID: 37053191 PMCID: PMC10101458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can control the flux of genetic information; affect RNA stability and play crucial roles in mediating epigenetic modifications. A number of studies have highlighted the potential roles of both virus-encoded and host-encoded ncRNAs in viral infections, transmission and therapeutics. However, the role of an emerging type of non-coding transcript, circular RNA (circRNA) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has not been fully elucidated so far. Moreover, the potential pathogenic role of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis has not been fully explored as yet. The current study aimed to holistically map the regulatory networks driven by SARS-CoV-2 related circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs to uncover plausible interactions and interplay amongst them in order to explore possible therapeutic options in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patient datasets were analyzed systematically in a unified approach to explore circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression profiles. CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed based on cytokine storm related circRNAs forming a total of 165 circRNA-miRNA-mRNA pairs. This study implies the potential regulatory role of the obtained circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and proposes that two differentially expressed circRNAs hsa_circ_0080942 and hsa_circ_0080135 might serve as a potential theranostic agents for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Collectively, the results shed light on the functional role of circRNAs as ceRNAs to sponge miRNA and regulate mRNA expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ayaz
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Aslam
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rabea Basri
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bisma Rauff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Badr Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Ikram
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Obaid
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Anam Naz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Noor Khan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Azhar Nazir
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Poeta M, Nunziata F, Del Bene M, Morlino F, Salatto A, Scarano SM, Cioffi V, Amitrano M, Bruzzese E, Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A. Diarrhea Is a Hallmark of Inflammation in Pediatric COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122723. [PMID: 36560726 PMCID: PMC9783993 DOI: 10.3390/v14122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pathogen with enteric tropism. We compared the clinical, biochemical and radiological features of children hospitalized for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, classified in two groups based on the presence of diarrhea. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the variables associated with diarrhea. Overall, 407 children were included in the study (226 males, 55.5%, mean age 3.9 ± 5.0 years), of whom 77 (18.9%) presented with diarrhea, which was mild in most cases. Diarrhea prevalence was higher during the Alpha (23.6%) and Delta waves (21.9%), and in children aged 5-11 y (23.8%). Other gastrointestinal symptoms were most commonly reported in children with diarrhea (p < 0.05). Children with diarrhea showed an increased systemic inflammatory state (higher C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and ferritin levels, p < 0.005), higher local inflammation as judged by mesenteric fat hyperechogenicity (adjusted Odds Ratio 3.31, 95%CI 1.13-9.70) and a lower chance of previous immunosuppressive state (adjusted Odds Ratio 0.19, 95%CI 0.05-0.70). Diarrhea is a frequent feature of pediatric COVID-19 and is associated with increased systemic inflammation, which is related to the local mesenteric fat inflammatory response, confirming the implication of the gut not only in multisystem inflammatory syndrome but also in the acute phase of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Poeta
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Nunziata
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Del Bene
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Morlino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Salatto
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Maria Scarano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Cioffi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Amitrano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-4232
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Iacobucci I, Monaco V, Canè L, Bibbò F, Cioffi V, Cozzolino F, Guarino A, Zollo M, Monti M. Spike S1 domain interactome in non-pulmonary systems: A role beyond the receptor recognition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:975570. [PMID: 36225252 PMCID: PMC9550266 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.975570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which, since 2019 in China, has rapidly become a worldwide pandemic. The aggressiveness and global spread were enhanced by the many SARS-CoV-2 variants that have been isolated up to now. These mutations affect mostly the viral glycoprotein Spike (S), the capsid protein mainly involved in the early stages of viral entry processes, through the recognition of specific receptors on the host cell surface. In particular, the subunit S1 of the Spike glycoprotein contains the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and it is responsible for the interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Although ACE2 is the primary Spike host receptor currently studied, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is also able to infect cells expressing low levels of ACE2, indicating that the virus may have alternative receptors on the host cells. The identification of the alternative receptors can better elucidate the pathogenicity and the tropism of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we investigated the Spike S1 interactomes, starting from host membrane proteins of non-pulmonary cell lines, such as human kidney (HK-2), normal colon (NCM460D), and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). We employed an affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to pull down, from the membrane protein extracts of all cell lines, the protein partners of the recombinant form of the Spike S1 domain. The purified interactors were identified by a shotgun proteomics approach. The lists of S1 potential interacting proteins were then clusterized according to cellular localization, biological processes, and pathways, highlighting new possible S1 intracellular functions, crucial not only for the entrance mechanisms but also for viral replication and propagation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bibbò
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (DMMBM), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Cioffi
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (DMMBM), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Monti,
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Gudowska-Sawczuk M, Mroczko B. The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in Development and Treatment of COVID-19: Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095283. [PMID: 35563673 PMCID: PMC9101079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), a disease that has affected more than 500 million people worldwide since the end of 2019. Due to its high complications and death rates, there is still a need to find the best therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dysregulation of the inflammatory response in COVID-19 plays a very important role in disease progression. It has been observed that abnormal activity of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) is directly associated with, inter alia, increased synthesis of proinflammatory factors. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the functions of NF-κB in the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential application of NF-κB inhibitors in COVID-19 immunotherapy. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. In the current review, it is highlighted that NF-κB plays important functions in the modulation of an adaptive inflammatory response, including inducing the expression of proinflammatory genes. Increased activation of NF-κB in SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed. The association between NF-κB activation and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural and non-structural proteins were also reported. It was observed that modulation of NF-κB using, e.g., traditional Chinese medicine or glucocorticosteroids resulted in decreased synthesis of proinflammatory factors caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review summarizes the role of NF-κB in COVID-19 and describes its potential immunotherapeutic target in treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, indisputably more studies involving patients with a severe course of COVID-19 are sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gudowska-Sawczuk
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8703
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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10
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Buccigrossi V, Poeta M, Cioffi V, Terranova S, Nunziata F, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Counteracts Rotavirus-Induced Ion Secretion and Enterocyte Damage by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Through Specific Effects of Living and Postbiotic Preparations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854989. [PMID: 35425719 PMCID: PMC9001969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Administration of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to children with gastroenteritis is recommended by universal guidelines. Rotavirus (RV) causes diarrhea through combined cytotoxic and enterotoxic effects. Aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of efficacy of LGG in an in-vitro model of RV diarrhea in its viable form (LGG) and conditioned medium (mLGG). Methods Ion secretion corresponding to the NSP4 enterotoxic effect, was evaluated by short circuit current (Isc) and the cytotoxic effect by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Ussing chambers, upon exposure to RV in Caco-2 enterocyte monolayers treated or not with living probiotic or its culture supernatant. Mechanisms of enterotoxic and cytotoxic damage were evaluated including oxidative stress measured by reactive oxygen species, apoptosis evaluated by DAPI and nuclear staining, NFkβ immunofluorescence. Results RV induced Isc increase and TEER decrease, respectively indicating ion secretion and epithelial damage, the two established pathways of diarrhea. Both probiotic preparations reduced both diarrheal effects, but their potency was different. Live LGG was equally effective on both enterotoxic and cytotoxic effect whereas mLGG was highly effective on ion secretion and showed minimal protective effects on cytoskeleton, apoptosis and NFkβ. Conclusions LGG counteracts RV-induced diarrhea by inhibiting both cytotoxic and enterotoxic pathogenic mechanisms. Namely, LGG inhibits chloride secretion by specific moieties secreted in the medium with a direct pharmacologic-like action. This is considered a postbiotic effect. Subsequently, live bacteria exert a probiotic effect protecting the enterocyte structure.
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11
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Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:618-653. [PMID: 34977871 PMCID: PMC8706767 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nuclear factor of κ-light chain of enhancer-activated B cells (NF-κB) was discovered in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating mechanism of NF-κB for 35 years, which lead to significant progress. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanisms regulating NF-κB activation have also been illuminated, the cascades of signaling events leading to NF-κB activity and key components of the NF-κB pathway are also identified. It has been suggested NF-κB plays an important role in human diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases. These studies make the NF-κB an attractive target for disease treatment. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of the family members of NF-κB, as well as the basic mechanisms of NF-κB signaling pathway activation. We will also review the effects of dysregulated NF-κB on inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tumor microenvironment. The progression of the translational study and drug development targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment and the potential obstacles will be discussed. Further investigations on the precise functions of NF-κB in the physiological and pathological settings and underlying mechanisms are in the urgent need to develop drugs targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Ma
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science CenterHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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