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Kozaeva E, Eida AA, Gunady EF, Dangl JL, Conway JM, Brophy JA. Roots of synthetic ecology: microbes that foster plant resilience in the changing climate. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 88:103172. [PMID: 39029405 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbes orchestrate nearly all major biogeochemical processes. The ability to program their influence on plant growth and development is attractive for sustainable agriculture. However, the complexity of microbial ecosystems and our limited understanding of the mechanisms by which plants and microbes interact with each other and the environment make it challenging to use microbiomes to influence plant growth. Novel technologies at the intersection of microbial ecology, systems biology, and bioengineering provide new tools to probe the role of plant microbiomes across environments. Here, we summarize recent studies on plant and microbe responses to abiotic stresses, showcasing key molecules and micro-organisms that are important for plant health. We highlight opportunities to use synthetic microbial communities to understand the complexity of plant-microbial interactions and discuss future avenues of programming ecology to improve plant and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kozaeva
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdul Aziz Eida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ella F Gunady
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Conway
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Valencia-Marin MF, Chávez-Avila S, Guzmán-Guzmán P, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, de Los Santos-Villalobos S, Glick BR, Santoyo G. Survival strategies of Bacillus spp. in saline soils: Key factors to promote plant growth and health. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108303. [PMID: 38128850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors that affects agricultural production worldwide. Because of saline stress, plants face physiological changes that have negative impacts on the various stages of their development, so the employment of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is one effective means to reduce such toxic effects. Bacteria of the Bacillus genus are excellent PGPB and have been extensively studied, but what traits makes them so extraordinary to adapt and survive under harsh situations? In this work we review the Bacillus' innate abilities to survive in saline stressful soils, such as the production osmoprotectant compounds, antioxidant enzymes, exopolysaccharides, and the modification of their membrane lipids. Other survival abilities are also discussed, such as sporulation or a reduced growth state under the scope of a functional interaction in the rhizosphere. Thus, the most recent evidence shows that these saline adaptive activities are important in plant-associated bacteria to potentially protect, direct and indirect plant growth-stimulating activities. Additionally, recent advances on the mechanisms used by Bacillus spp. to improve the growth of plants under saline stress are addressed, including genomic and transcriptomic explorations. Finally, characterization and selection of Bacillus strains with efficient survival strategies are key factors in ameliorating saline problems in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Valencia-Marin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich. 58030, Mexico
| | - Salvador Chávez-Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich. 58030, Mexico
| | - Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich. 58030, Mexico
| | - Ma Del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica y Ambiental, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, 38010 Celaya, Gto, Mexico
| | | | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich. 58030, Mexico.
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Shi Y, Yuan Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Fan Y. Bacterial Diversity Analysis and Screening for ACC Deaminase-Producing Strains in Moss-Covered Soil at Different Altitudes in Tianshan Mountains-A Case Study of Glacier No. 1. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1521. [PMID: 37375023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevation of the snowline of the No. 1 Glacier in the Tianshan Mountains is increasing due to global warming, which has created favorable conditions for moss invasion and offers an opportunity to investigate the synergistic effects of incipient succession by mosses, plants, and soils. In this study, the concept of altitude distance was used instead of succession time. To investigate the changes of bacterial-community diversity in moss-covered soils during glacial degeneration, the relationship between bacterial community structure and environmental factors was analyzed and valuable microorganisms in moss-covered soils were explored. To do so, the determination of soil physicochemical properties, high-throughput sequencing, the screening of ACC-deaminase-producing bacteria, and the determination of ACC-deaminase activity of strains were performed on five moss-covered soils at different elevations. The results showed that the soil total potassium content, soil available phosphorus content, soil available potassium content, and soil organic-matter content of the AY3550 sample belt were significantly different compared with those of other sample belts (p < 0.05). Secondly, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the ACE index or Chao1 index between the moss-covered-soil AY3550 sample-belt and the AY3750 sample-belt bacterial communities as the succession progressed. The results of PCA analysis, RDA analysis, and cluster analysis at the genus level showed that the community structure of the AY3550 sample belt and the other four sample belts differed greatly and could be divided into two successional stages. The enzyme activities of the 33 ACC-deaminase-producing bacteria isolated and purified from moss-covered soil at different altitudes ranged from 0.067 to 4.7375 U/mg, with strains DY1-3, DY1-4, and EY2-5 having the highest enzyme activities. All three strains were identified as Pseudomonas by morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. This study provides a basis for the changes in moss-covered soil microhabitats during glacial degradation under the synergistic effects of moss, soil, and microbial communities, as well as a theoretical basis for the excavation of valuable microorganisms under glacial moss-covered soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Shi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yingying Feng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yinghao Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yonghong Fan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Phour M, Sindhu SS. Mitigating abiotic stress: microbiome engineering for improving agricultural production and environmental sustainability. PLANTA 2022; 256:85. [PMID: 36125564 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The responses of plants to different abiotic stresses and mechanisms involved in their mitigation are discussed. Production of osmoprotectants, antioxidants, enzymes and other metabolites by beneficial microorganisms and their bioengineering ameliorates environmental stresses to improve food production. Progressive intensification of global agriculture, injudicious use of agrochemicals and change in climate conditions have deteriorated soil health, diminished the microbial biodiversity and resulted in environment pollution along with increase in biotic and abiotic stresses. Extreme weather conditions and erratic rains have further imposed additional stress for the growth and development of plants. Dominant abiotic stresses comprise drought, temperature, increased salinity, acidity, metal toxicity and nutrient starvation in soil, which severely limit crop production. For promoting sustainable crop production in environmentally challenging environments, use of beneficial microbes has emerged as a safer and sustainable means for mitigation of abiotic stresses resulting in improved crop productivity. These stress-tolerant microorganisms play an effective role against abiotic stresses by enhancing the antioxidant potential, improving nutrient acquisition, regulating the production of plant hormones, ACC deaminase, siderophore and exopolysaccharides and accumulating osmoprotectants and, thus, stimulating plant biomass and crop yield. In addition, bioengineering of beneficial microorganisms provides an innovative approach to enhance stress tolerance in plants. The use of genetically engineered stress-tolerant microbes as inoculants of crop plants may facilitate their use for enhanced nutrient cycling along with amelioration of abiotic stresses to improve food production for the ever-increasing population. In this chapter, an overview is provided about the current understanding of plant-bacterial interactions that help in alleviating abiotic stress in different crop systems in the face of climate change. This review largely focuses on the importance and need of sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches using beneficial microbes for ameliorating the environmental stresses in our agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Phour
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Satyavir S Sindhu
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
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Laveilhé A, Fochesato S, Lalaouna D, Heulin T, Achouak W. Phytobeneficial traits of rhizobacteria under the control of multiple molecular dialogues. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2083-2096. [PMID: 35502577 PMCID: PMC9249325 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonads play crucial roles in plant growth promotion and control of plant diseases. However, under natural conditions, other microorganisms competing for the same nutrient resources in the rhizosphere may exert negative control over their phytobeneficial characteristics. We assessed the expression of phytobeneficial genes involved in biocontrol, biostimulation and iron regulation such as, phlD, hcnA, acdS, and iron‐small regulatory RNAs prrF1 and prrF2 in Pseudomonas brassicacearum co‐cultivated with three phytopathogenic fungi, and two rhizobacteria in the presence or absence of Brassica napus, and in relation to iron availability. We found that the antifungal activity of P. brassicacearum depends mostly on the production of DAPG and not on HCN whose production is suppressed by fungi. We have also shown that the two‐competing bacterial strains modulate the plant growth promotion activity of P. brassicacearum by modifying the expression of phlD, hcnA and acdS according to iron availability. Overall, it allows us to better understand the complexity of the multiple molecular dialogues that take place underground between microorganisms and between plants and its rhizosphere microbiota and to show that synergy in favour of phytobeneficial gene expression may exist between different bacterial species. We assessed the expression of phytobeneficial genes, phlD, hcnA and acdS, and iron‐small regulatory RNAs prrF1 and prrF2 in Pseudomonas brassicacearum co‐cultivated with three phytopathogenic fungi, and two rhizobacteria in the presence or absence of Brassica napus, and in relation to iron availability. Our study illustrates that interkingdom and interspecies interactions in addition to external factors may affect the success of introduced beneficial microorganisms by modulating the expression of phytobeneficial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Laveilhé
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Sylvain Fochesato
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - David Lalaouna
- ARN UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Thierry Heulin
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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Gamalero E, Glick BR. Recent Advances in Bacterial Amelioration of Plant Drought and Salt Stress. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030437. [PMID: 35336811 PMCID: PMC8945159 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Salt and drought stress cause enormous crop losses worldwide. Several different approaches may be taken to address this problem, including increased use of irrigation, use of both traditional breeding and genetic engineering to develop salt-tolerant and drought-resistant crop plants, and the directed use of naturally occurring plant growth-promoting bacteria. Here, the mechanisms used by these plant growth-promoting bacteria are summarized and discussed. Moreover, recently reported studies of the effects that these organisms have on the growth of plants in the laboratory, the greenhouse, and the field under high salt and/or drought conditions is discussed in some detail. It is hoped that by understanding the mechanisms that these naturally occurring plant growth-promoting bacteria utilize to overcome damaging environmental stresses, it may be possible to employ these organisms to increase future agricultural productivity. Abstract The recent literature indicates that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) employ a range of mechanisms to augment a plant’s ability to ameliorate salt and drought stress. These mechanisms include synthesis of auxins, especially indoleacetic acid, which directly promotes plant growth; synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, which prevents the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species; synthesis of small molecule osmolytes, e.g., trehalose and proline, which structures the water content within plant and bacterial cells and reduces plant turgor pressure; nitrogen fixation, which directly improves plant growth; synthesis of exopolysaccharides, which protects plant cells from water loss and stabilizes soil aggregates; synthesis of antibiotics, which protects stress-debilitated plants from soil pathogens; and synthesis of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which lowers the level of ACC and ethylene in plants, thereby decreasing stress-induced plant senescence. Many of the reports of overcoming these plant stresses indicate that the most successful PGPB possess several of these mechanisms; however, the involvement of any particular mechanism in plant protection is nearly always inferred and not proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Srinivasan R, Subramanian P, Tirumani S, Gothandam KM, Ramya M. Ectopic expression of bacterial 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate deaminase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii enhances algal biomass and lipid content under nitrogen deficit condition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125830. [PMID: 34455253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase is a well-known bacterial producing enzyme that helps plants to overcome stress conditions by modulating ethylene biosynthesis. However, the functional role of ACC deaminase and ethylene in microalgae during stress remains to be explored. In this study, to investigate the role of ACC deaminase (acds) from Pseudomonas putida UW4 in enhancing the biomass and lipid content of Chlamydomonas under nitrogen deficit condition. The synthetic codon-optimized acds gene was cloned into vector pChlamy_4 and introduced into Chlamydomonas. Results indicated that Chlamydomonas-expressing acds lines showed significant tolerance to nitrogen-deficit by reducing the ethylene content. The biomass, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity of acds-expressing lines were significantly increased during nitrogen deficit condition. Moreover, the intracellular lipid and fatty acid content were much higher in acds-expressing lines than the wild-type. In terms of stress alleviation, the transgenic lines displayed increased antioxidant enzymes, reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College, Karumandapam, Thiruchirapalli 620001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srikanth Tirumani
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karkambadi Road, Mangalam (P.O), Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kodiveri Muthukaliannan Gothandam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bomle DV, Kiran A, Kumar JK, Nagaraj LS, Pradeep CK, Ansari MA, Alghamdi S, Kabrah A, Assaggaf H, Dablool AS, Murali M, Amruthesh KN, Udayashankar AC, Niranjana SR. Plants Saline Environment in Perception with Rhizosphere Bacteria Containing 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Deaminase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111461. [PMID: 34768893 PMCID: PMC8584133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity stress has become a serious roadblock for food production worldwide since it is one of the key factors affecting agricultural productivity. Salinity and drought are predicted to cause considerable loss of crops. To deal with this difficult situation, a variety of strategies have been developed, including plant breeding, plant genetic engineering, and a wide range of agricultural practices, including the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and seed biopriming techniques, to improve the plants' defenses against salinity stress, resulting in higher crop yields to meet future human food demand. In the present review, we updated and discussed the negative effects of salinity stress on plant morphological parameters and physio-biochemical attributes via various mechanisms and the beneficial roles of PGPR with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate(ACC) deaminase activity as green bio-inoculants in reducing the impact of saline conditions. Furthermore, the applications of ACC deaminase-producing PGPR as a beneficial tool in seed biopriming techniques are updated and explored. This strategy shows promise in boosting quick seed germination, seedling vigor and plant growth uniformity. In addition, the contentious findings of the variation of antioxidants and osmolytes in ACC deaminase-producing PGPR treated plants are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashree Vijayrao Bomle
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Asha Kiran
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Jeevitha Kodihalli Kumar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Lavanya Senapathyhalli Nagaraj
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Chamanahalli Kyathegowda Pradeep
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Ahmed Kabrah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 715, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Anas S. Dablool
- Department of Public Health, Health Science College Al-Leith, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahadevamurthy Murali
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (M.M.); (K.N.A.)
| | - Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (M.M.); (K.N.A.)
| | - Arakere Chunchegowda Udayashankar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
| | - Siddapura Ramachandrappa Niranjana
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (D.V.B.); (A.K.); (J.K.K.); (L.S.N.); (C.K.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.); (A.C.U.); (S.R.N.)
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