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Vodopivec M. A numerical model sheds new light on the effects of ocean acidification on an indicator species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17398. [PMID: 38967143 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
A Lagrangian Individual Based Model (IBM) offers new insights into the effects of ocean acidification on pteropods by providing detailed life histories of individuals. A thorough analysis of the results makes it possible to attribute the effects of ocean acidification to different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vodopivec
- Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Maas AE, Lawson GL, Bergan AJ, Wang ZA, Tarrant AM. Sea butterflies in a pickle: reliable biomarkers and seasonal sensitivity of Limacina retroversa to ocean acidification in the Gulf of Maine. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae040. [PMID: 38915852 PMCID: PMC11194183 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The passive dissolution of anthropogenically produced CO2 into the ocean system is reducing ocean pH and changing a suite of chemical equilibria, with negative consequences for some marine organisms, in particular those that bear calcium carbonate shells. Although our monitoring of these chemical changes has improved, we have not developed effective tools to translate observations, which are typically of the pH and carbonate saturation state, into ecologically relevant predictions of biological risks. One potential solution is to develop bioindicators: biological variables with a clear relationship to environmental risk factors that can be used for assessment and management. Thecosomatous pteropods are a group of pelagic shelled marine gastropods, whose biological responses to CO2 have been suggested as potential bioindicators of ocean acidification owing to their sensitivity to acidification in both the laboratory and the natural environment. Using five CO2 exposure experiments, occurring across four seasons and running for up to 15 days, we describe a consistent relationship between saturation state, shell transparency and duration of exposure, as well as identify a suite of genes that could be used for biological monitoring with further study. We clarify variations in thecosome responses due to seasonality, resolving prior uncertainties and demonstrating the range of their phenotypic plasticity. These biomarkers of acidification stress can be implemented into ecosystem models and monitoring programmes in regions where pteropods are found, whilst the approach will serve as an example for other regions on how to bridge the gap between point-based chemical monitoring and biologically relevant assessments of ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Maas
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, School of Ocean Futures, Arizona State University, 17 Biological Station, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Gareth L Lawson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Conservation Law Foundation, 62 Summer St, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Alexander J Bergan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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3
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Shetye S, Kurian S, Shenoy D, Gauns M, Pratihary A, Shirodkar G, Naik H, Fernandes M, Vidya P, Nandakumar K, Shaikh A. Contrasting patterns in pH variability in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15271-15288. [PMID: 38289549 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Continuous understanding of the ongoing ocean acidification (OA) is essential for predicting the future impact of OA on marine ecosystems. Here we report the results of open ocean time-series measurements (19 cruises) of seawater pH in total hydrogen ion scale (pHT) and associated parameters in the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). During southwest monsoon (SWM), the pHT within the 30 to 100 m water column shows the maximum difference between the two basins with BoB pHT being lower (up to ~0.39 units) than AS which could be due to freshwater influx from rivers, mixed layer dynamics, and cold-core eddies. However, during Spring inter-monsoon (SIM), the pHT of BoB follows the trend of AS. A contrasting finding is that the lowest pHT occurs at 350 to 500 m in the BoB while it is ~1000 m in the AS. The pHT within the 150 to 1500 m layer of these two basins shows lower values by 0.03 (±0.02) in the BoB as compared to the AS. The possible reasons for the low pHT within the BoB oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) could be due to intrusion of western Pacific water in the BoB, freshwater influx from rivers, variations in OMZ of the two basins, higher temperature (~2°C) within the OMZ of the AS, and denitrification in the AS. The pHT in both the basins (500 to 1000 m) is lower than in the North Atlantic and higher than in the North Pacific waters; however, the pHT in the 200 to 500 m is lower in the BoB than in all these basins. This study highlights the under-saturation of calcium carbonate at very shallow depths (~ 100 m) in the BoB, indicating that the plankton in the BoB are facing a major risk from OA compared to the AS and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Shetye
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Siby Kurian
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Damodar Shenoy
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Mangesh Gauns
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Anil Pratihary
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Gayatri Shirodkar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Hema Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Michelle Fernandes
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Pottekkatt Vidya
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - Kuniyil Nandakumar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
| | - Adnan Shaikh
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
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4
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Dalpadado P, Roxy MK, Arrigo KR, van Dijken GL, Chierici M, Ostrowski M, Skern-Mauritzen R, Bakke G, Richardson AJ, Sperfeld E. Rapid climate change alters the environment and biological production of the Indian Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167342. [PMID: 37758130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize and review the impacts of climate change on the physical, chemical, and biological environments of the Indian Ocean and discuss mitigating actions and knowledge gaps. The most recent climate scenarios identify with high certainty that the Indian Ocean (IO) is experiencing one of the fastest surface warming among the world's oceans. The area of surface waters of >28 °C (IO Warm Pool) has significantly increased during 1982-2021 by expanding into the northern-central basins. A significant decrease in pH and aragonite (building blocks of calcified organisms) levels in the IO was observed from 1981-2020 due to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. There are also signals of decreasing trends in primary productivity in the north, likely related to enhanced stratification and nutrient depletion. Further, the rapid warming of the IO will manifest more extreme weather conditions along its adjacent continents and oceans, including marine heat waves that are likely to reshape biodiversity. However, the impact of climate change beyond the unprecedented warming, increase in marine heat waves, expansion of the IO Warm Pool, and decrease in pH, remains uncertain for many other key variables in the IO including changes in salinity, oxygen, and net primary production. Understanding the response of these physical, chemical, and biological variables to climate change is vital to project future changes in regional fisheries and identify mitigation actions. We accordingly conclude by identifying knowledge gaps and recommending directions for sustainable fisheries and climate impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathew Koll Roxy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Kevin R Arrigo
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gert L van Dijken
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Marek Ostrowski
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gunnstein Bakke
- Directorate of Fisheries, Strandgaten 229, 5804 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia; CSIRO Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, 4067, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erik Sperfeld
- Animal Ecology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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5
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Czaja R, Pales-Espinosa E, Cerrato RM, Lwiza K, Allam B. Using meta-analysis to explore the roles of global upwelling exposure and experimental design in bivalve responses to low pH. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165900. [PMID: 37572507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Low pH conditions, associated with ocean acidification, represent threats to many commercially and ecologically important organisms, including bivalves. However, there are knowledge gaps regarding factors explaining observed differences in biological responses to low pH in laboratory experiments. Specific sources of local adaptation such as upwelling exposure and the role of experimental design, such as carbonate chemistry parameter changes, should be considered. Linking upwelling exposure, as an individual oceanographic phenomenon, to responses measured in laboratory experiments may further our understanding of local adaptation to global change. Here, meta-analysis is used to test the hypotheses that upwelling exposure and experimental design affect outcomes of individual, laboratory-based studies that assess bivalve metabolic (clearance and respiration rate) responses to low pH. Results show that while bivalves generally decrease metabolic activity in response to low pH, upwelling exposure and experimental design can significantly impact outcomes. Bivalves from downwelling or weak upwelling areas decrease metabolic activity in response to low pH, but bivalves from strong upwelling areas increase or do not change metabolic activity in response to low pH. Furthermore, experimental temperature, exposure time and magnitude of the change in carbonate chemistry parameters all significantly affect outcomes. These results suggest that bivalves from strong upwelling areas may be less sensitive to low pH. This furthers our understanding of local adaptation to global change by demonstrating that upwelling alone can explain up to 49 % of the variability associated with bivalve metabolic responses to low pH. Furthermore, when interpreting outcomes of individual, laboratory experiments, scientists should be aware that higher temperatures, shorter exposure times and larger changes in carbonate chemistry parameters may increase the chance of suppressed metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Czaja
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America.
| | - Emmanuelle Pales-Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Robert M Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Kamazima Lwiza
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States of America.
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6
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Marshall DJ, Rashid A. Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells. Zool Stud 2023; 62:e41. [PMID: 37941798 PMCID: PMC10628549 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2023.62-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
urrent understanding of how calcifying organisms respond to externally forced oceanic and coastal acidification (OCA) is largely based on short-term, controlled laboratory or mesocosm experiments. Studies on organismal responses to acidification (reduced carbonate saturation and pH) in the wild, where animals simultaneously interact with a range of biotic and abiotic circumstances, are limited in scope and interpretation. The present study aimed to better understand how gastropod shell attributes and their interrelations can inform about responses to coastal acidification. We investigated shell chemical erosion, shell roundness, and growth rate of Planaxis sulcatus snails, which are locally exposed to acidified and non-acidified rocky intertidal water. We tested a new approach to quantifying shell erosion based on the spiral suture length (EI, erosion index) and found that shell erosion mirrored field acidification conditions. Exposure to acidification caused shells to become rounder (width/length). Field growth rate, determined from apertural margin extension of marked and later recaptured snails, was strongly negatively related to both shell erosion and shell roundness. Since different shell attributes are indicative of different relationships-shell erosion is an extrinsic passive marker of acidification, and shell roundness and growth rate are intrinsic performance responders-analyzing their interrelations can imply causation, enhance predictive power, and bolster interpretation confidence. This study contributes to the methodology and interpretation of findings of trait-based field investigations to understand organismal responses to coastal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, BE1410. E-mail: (Marshall)
| | - Amira Rashid
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, BE1410. E-mail: (Marshall)
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Jia R, Li P, Chen C, Liu L, Li ZH. Shellfish-algal systems as important components of fisheries carbon sinks: Their contribution and response to climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115511. [PMID: 36801235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, ocean acidification and warming are becoming increasingly serious. Adding carbon sinks in the ocean is an important part of efforts to mitigate climate change. Many researchers have proposed the concept of a fisheries carbon sink. Shellfish-algal systems are among the most important components of fisheries carbon sinks, but there has been limited research on the impact of climate change on shellfish-algal carbon sequestration systems. This review assesses the impact of global climate change on shellfish-algal carbon sequestration systems and provides a rough estimate of the global shellfish-algal carbon sink capacity. This review evaluates the impact of global climate change on shellfish-algal carbon sequestration systems. We review relevant studies that have examined the effects of climate change on such systems from multiple levels, perspectives, and species. There is an urgent need for more realistic and comprehensive studies given expectations about the future climate. Such studies should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the carbon cycle function of marine biological carbon pumps may be affected in realistic future environmental conditions and the patterns of interaction between climate change and ocean carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Chengzhuang Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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Ziveri P, Gray WR, Anglada-Ortiz G, Manno C, Grelaud M, Incarbona A, Rae JWB, Subhas AV, Pallacks S, White A, Adkins JF, Berelson W. Pelagic calcium carbonate production and shallow dissolution in the North Pacific Ocean. Nat Commun 2023; 14:805. [PMID: 36808154 PMCID: PMC9941586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Planktonic calcifying organisms play a key role in regulating ocean carbonate chemistry and atmospheric CO2. Surprisingly, references to the absolute and relative contribution of these organisms to calcium carbonate production are lacking. Here we report quantification of pelagic calcium carbonate production in the North Pacific, providing new insights on the contribution of the three main planktonic calcifying groups. Our results show that coccolithophores dominate the living calcium carbonate (CaCO3) standing stock, with coccolithophore calcite comprising ~90% of total CaCO3 production, and pteropods and foraminifera playing a secondary role. We show that pelagic CaCO3 production is higher than the sinking flux of CaCO3 at 150 and 200 m at ocean stations ALOHA and PAPA, implying that a large portion of pelagic calcium carbonate is remineralised within the photic zone; this extensive shallow dissolution explains the apparent discrepancy between previous estimates of CaCO3 production derived from satellite observations/biogeochemical modeling versus estimates from shallow sediment traps. We suggest future changes in the CaCO3 cycle and its impact on atmospheric CO2 will largely depend on how the poorly-understood processes that determine whether CaCO3 is remineralised in the photic zone or exported to depth respond to anthropogenic warming and acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Ziveri
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, BABVE Department, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - William Robert Gray
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. .,University of St Andrews, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, St Andrews, United Kingdom.
| | - Griselda Anglada-Ortiz
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.10919.300000000122595234Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Clara Manno
- grid.8682.40000000094781573British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Grelaud
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Incarbona
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Palermo, Italy
| | - James William Buchanan Rae
- grid.11914.3c0000 0001 0721 1626University of St Andrews, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Adam V. Subhas
- grid.56466.370000 0004 0504 7510Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Sven Pallacks
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angelicque White
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Jess F. Adkins
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - William Berelson
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853University of Southern California, Department of Earth Sciences, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Bednaršek N, Carter BR, McCabe RM, Feely RA, Howard E, Chavez FP, Elliott M, Fisher JL, Jahncke J, Siegrist Z. Pelagic calcifiers face increased mortality and habitat loss with warming and ocean acidification. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2674. [PMID: 35584131 PMCID: PMC9786838 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global change is impacting the oceans in an unprecedented way, and multiple lines of evidence suggest that species distributions are changing in space and time. There is increasing evidence that multiple environmental stressors act together to constrain species habitat more than expected from warming alone. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study of how temperature and aragonite saturation state act together to limit Limacina helicina, globally distributed pteropods that are ecologically important pelagic calcifiers and an indicator species for ocean change. We co-validated three different approaches to evaluate the impact of ocean warming and acidification (OWA) on the survival and distribution of this species in the California Current Ecosystem. First, we used colocated physical, chemical, and biological data from three large-scale west coast cruises and regional time series; second, we conducted multifactorial experimental incubations to evaluate how OWA impacts pteropod survival; and third, we validated the relationships we found against global distributions of pteropods and carbonate chemistry. OWA experimental work revealed mortality increases under OWA, while regional habitat suitability indices and global distributions of L. helicina suggest that a multi-stressor framework is essential for understanding pteropod distributions. In California Current Ecosystem habitats, where pteropods are living close to their thermal maximum already, additional warming and acidification through unabated fossil fuel emissions (RCP 8.5) are expected to dramatically reduce habitat suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Marine Biological StationNational Institute for BiologyLjubljanaSlovenia
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources StudiesOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Brendan R. Carter
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem StudiesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratorySeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Ryan M. McCabe
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem StudiesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratorySeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Richard A. Feely
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem StudiesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Evan Howard
- Department of GeosciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources StudiesOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Jaime Jahncke
- Point Blue Conservation SciencePetalumaCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Aragonite dissolution protects calcite at the seafloor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1104. [PMID: 35232971 PMCID: PMC8888755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the open ocean, calcium carbonates are mainly found in two mineral forms. Calcite, the least soluble, is widespread at the seafloor, while aragonite, the more soluble, is rarely preserved in marine sediments. Despite its greater solubility, research has shown that aragonite, whose contribution to global pelagic calcification could be at par with that of calcite, is able to reach the deep-ocean. If large quantities of aragonite settle and dissolve at the seafloor, this represents a large source of alkalinity that buffers the deep ocean and favours the preservation of less soluble calcite, acting as a deep-sea, carbonate version of galvanization. Here, we investigate the role of aragonite dissolution on the early diagenesis of calcite-rich sediments using a novel 3D, micrometric-scale reactive-transport model combined with 3D, X-ray tomography structures of natural aragonite and calcite shells. Results highlight the important role of diffusive transport in benthic calcium carbonate dissolution, in agreement with recent work. We show that, locally, aragonite fluxes to the seafloor could be sufficient to suppress calcite dissolution in the top layer of the seabed, possibly causing calcite recrystallization. As aragonite producers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, the proposed galvanizing effect of aragonite could be weakened in the future, and calcite dissolution at the sediment-water interface will have to cover a greater share of CO2 neutralization. Results from a new model suggest that a deep-sea, carbonate version of galvanization, in which aragonite sacrifies itself to protect the underlying calcite, could explain the predominance of calcite over aragonite in the sediment record.
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Ramos-Silva P, Wall-Palmer D, Marlétaz F, Marin F, Peijnenburg KTCA. Evolution and biomineralization of pteropod shells. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107779. [PMID: 34474158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Shelled pteropods, known as sea butterflies, are a group of small gastropods that spend their entire lives swimming and drifting in the open ocean. They build thin shells of aragonite, a metastable polymorph of calcium carbonate. Pteropod shells have been shown to experience dissolution and reduced thickness with a decrease in pH and therefore represent valuable bioindicators to monitor the impacts of ocean acidification. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted the striking diversity of shell microstructures in pteropods, with exceptional mechanical properties, but their evolution and future in acidified waters remains uncertain. Here, we revisit the body-of-work on pteropod biomineralization, focusing on shell microstructures and their evolution. The evolutionary history of pteropods was recently resolved, and thus it is timely to examine their shell microstructures in such context. We analyse new images of shells from fossils and recent species providing a comprehensive overview of their structural diversity. Pteropod shells are made of the crossed lamellar and prismatic microstructures common in molluscs, but also of curved nanofibers which are proposed to form a helical three-dimensional structure. Our analyses suggest that the curved fibres emerged before the split between coiled and uncoiled pteropods and that they form incomplete to multiple helical turns. The curved fibres are seen as an important trait in the adaptation to a planktonic lifestyle, giving maximum strength and flexibility to the pteropod thin and lightweight shells. Finally, we also elucidate on the candidate biomineralization genes underpinning the shell diversity in these important indicators of ocean health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos-Silva
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Marin
- University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Biogéosciences UMR CNRS 6282, France
| | - Katja T C A Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wall-Palmer D, Mekkes L, Ramos-Silva P, Dämmer LK, Goetze E, Bakker K, Duijm E, Peijnenburg KTCA. The impacts of past, present and future ocean chemistry on predatory planktonic snails. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202265. [PMID: 34386247 PMCID: PMC8334855 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The atlantid heteropods represent the only predatory, aragonite shelled zooplankton. Atlantid shell production is likely to be sensitive to ocean acidification (OA), and yet we know little about their mechanisms of calcification, or their response to changing ocean chemistry. Here, we present the first study into calcification and gene expression effects of short-term OA exposure on juvenile atlantids across three pH scenarios: mid-1960s, ambient and 2050 conditions. Calcification and gene expression indicate a distinct response to each treatment. Shell extension and shell volume were reduced from the mid-1960s to ambient conditions, suggesting that calcification is already limited in today's South Atlantic. However, shell extension increased from ambient to 2050 conditions. Genes involved in protein synthesis were consistently upregulated, whereas genes involved in organismal development were downregulated with decreasing pH. Biomineralization genes were upregulated in the mid-1960s and 2050 conditions, suggesting that any deviation from ambient carbonate chemistry causes stress, resulting in rapid shell growth. We conclude that atlantid calcification is likely to be negatively affected by future OA. However, we also found that plentiful food increased shell extension and shell thickness, and so synergistic factors are likely to impact the resilience of atlantids in an acidifying ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Wall-Palmer
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Mekkes
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Ramos-Silva
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda K. Dämmer
- Department of Ocean Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
- Environmental Geology, Department of Geology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erica Goetze
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Karel Bakker
- Department of Ocean Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Elza Duijm
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water Management Convention, or BWM Convention) of the International Maritime Organization, from 8 September 2017, all ships must have an approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System (BWTS) to prevent the invasion of alien species through the discharge of ballast. Generally speaking, the need for an approved BWTS is limited to large vessels, as they are too large or too expensive for small vessels to install. This study aims to propose a simple ballast-free approach for small vessels (e.g., tugs, workboats, research vessels) that require ballast to compensate for the weight loss of fuel when sailing. Our approach involves refitting the dedicated ballast tank of these small vessels to be drinking water tanks and filling the tanks with onboard-generated distilled or reverse osmosis water to adjust the stability of the ships. We assessed our approach using three vessels. Two ships using our proposed method were certified by the American Bureau of Shipping as containing no ballast water tank, and not being subject to the BWM Convention. This study provides an environmentally harmless, easy to use, and economical approach for small vessels to comply with the BWM Convention.
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Ofstad S, Zamelczyk K, Kimoto K, Chierici M, Fransson A, Rasmussen TL. Shell density of planktonic foraminifera and pteropod species Limacina helicina in the Barents Sea: Relation to ontogeny and water chemistry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249178. [PMID: 33909623 PMCID: PMC8081242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic calcifiers, the foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and Turborotalita quinqueloba, and the thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina from plankton tows and surface sediments from the northern Barents Sea were studied to assess how shell density varies with depth habitat and ontogenetic processes. The shells were measured using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMCT) scanning and compared to the physical and chemical properties of the water column including the carbonate chemistry and calcium carbonate saturation of calcite and aragonite. Both living L. helicina and N. pachyderma increased in shell density from the surface to 300 m water depth. Turborotalita quinqueloba increased in shell density to 150-200 m water depth. Deeper than 150 m, T. quinqueloba experienced a loss of density due to internal dissolution, possibly related to gametogenesis. The shell density of recently settled (dead) specimens of planktonic foraminifera from surface sediment samples was compared to the living fauna and showed a large range of dissolution states. This dissolution was not apparent from shell-surface texture, especially for N. pachyderma, which tended to be both thicker and denser than T. quinqueloba. Dissolution lowered the shell density while the thickness of the shell remained intact. Limacina helicina also increase in shell size with water depth and thicken the shell apex with growth. This study demonstrates that the living fauna in this specific area from the Barents Sea did not suffer from dissolution effects. Dissolution occurred after death and after settling on the sea floor. The study also shows that biomonitoring is important for the understanding of the natural variability in shell density of calcifying zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Ofstad
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Zamelczyk
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katsunori Kimoto
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tine Lander Rasmussen
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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