Simultaneously enhanced dielectric properties and through-plane thermal conductivity of epoxy composites with alumina and boron nitride nanosheets

SPI-Modified h-BN Nanosheets-Based Thermal Interface Materials for Thermal Management Applications

The rising concern over the usage of electronic devices and the operating environment requires efficient thermal interface materials (TIMs) to take away the excess heat generated from hotspots. TIMs are crucial in dissipating undesired heat by transferring energy from the source to the heat sink. Silicone oil (SO)-based composites are the most used TIMs due to their strong bonding and oxidation resistance. However, thermal grease performance is unreliable due to aging effects, toxic chemicals, and a higher percentage of fillers. In this work, TIMs are prepared using exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS) as a nanofiller, and they were functionalized by ecofriendly natural biopolymer soy protein isolate (SPI). The exfoliated h-BNNS has an average lateral size of ∼266 nm. The functionalized h-BNNS/SPI are used as fillers in the SO matrix, and composites are prepared using solution mixing. Hydrogen bonding is present between the organic chain/oxygen in silicone polymer, and the functionalized h-BNNS are evident from the FTIR measurements. The thermal conductivity of h-BNNS/SPI/SO was measured using the modified transient plane source (MTPS) method. At room temperature, the maximum thermal conductivity is 1.162 Wm-1K-1 (833% enhancement) at 50 wt % of 3:1 ratio of h-BNNS:SPI, and the thermal resistance (TR) of the composite is 5.249 × 106 K/W which is calculated using the Foygel nonlinear model. The heat management application was demonstrated by applying TIM on a 10 W LED bulb. It was found that during heating, the 50 wt % TIM decreases the surface temperature of LED by ∼6 °C compared with the pure SO-based TIM after 10 min of ON condition. During cooling, the modified TIM reduces the surface temperature by ∼8 °C under OFF conditions within 1 min. The results indicate that natural polymers can effectively stabilize and link layered materials, enhancing the efficiency of TIMs for cooling electronics and LEDs.

Achieving Excellent Dielectric and Energy Storage Performance in Core-Double-Shell-Structured Polyetherimide Nanocomposites

The development of pulse power systems and electric power transmission systems urgently require the innovation of dielectric materials possessing high-temperature durability, high energy storage density, and efficient charge-discharge performance. This study introduces a core-double-shell-structured iron(II,III) oxide@barium titanate@silicon dioxide/polyetherimide (Fe₃O₄@BaTiO₃@SiO₂/PEI) nanocomposite, where the highly conductive Fe₃O₄ core provides the foundation for the formation of microcapacitor structures within the material. The inclusion of the ferroelectric ceramic BaTiO₃ shell enhances the composite's polarization and interfacial polarization strength while impeding free charge transfer. The outer insulating SiO₂ shell contributes excellent interface compatibility and charge isolation effects. With a filler content of 9 wt%, the Fe₃O₄@BaTiO₃@SiO₂/PEI nanocomposite achieves a dielectric constant of 10.6, a dielectric loss of 0.017, a high energy density of 5.82 J cm^-3, and a charge-discharge efficiency (η) of 72%. The innovative aspect of this research is the design of nanoparticles with a core-double-shell structure and their PEI-based nanocomposites, effectively enhancing the dielectric and energy storage performance. This study provides new insights and experimental evidence for the design and development of high-performance dielectric materials, offering significant implications for the fields of electronic devices and energy storage.

Structural design and preparation of Ti3C2Tx MXene/polymer composites for absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a pervasive and harmful phenomenon in modern society that affects the functionality and reliability of electronic devices and poses a threat to human health. To address this issue, EMI-shielding materials with high absorption performance have attracted considerable attention. Among various candidates, two-dimensional MXenes are promising materials for EMI shielding due to their high conductivity and tunable surface chemistry. Moreover, by incorporating magnetic and conductive fillers into MXene/polymer composites, the EMI shielding performance can be further improved through structural design and impedance matching. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in MXene/polymer composites for absorption-dominated EMI shielding applications. We summarize the fabrication methods and EMI shielding mechanisms of different composite structures, such as homogeneous, multilayer, segregated, porous, and hybrid structures. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these structures in terms of EMI shielding effectiveness and the absorption ratio. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of magnetic and conductive fillers in modulating the electrical properties and EMI shielding performance of the composites. We also introduce the methods for evaluating the EMI shielding performance of the materials and emphasize the electromagnetic parameters and challenges. Finally, we provide insights and suggestions for the future development of MXene/polymer composites for EMI shielding applications.

MXene-Based Nanocomposites for Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Applications

Due to its superior advantages in terms of electronegativity, metallic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, customizable surface chemistry, etc., 2D MXenes for nanogenerators have demonstrated significant progress. In order to push scientific design strategies for the practical application of nanogenerators from the viewpoints of the basic aspect and recent advancements, this systematic review covers the most recent developments of MXenes for nanogenerators in its first section. In the second section, the importance of renewable energy and an introduction to nanogenerators, major classifications, and their working principles are discussed. At the end of this section, various materials used for energy harvesting and frequent combos of MXene with other active materials are described in detail together with the essential framework of nanogenerators. In the third, fourth, and fifth sections, the materials used for nanogenerators, MXene synthesis along with its properties, and MXene nanocomposites with polymeric materials are discussed in detail with the recent progress and challenges for their use in nanogenerator applications. In the sixth section, a thorough discussion of the design strategies and internal improvement mechanisms of MXenes and the composite materials for nanogenerators with 3D printing technologies are presented. Finally, we summarize the key points discussed throughout this review and discuss some thoughts on potential approaches for nanocomposite materials based on MXenes that could be used in nanogenerators for better performance.

Interfacial Insight of Charge Transport in BaTiO3/Epoxy Composites

Space charge accumulation greatly influences the dielectric performance of epoxy composites under high voltage. It has been reported that nano-fillers can suppress the charge accumulation in the bulk of insulation materials. However, it is still unclear how the nano-fillers influence the charge distribution at the interface between the filler and polymeric matrix. In this work, the dielectric properties and the local dynamic charge mobility behavior at the interface of barium titanate/epoxy resin (BTO/EP) composites were investigated from both bulk and local perspectives based on the macroscopic test techniques and in-situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) methods. Charge injection and dissipation behavior exhibited significant discrepancies at different interfaces. The interface between BTO and epoxy is easy to accumulates a negative charge, and nanoscale BTO (n-BTO) particles introduces deeper traps than microscale BTO (m-BTO) to inhibit charge migration. Under the same bias condition, the carriers are more likely to accumulate near the n-BTO than the m-BTO particles. The charge dissipation rate at the interface region in m-BTO/EP is about one order of magnitude higher than that of n-BTO/EP. This work offers experimental support for understanding the mechanism of charge transport in dielectric composites.

Improved Photoluminescence Performance of Eu3+-Doped Y2(MoO4)3 Red-Emitting Phosphor via Orderly Arrangement of the Crystal Lattice

In this study, we developed a technology for broadening the 465 nm and 535 nm excitation peaks of Eu³⁺:Y₂(MoO₄)₃ via crystal lattice orderly arrangement. This was achieved by powder particle aggregation and diffusion at a high temperature to form a ceramic structure. The powdered Eu³⁺:Y₂(MoO₄)₃ was synthesized using the combination of a sol-gel process and the high-temperature solid-state reaction method, and it then became ceramic via a sintering process. Compared with the Eu³⁺:Y₂(MoO₄)₃ powder, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the excitation peak of the ceramic was broadened by two- to three-fold. In addition, the absorption efficiency of the ceramic was increased from 15% to 70%, while the internal quantum efficiency reduced slightly from 95% to 90%, and the external quantum efficiency was enhanced from 20% to 61%. More interestingly, the Eu³⁺:Y₂(MoO₄)₃ ceramic material showed little thermal quenching below a temperature of 473 K, making it useful for high-lumen output operating at a high temperature.

Significantly Suppressed Dielectric Loss and Enhanced Breakdown Strength in Core@Shell Structured Ni@TiO2/PVDF Composites

An insulating shell on the surface of conductive particles is vital for restraining the dielectric loss and leakage current of polymer composites. So as to inhibit the enormous loss and conductivity of pristine nickel (Ni)/poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) composites but still harvest a high dielectric permittivity (ε_r) when filler loading approaches or exceeds the percolation threshold (f_c), pristine Ni particles were covered by a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) shell via a sol-gel approach, and then they were composited with PVDF. The impacts of the TiO₂ coating on the dielectric performances of the Ni/PVDF composites were explored as a function of the filler concentration, the shell thickness and frequency. In addition, the dielectric performances were fitted using the Havriliak-Negami (H-N) equation in order to further understand the TiO₂ shell's effect on polarization mechanism in the composites. The Ni@TiO₂/PVDF composites exhibit high ε_r and enhanced breakdown strength (E_b) but remarkably suppressed loss and conductivity when compared with pristine Ni/PVDF because the TiO₂ shell can efficiently stop the direct contact between Ni particles thereby suppressing the long-range electron transportation. Further, the dielectric performances can be effectively tuned through finely adjusting the TiO₂ shell' thickness. The resulting Ni@TiO₂/PVDF composites with high ε_r and E_b but low loss show appealing applications in microelectronics and electrical fields.

Fabrication, Thermal Conductivity, and Mechanical Properties of Hexagonal-Boron-Nitride-Pattern-Embedded Aluminum Oxide Composites

As electronics become more portable and compact, the demand for high-performance thermally conductive composites is increasing. Given that the thermal conductivity correlates with the content of thermally conductive fillers, it is important to fabricate composites with high filler loading. However, the increased viscosity of the composites upon the addition of these fillers impedes the fabrication of filler-reinforced composites through conventional methods. In this study, hexagonal-boron-nitride (h-BN)-pattern-embedded aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) composites (Al/h-BN/Al composites) were fabricated by coating a solution of h-BN onto a silicone-based Al₂O₃ composite through a metal mask with square open areas. Because this method does not require the dispersion of h-BN into the Al₂O₃ composite, composites with high filler loading could be fabricated without the expected problems arising from increased viscosity. Based on the coatability and thixotropic rheological behaviors, a composite with 85 wt.% Al₂O₃ was chosen to fabricate Al/h-BN/Al composites. The content of the Al₂O₃ and the h-BN of the Al/h-BN/Al-1 composite was 74.1 wt.% and 12.8 wt.%, respectively. In addition to the increased filler content, the h-BN of the composite was aligned in a parallel direction by hot pressing. The in-plane (k_x) and through-plane (k_z) thermal conductivity of the composite was measured as 4.99 ± 0.15 Wm^-1 K^-1 and 1.68 ± 0.2 Wm^-1 K^-1, respectively. These results indicated that the method used in this study is practical not only for increasing the filler loading but also for achieving a high k_x through the parallel alignment of h-BN fillers.

Highly Thermally Conductive Epoxy Composites with AlN/BN Hybrid Filler as Underfill Encapsulation Material for Electronic Packaging

In this study, the effects of a hybrid filler composed of zero-dimensional spherical AlN particles and two-dimensional BN flakes on the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin were studied. The thermal conductivity (TC) of the pristine epoxy matrix (EP) was 0.22 W/(m K), while the composite showed the TC of 10.18 W/(m K) at the 75 wt% AlN-BN hybrid filler loading, which is approximately a 46-fold increase. Moreover, various essential application properties were examined, such as the viscosity, cooling rate, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), morphology, and electrical properties. In particular, the AlN-BN/EP composite showed higher thermal stability and lower CTE (22.56 ppm/°C) than pure epoxy. Overall, the demonstrated outstanding thermal performance is appropriate for the production of electronic packaging materials, including next-generation flip-chip underfills.

Synchronously improved thermal conductivity and dielectric constant for epoxy composites by introducing functionalized silicon carbide nanoparticles and boron nitride microspheres

Polymer-based dielectrics with high thermal conductivity and superb dielectric properties hold great promising for advanced electronic packaging and thermal management application. However, integrating these properties into a single material remains challenging due to their mutually exclusive physical connotations. Here, an ideal dielectric thermally conductive epoxy composite is successfully prepared by incorporating multiscale hybrid fillers of boron nitride microsphere (BNMS) and silicon dioxide coated silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC@SiO₂). In the resultant composites, the microscale BNMS serve as the principal building blocks to establish the thermally conductive network, while the nanoscale SiC@SiO₂ as bridges to optimize the heat transfer and suppress the interfacial phonon scattering. In addition, the special core-shell nanoarchitecture of SiC@SiO₂ can significantly impede the leakage current and generate a great deal of minicapacitors in the composites. Consequently, favorable thermal conductivity (0.76 W/mK) and dielectric constant (∼8.19) are simultaneously achieved in the BNMS/SiC@SiO₂/Epoxy composites without compromising the dielectric loss (∼0.022). The strategy described in this study provides important insights into the design of high-performance dielectric composites by capitalizing on the merits of different particles.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Inorganic Materials Using Environmentally Friendly Media

Deep Eutectic Solvents have gained a lot of attention in the last few years because of their vast applicability in a large number of technological processes, the simplicity of their preparation and their high biocompatibility and harmlessness. One of the fields where DES prove to be particularly valuable is the synthesis and modification of inorganic materials-in particular, nanoparticles. In this field, the inherent structural inhomogeneity of DES results in a marked templating effect, which has led to an increasing number of studies focusing on exploiting these new reaction media to prepare nanomaterials. This review aims to provide a summary of the numerous and most recent achievements made in this area, reporting several examples of the newest mixtures obtained by mixing molecules originating from natural feedstocks, as well as linking them to the more consolidated methods that use "classical" DES, such as reline.

Study of Relaxations in Epoxy/Rubber Composites by Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current and Dielectric Spectroscopy

Liquid rubber toughened epoxy resins are widely used in electrical equipment and electronic packaging. Previous studies have only investigated the relaxation process of epoxy resins through dielectric spectroscopy. The trap characteristics of the relaxation process by thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) analysis are less studied. In this work, TSDC and broadband dielectric spectroscopy techniques were used to complementarily characterize the dielectric relaxation process of hydroxyl-terminated liquid nitrile-butadiene rubber (HTBN) toughened epoxy resin polymers. The experimental results show that HTBN introduces two new relaxation processes in the epoxy matrix, which are attributed to the α polarization of the rubber molecule and the interfacial polarization based on the correlation between the TSDC and the dielectric spectroscopy data, respectively. The trap parameters of each TSDC current peak were obtained using the multi-peak fitting method. The addition of rubber increases the trap density in epoxy composites significantly, especially for traps with energy levels in the range of 0.5–0.9 eV. The trap energy level of the DC conductivity process increases with increasing rubber concentration. The above results provide analytical ideas for rubber-toughened epoxy resins’ polarization and trap characteristics and theoretical guidance for formulation improvement.

Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Foam Core Sandwich Panels with Inter-Ply and Intra-Ply Carbon/Kevlar/Epoxy Hybrid Face Sheets

Sandwich composites are extensively employed in a variety of applications because their bending stiffness affords a greater advantage than composite materials. However, the aspect limiting the application of the sandwich material is its poor impact resistance. Therefore, understanding the impact properties of the sandwich structure will determine the ways in which it can be used under the conditions of impact loading. Sandwich panels with different combinations of carbon/Kevlar woven monolithic face sheets, inter-ply face sheets and intra-ply face sheets were fabricated, using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer process. Instrumented low-velocity impact tests were performed using different energy levels of 5 J, 10 J, 20 J, 30 J and 40 J on a variety of samples and the results were assessed. The damage caused by the modes of failure in the sandwich structure include fiber breakage, matrix cracking, foam cracking and debonding. In sandwich panels with thin face sheets, the maximum peak load was achieved for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel in which Kevlar was present towards the outer surface and carbon in the inner surface of the face sheet. At an impact energy of 40 J, the maximum peak load for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel was 31.57% higher than for the sandwich structure in which carbon is towards the outer surface and Kevlar is in the inner surface of the face sheet. The intra-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel subjected to 40 J impact energy demonstrated a 13.17% higher maximum peak load compared to the carbon monolithic face sheet sandwich panel. The experimental measurements and numerical predictions are in close agreement.

A novel UV, moisture and magnetic field triple-response smart insulating material achieving highly targeted self-healing based on nano-functionalized microcapsules

During the long-term operation of solid insulation materials, strong electric fields and mechanical stress cause electrical trees and cracks that are undetectable and irreversible, leading to the failure of electronic and electrical devices. A promising means of protecting against these problems is to endow the insulating materials with some self-healing capability alongside their excellent intrinsic properties. However, this has proved extremely challenging. In this paper, we describe an ultraviolet light, moisture, and magnetic field triple-response microcapsule that enables epoxy resin materials to heal themselves against various forms of damage without affecting the intrinsic performance of the matrix. In particular, microcapsules wrapped inside functional shells containing Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are precisely controlled by a targeted magnetic field and distributed in the vulnerable area of the insulation materials, resulting in a high healing rate at low doping concentrations. Using the in situ ultraviolet light emitted by the electrical trees, artificial ultraviolet light, and moisture in the operating environment, it is possible to induce active or passive curing of the healing agent, thus realizing the intelligent, non-contact, and targeted self-healing of mechanical cracks and electrical tree damage. This method opens an avenue toward the development of self-healing insulation materials for electrical and electronic applications.

The Investigation of the Effect of Filler Sizes in 3D-BN Skeletons on Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy-Based Composites

Thermally conductive and electrically insulating materials have attracted much attention due to their applications in the field of microelectronics, but through-plane thermal conductivity of materials is still low at present. In this paper, a simple and environmentally friendly strategy is proposed to improve the through-plane thermal conductivity of epoxy composites using a 3D boron nitride (3D-BN) framework. In addition, the effect of filler sizes in 3D-BN skeletons on thermal conductivity was investigated. The epoxy composite with larger BN in lateral size showed a higher through-plane thermal conductivity of 2.01 W/m·K and maintained a low dielectric constant of 3.7 and a dielectric loss of 0.006 at 50 Hz, making it desirable for the application in microelectronic devices.

Interconnected magnetic carbon@NixCo1-xFe2O4 nanospheres with core-shell structure: An efficient and thin electromagnetic wave absorber

The applications of cobalt ferrite and nickel ferrite composite materials on electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption are the research hotspot currently. However, the systematical comparison study between these two ferrites composites have rarely been carried out. Thus, the EM wave absorption performance of interconnected carbon@Ni_xCo_1-xFe₂O₄ composites with core-shell structures were investigated comprehensively in this work. A series of magnetic nanospheres including NiFe₂O₄, cobalt-doped nickel ferrite, nickel-cobalt ferrite, nickel-doped cobalt ferrite and CoFe₂O₄ were synthesized firstly, and then uniformly encapsulation by carbon rendered the corresponding C@Ni_xCo_1-xFe₂O₄ composites nanospheres. Synthesis reactions involved for C@Ni_xCo_1-xFe₂O₄ formation were investigated in detail, and afterwards their magnetic behavior, EM wave absorption performance and absorbing mechanism were thoroughly explored and analyzed. Results show that when nickel is dominant element and cobalt is doping element (Ni_0.75Co_0.25Fe₂O₄), the composite nanosphere exhibits optimum EM wave absorption performance. When the sample thickness is just 1.9 mm, its RL_min value can reach -51 dB, and the corresponding EAB width is 3.3 GHz. The synthesized C@Ni_0.75Co_0.25Fe₂O₄ can be qualified as an efficient and thin electromagnetic wave absorber, which is mainly attributed to its special structure, fair electromagnetic matching and impedance matching.

Polyvinyl alcohol-mediated splitting of Kevlar fibers and superior mechanical performances of the subsequently assembled nanopapers

In this work, a composite of aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was prepared by PVA-assisted splitting of macro Kevlar fibers, which assures the uniform wrapping of PVA chains on the surface of ANFs, thus leading to an enhanced interfacial bonding strength between ANFs and PVA. The morphological characterizations manifest the enhanced diameters of the ANFs after PVA wrapping. The subsequently assembled ANFs/PVA paper shows a strength of 283.25 MPa and a toughness of 32.41 MJ m^-3, which are increased by 57% and 152% compared to the pure ANF paper, respectively. The superior mechanical properties are attributed to the strong interfacial bonding strength, enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions, the densification of the materials, and curved fracture paths. Meanwhile, the ANFs/PVA paper also shows robust UV shielding and visible transparency properties, as well as excellent environmental stabilities, especially at high and low temperatures.

Current Status of Research on the Modification of Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin-Based Syntactic Foam Insulation Materials

As a lightweight and highly insulating composite material, epoxy resin syntactic foam is increasingly widely used for insulation filling in electrical equipment. To avoid core burning and cracking, which are prone to occur during the casting process, the epoxy resin-based syntactic foam insulation materials with high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion are required for composite insulation equipment. The review is divided into three sections concentrating on the two main aspects of modifying the thermal properties of syntactic foam. The mechanism and models, from the aspects of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion, are presented in the first part. The second part aims to better understand the methods for modifying the thermal properties of syntactic foam by adding functional fillers, including the addition of thermally conductive particles, hollow glass microspheres, negative thermal expansion filler and fibers, etc. The third part concludes by describing the existing challenges in this research field and expanding the applicable areas of epoxy resin-based syntactic foam insulation materials, especially cross-arm composite insulation.

Detection of Heavy Metals in Water Using Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

In this work, we investigate by ab initio calculations and optical experiments the sensitivity of graphene quantum dots in their use as devices to measure the presence, and concentration, of heavy metals in water. We demonstrate that the quenching or enhancement in the optical response (absorption, emission) depends on the metallic ion considered. In particular, two cases of opposite behaviour are considered in detail: Cd2+, where we observe an increase in the emission optical response for increasing concentration, and Pb2+ whose emission spectra, vice versa, are quenched along the concentration rise. The experimental trends reported comply nicely with the different hydration patterns suggested by the models that are also capable of reproducing the minor quenching/enhancing effects observed in other ions. We envisage that quantum dots of graphene may be routinely used as cheap detectors to measure the degree of poisoning ions in water.

Epoxy Composites with High Thermal Conductivity by Constructing Three-Dimensional Carbon Fiber/Carbon/Nickel Networks Using an Electroplating Method

Heat dissipation problem is the primary factor restricting the service life of an electronic component. The thermal conductivity of materials has become a bottleneck that hinders the development of the electronic information industry (such as light-emitting diodes, 5G mobile phones). Therefore, the research on improving the thermal conductivity of materials has a very important theoretical value and a practical application value. Whether the thermally conductive filler in polymer composites can form a highly thermal conductive pathway is a key issue at this stage. The carbon fiber/carbon felt (CF/C felt) prepared in the study has a three-dimensional continuous network structure. The nickel-coated carbon fiber/carbon felt (CF/C/Ni felt) was fabricated by an electroplating deposition method. Three-dimensional CF/C/Ni/epoxy composites were manufactured by vacuum-assisted liquid-phase impregnation. By forming connection points between the adjacent carbon fibers, the thermal conduction path inside the felt can be improved so as to improve the thermal conductivity of the CF/C/Ni/epoxy composite. The thermal conductivity of the CF/C/Ni/epoxy composite (in-plane K∥) is up to 2.13 W/(m K) with 14.0 wt % CF/C and 3.70 wt % Ni particles (60 min electroplating deposition). This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of high thermal conductivity and high-performance composite materials urgently needed in industrial production and high-tech fields.

Simultaneously Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Dielectric Breakdown Strength in Sandwich AlN/Epoxy Composites

Polymer-based composites with high thermal conductivity and dielectric breakdown strength have gained increasing attention due to their significant application potential in both power electronic devices and power equipment. In this study, we successfully prepared novel sandwich AlN/epoxy composites with various layer thicknesses, showing simultaneously and remarkably enhanced dielectric breakdown strength and thermal conductivity. The most optimized sandwich composite, with an outer layer thickness of 120 μm and an inner layer thickness of 60 μm (abbreviated as 120-60) exhibits a high through-plane thermal conductivity of 0.754 W/(m·K) (4.1 times of epoxy) and has a dielectric breakdown strength of 69.7 kV/mm, 8.1% higher compared to that of epoxy. The sandwich composites also have higher in-plane thermal conductivity (1.88 W/(m·K) for 120-60) based on the novel parallel models. The sandwich composites with desirable thermal and electrical properties are very promising for application in power electronic devices and power equipment.

Simultaneously Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Breakdown Performance of Micro/Nano-BN Co-Doped Epoxy Composites

Micro/nano- BN co-doped epoxy composites were prepared and their thermal conductivity, breakdown strength at power frequency and voltage endurance time under high frequency bipolar square wave voltage were investigated. The thermal conductivity and breakdown performance were enhanced simultaneously in the composite with a loading concentration of 20 wt% BN at a micro/nano proportion of 95/5. The breakdown strength of 132 kV/mm at power frequency, the thermal conductivity of 0.81 W·m^-1·K^-1 and voltage endurance time of 166 s were obtained in the composites, which were approximately 28%, 286% and 349% higher than that of pristine epoxy resin. It is proposed that thermal conductive pathways are mainly constructed by micro-BN, leading to improved thermal conductivity and voltage endurance time. A model was introduced to illustrate the enhancement of the breakdown strength. The epoxy composites with high thermal conductivity and excellent breakdown performance could be feasible for insulating materials in high-frequency devices.