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Arnal-Forné M, Molina-García T, Ortega M, Marcos-Garcés V, Molina P, Ferrández-Izquierdo A, Sepulveda P, Bodí V, Ríos-Navarro C, Ruiz-Saurí A. Changes in human skin composition due to intrinsic aging: a histologic and morphometric study. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02305-w. [PMID: 38954026 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Skin represents the main barrier against the external environment, but also plays a role in human relations, as one of the prime determinants of beauty, resulting in a high consumer demand for skincare-related pharmaceutical products. Given the importance of skin aging in both medical and social spheres, the present research aims to characterize microscopic changes in human skin composition due to intrinsic aging (as opposed to aging influenced by external factors) via histological analysis of a photoprotected body region. Samples from 25 autopsies were taken from the periumbilical area and classified into four age groups: group 1 (0-12 years), group 2 (13-25 years), group 3 (26-54 years), and group 4 (≥ 55 years). Different traditional histological (hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, orcein, toluidine, Alcian blue, and Feulgen reaction) and immunohistochemical (CK20, CD1a, Ki67, and CD31) stains were performed. A total of 1879 images photographed with a Leica DM3000 optical microscope were morphometrically analyzed using Image ProPlus 7.0 for further statistical analysis with GraphPad 9.0. Our results showed a reduction in epidermis thickness, interdigitation and mitotic indexes, while melanocyte count was raised. Papillary but not reticular dermis showed increased thickness with aging. Specifically, in the papillary layer mast cells and glycosaminoglycans were expanded, whereas the reticular dermis displayed a diminution in glycosaminoglycans and elastic fibers. Moreover, total cellularity and vascularization of both dermises were diminished with aging. This morphometric analysis of photoprotected areas reveals that intrinsic aging significantly influences human skin composition. This study paves the way for further research into the molecular basis underpinning these alterations, and into potential antiaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arnal-Forné
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15. 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Molina-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ortega
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Marcos-Garcés
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Molina
- Department of Pathology, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Ferrández-Izquierdo
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15. 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15. 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-CV, Madrid, Spain
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Bodí
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-CV, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - César Ríos-Navarro
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15. 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-CV, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Saurí
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 15. 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Avda. Menéndez Pelayo 4acc, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER)-CV, Madrid, Spain.
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Goodman GJ, Armour K, Ong D, Tienthavorn T, Wu Y, Chen PC, Tam E, Ong A, Messiha G, Telfer T, Avelar LET. An absence of imperfections: A proposed framework for defining, assessing, and achieving skin glow. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:161-171. [PMID: 37929650 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin glow is a subcomponent of skin quality. It has become entrenched in the cosmeceuticals and aesthetics lexicons as a synonym for health and youth, but is not well-defined as a scientific metric. AIMS To examine the concept of skin glow and determine if it is an objective concept that can be defined and quantified. METHODS Literature review was used to develop a survey on current concepts relating to skin quality. The survey results were analyzed descriptively and presented to a focus group comprising five dermatologists and four aesthetic physicians. This group then discussed the concept of skin glow, how to define it and what metrics could be used to assess it. RESULTS Surveyed practitioners (n = 38) ranked skin quality as the fourth most important factor related to a person's overall aesthetic first impression. Almost all (95%) respondents reported routinely assessing skin quality, citing serial photography (83%), and visual inspection (67%) as the main means of achieving this. The focus group defined skin glow as even reflectance from an unaffected papillary and reticular dermal collagen layer, which is created only when skin does not exhibit any characteristics that detract from this even reflectance. Due to its complexity, the focus group proposed a hierarchal framework for assessment, encompassing patient self-rating, practitioner severity rating, and supplemental use of validated measurement devices. CONCLUSIONS Skin glow can be defined and quantified. More work is warranted to develop a practical skin glow assessment tool suitable for use in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Goodman
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- University College of London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Armour
- Department of Dermatology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Skin Health Institute, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Ong
- Sydney Day Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tanongkiet Tienthavorn
- Division of Dermatosurgery, Institute of Dermatology, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Elias Tam
- University College of London, London, UK
- EHA Clinic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Ong
- Bioscor International, East Oakleigh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gina Messiha
- Ocean Village Medical Centre and Ocean Cosmetics, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tara Telfer
- Galderma Australia Pty Ltd, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luiz E T Avelar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Voegeli R, Campiche R, Biassin R, Rawlings AV, Shackelford TK, Fink B. Predictors of female age, health and attractiveness perception from skin feature analysis of digital portraits in five ethnic groups. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:672-687. [PMID: 37338195 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research indicates the impact of skin colour, tone evenness and surface topography on ratings of age, health and attractiveness in women. In addition to subjective assessments, these effects have been quantified with objective measures derived from skin image analysis. Signs of skin ageing may manifest differently across ethnic groups. However, comparisons have been limited to research with two ethnic groups, preventing conclusions about an ethnicity-specific ranking of skin ageing signs. METHODS We report results from a multi-ethnic and multi-centre study in which faces of women (n = 180; aged 20-69 years) from five ethnic groups were imaged. Facial images were rated for age, health and attractiveness by members of the same ethnic group (each n = 120). Digital image analysis was used to quantify skin colour, gloss, tone evenness and wrinkling/sagging. We assessed associations between face ratings and skin image measurements in the total sample (i.e. all ethnic groups) and separately by ethnicity. RESULTS Skin image analysis revealed differences between ethnic groups, including skin colour, gloss, tone evenness, wrinkling and sagging. Differences in the relative predictive utility of individual skin features in accounting for ratings of age, health and attractiveness also were observed between ethnic groups. Facial wrinkling and sagging were the best predictors of face ratings in each ethnic group, with some differences in the type (or predictive magnitude) of skin features. CONCLUSION The current findings corroborate previous reports of differences between ethnic groups in female facial skin and indicate differential effects of skin features on ratings of age, health and attractiveness, within and between ethnic groups. Facial wrinkling and sagging were the best predictors of age and attractiveness ratings, and skin tone evenness and gloss had an additional role in ratings of health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernhard Fink
- Biosocial Science Information, Biedermannsdorf, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vaitonytė J, Alimardani M, Louwerse MM. Scoping review of the neural evidence on the uncanny valley. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Sun YHP, Zhang X, Lu N, Li J, Wang Z. Your face looks the same as before, only prettier: The facial skin homogeneity effects on face change detection and facial attractiveness perception. Front Psychol 2022; 13:935347. [PMID: 36405180 PMCID: PMC9667065 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that (1) facial attractiveness perception can be increased with facial skin homogeneity improving; and (2) human's facial change detection increases along with facial skin homogeneity increases. However, it's unknown whether a face can be perceived prettier than it did before while still being considered as physically the same. It is possible that these two kinds of cognitive-aesthetic processing may have separate mathematical functions in psychophysical studies. In other words, human's facial attractiveness differentiation may be more sensitive than facial change detection. In this current study, we explored the above questions. Using three types of psychophysical techniques to manipulate facial skin homogeneity, we measured how participants' sensitivity to facial skin homogeneity and attractiveness change. Results showed a linear function curve for facial physical change detection and a logarithmic function curve was drawn in the forced-choice technique, which was the most sensitive one, indicating that participants can judge a face prettier than before without being aware of it has physically changed. Besides, two linear function curves were shown in the same/different technique and a rating technique. Taken together, this current study revealed that facial attractiveness can be enhanced and discriminated by improving facial skin homogeneity, without being realized by people with conscious awareness that the face has been changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao P. Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningyan Lu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, China
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Sugawara M, Katahira K. Choice perseverance underlies pursuing a hard-to-get target in an avatar choice task. Front Psychol 2022; 13:924578. [PMID: 36148109 PMCID: PMC9488557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People sometimes persistently pursue hard-to-get targets. Why people pursue such targets is unclear. Here, we hypothesized that choice perseverance, which is the tendency to repeat the same choice independent of the obtained outcomes, leads individuals to repeatedly choose a hard-to-get target, which consequently increases their preference for the target. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted an online experiment involving an avatar choice task in which the participants repeatedly selected one avatar, and the selected avatar expressed their valence reactions through facial expressions and voice. We defined “hard-to-get” and “easy-to-get” avatars by manipulating the outcome probability such that the hard-to-get avatars rarely provided a positive reaction when selected, while the easy-to-get avatars frequently did. We found that some participants repeatedly selected hard-to-get avatars (Pursuit group). Based on a simulation, we found that higher choice perseverance accounted for the pursuit of hard-to-get avatars and that the Pursuit group had significantly higher choice perseverance than the No-pursuit group. Model fitting to the choice data also supported that choice perseverance can account for the pursuit of hard-to-get avatars in the Pursuit group. Moreover, we found that although baseline attractiveness was comparable among all avatars used in the choice task, the attractiveness of the hard-to-get avatars was significantly increased only in the Pursuit group. Taken together, we conclude that people with high choice perseverance pursue hard-to-get targets, rendering such targets more attractive. The tolerance for negative outcomes might be an important factor for succeeding in our lives but sometimes triggers problematic behavior, such as stalking. The present findings may contribute to understanding the psychological mechanisms of passion and perseverance for one’s long-term goals, which are more general than the romantic context imitated in avatar choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Sugawara
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
- Faculty of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Michiyo Sugawara,
| | - Kentaro Katahira
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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Ito A, Yoshida K, Aoki R, Fujii T, Kawasaki I, Hayashi A, Ueno A, Sakai S, Mugikura S, Takahashi S, Mori E. The Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Preferential Decisions for Own- and Other-Age Faces. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822234. [PMID: 35360573 PMCID: PMC8962742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Own-age bias is a well-known bias reflecting the effects of age, and its role has been demonstrated, particularly, in face recognition. However, it remains unclear whether an own-age bias exists in facial impression formation. In the present study, we used three datasets from two published and one unpublished functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that employed the same pleasantness rating task with fMRI scanning and preferential choice task after the fMRI to investigate whether healthy young and older participants showed own-age effects in face preference. Specifically, we employed a drift-diffusion model to elaborate the existence of own-age bias in the processes of preferential choice. The behavioral results showed higher rating scores and higher drift rate for young faces than for older faces, regardless of the ages of participants. We identified a young-age effect, but not an own-age effect. Neuroimaging results from aggregation analysis of the three datasets suggest a possibility that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was associated with evidence accumulation of own-age faces; however, no clear evidence was provided. Importantly, we found no age-related decline in the responsiveness of the vmPFC to subjective pleasantness of faces, and both young and older participants showed a contribution of the vmPFC to the parametric representation of the subjective value of face and functional coupling between the vmPFC and ventral visual area, which reflects face preference. These results suggest that the preferential choice of face is less susceptible to the own-age bias across the lifespan of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayahito Ito
- Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Aoki
- Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Fujii
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Iori Kawasaki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aya Ueno
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunji Mugikura
- Division of Image Statistics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoki Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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