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Cerrillo-Sanchis J, Ricart-Luna B, Rodrigo-Mallorca D, Muñoz-Gómez E, Domínguez-Navarro F, Mollà-Casanova S, Chulvi-Medrano I. Relationship between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and sprinting and jumping ability in young athletes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:43-49. [PMID: 38876663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between predicted risk of injury based on the dichotomous classification of the weight-bearing lunge (WBL) test scores and variables related to jumping and sprinting ability in young athletes. Furthermore, to compare the impact of the classical dichotomous classification versus a more specific quartile subdivision of the WBL test scores on the explored variables. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 125 healthy athletes (mean age 10.38 (SD = 2.28) years) were recruited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ankle dorsiflexion was evaluated with the WBL test, jumping distance with the standing long jump (SLJ) test, and maximal running speed with the 14-m and 28-m sprint test. RESULTS Athletes with WBL test scores lower than 10 cm exhibited significantly poorer results for the SLJ test as well as lower 14-m and 28-m sprint times than those with WBL test scores higher than 10 cm (p < 0.05). Likewise, when WBL test scores were subdivided by quartiles, a positive trend between range of motion and improved performance was shown. CONCLUSIONS Reduced ankle dorsiflexion mobility may affect sprinting and jumping ability in young athletes. In addition, a more detailed classification of ankle restriction by quartiles is proposed in this study in order to prevent injury and enhance athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darío Rodrigo-Mallorca
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sport Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Muñoz-Gómez
- UBIC. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez-Navarro
- Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Calle Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Mollà-Casanova
- UBIC. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Spain.
| | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sport Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Yanagisawa O. Alterations in pitching biomechanics and performance with an increasing number of pitches in baseball pitchers: A narrative review. PM R 2024; 16:632-643. [PMID: 37574914 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In baseball pitchers, the association of fatigue with overuse injury and decline in pitching performance has been discussed frequently, but the scientific data concerning their interrelationships have been inconsistently reported. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize and explore the evidence regarding acute changes in pitching biomechanics and performance from repetitive throwing motions among baseball pitchers. Muscle fatigue from repetitive throwing not only decreases muscle output but also disturbs the kinetic chain of baseball pitching. In addition, repetitive throwing can impair the proprioceptive and kinesthetic functions needed for accurate joint position sense in the shoulder and elbow. Consequently, these changes negatively affect ball velocity and pitching accuracy, two critical aspects of overall pitching performance. Moreover, the cumulative loading caused by fatigue contributes to the high prevalence of overuse injuries, particularly in the elbow and shoulder joints. Thus it is important to comprehensively understand the relationships among changed pitching mechanics, deteriorated performance, and musculoskeletal injury originating from muscle fatigue due to repetitive pitching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yanagisawa
- Faculty of Business Information Sciences, Jobu University, Isesaki, Japan
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Nagamoto H, Takahashi S, Okunuki T, Wakamiya K, Maemichi T, Kurokawa D, Muraki T, Takahashi H, Yamamoto N, Aizawa T, Kumai T. Prevalence of impaired foot function in baseball players with and without disabled throwing shoulder/elbow: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10051. [PMID: 38698031 PMCID: PMC11065992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of impaired foot function among baseball players with and without a disabled throwing shoulder/elbow was investigated. The study included 138 male players. Players who had previously complained of shoulder/elbow pain during throwing motion were defined as the players with a history, and those who experienced shoulder/elbow pain during the examination were defined as having the injury. Foot function was evaluated by foot "rock paper scissors" movements and floating toes. Their prevalence was assessed and the relationships between players with and without the injuries were statistically analyzed. The prevalence of players with a history and injury was 27% and 7%, respectively. The prevalence of impaired foot function on the non-throwing side among players with injury was significantly higher than those without (60% vs. 28%, P < 0.001) and higher tendency on the throwing side than those without (60% vs. 32%). Regarding floating toes, players with a relevant history showed a significantly higher prevalence on the throwing side than those without (49% vs 28%, P < 0.001) and higher tendency on the non-throwing side than those without (49% vs 32%). Players with disabled throwing shoulder/elbow have a significantly higher prevalence of impaired foot function and floating toes than players without it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nagamoto
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Specified Nonprofit Organization, Network for Sports Medicine and Science, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shimpei Takahashi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School, Sendai, Japan
- Specified Nonprofit Organization, Network for Sports Medicine and Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takumi Okunuki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Wakamiya
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Maemichi
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurokawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- Specified Nonprofit Organization, Network for Sports Medicine and Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Muraki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School, Sendai, Japan
- Specified Nonprofit Organization, Network for Sports Medicine and Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kesen-Numa City Hospital, Kesen-Numa, Japan
- Specified Nonprofit Organization, Network for Sports Medicine and Science, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Toshimi Aizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kumai
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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4
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Ishigaki T, Hirokawa M, Ezawa Y, Yamanaka M. Relationship Between Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Lower-Limb Flexibility in College Baseball Players. J Sport Rehabil 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37146986 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Posterior shoulder tightness evaluated as limited glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction is a risk factor for throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries. Given that the throwing motion uses the entire body kinematics, limited lower-limb flexibility might be associated with posterior shoulder tightness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships between posterior shoulder tightness and lower-limb flexibility in college baseball players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-two college baseball players (20 right-handed and 2 left-handed). METHODS To investigate the relationships between glenohumeral range of motion and lower-limb flexibility using simple linear regression analysis, we measured passive range of motion of glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction, hip internal/external rotation in the prone/sitting position, ankle dorsiflexion, and quadriceps and hamstrings flexibility from both shoulders and legs. RESULTS Our analysis indicated that decreases in the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position were moderately associated with limitations in glenohumeral internal rotation (R2 = .250, β [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.500 [0.149 to 1.392], P = .018) and horizontal adduction (R2 = .200, β [95% CI] = 0.447 [0.051 to 1.499], P = .019) on the throwing shoulder. Furthermore, there were significant moderate relationships between decreases in glenohumeral internal rotation and limited lead leg quadriceps flexibility (R2 = .189, β [95% CI] = 0.435 [0.019 to 1.137], P = .022), and between decreases in glenohumeral horizontal adduction and limited stance leg ankle dorsiflexion (R2 = .243, β [95% CI] = 0.493 [0.139 to 1.438], P = .010). CONCLUSION College baseball players with limited lower-limb flexibilities including the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position, the lead leg quadriceps flexibility, and the stance leg ankle dorsiflexion showed excessive posterior shoulder tightness. The current results support the hypothesis that lower-limb flexibility is associated with posterior shoulder tightness in college baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Ishigaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata,Japan
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido,Japan
| | | | - Yuya Ezawa
- Social and Human Science Course, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Hokkaido,Japan
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Crotin RL, Ramsey DK. An Exploratory Investigation Evaluating the Impact of Fatigue-Induced Stride Length Compensations on Ankle Biomechanics among Skilled Baseball Pitchers. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040986. [PMID: 37109515 PMCID: PMC10142827 DOI: 10.3390/life13040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered propulsive and bracing ground reaction forces from lower-body fatigue significantly impact stride length to increase weakness in dynamic elbow stabilizers and risk of medial elbow injury in baseball pitchers. This work investigated altered stride length on three-dimensional ankle joint dynamics to illustrate fatigue-induced changes in ankle motion that can also be impacted by coaching errors. Nineteen pitchers (15 collegiate and 4 high school) were randomized in a crossover design study that encouraged fatigue by throwing two simulated 80-pitch games at ±25% of their desired stride length. An integrated motion-capture system with two force plates and radar gun tracked each throw. Retrospective analysis using pairwise comparisons, including effect size calculations, were undertaken to identify differences in ankle dynamics between stride length conditions for both the drive and stride leg. Longer strides were found to be more effective in drive ankle propulsion and stride-bracing mechanics. Conversely, shorter strides delayed bracing dynamics by demonstrating continued drive ankle plantar flexion moments after stride-foot contact to extend pitchers' time in propulsion (p < 0.001, d > 0.8). Additionally, heightened braking effects were seen during the acceleration phase of throwing with greater stride knee extension power when pitching with shorter strides (p < 0.001, d > 0.8). The knowledge gained from this work offers new insight into compensatory stride length adaptation that impacts systemic and throwing arm-specific fatigue to maintain ball velocity, as bilateral ankle joint dynamics can be significantly affected in response to cumulative workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Crotin
- Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71270, USA
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dan K Ramsey
- Center for Doctoral Studies and Research, D'Youville University, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Almansoof HS, Nuhmani S, Muaidi Q. Correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in healthy male recreational athletes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14877. [PMID: 36846443 PMCID: PMC9951801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims to identify the correlation of ankle dorsiflexion range-of-motion (ADROM) (with its related gastrocnemius and soleus extensibility) with lower-limb kinetic chain function and hop test performance in young healthy recreational athletes. Methods Twenty-one young male healthy recreational athletes were tested for ADROM, gastrocnemius and soleus extensibility, lower-limb kinetic chain function with the closed kinetic chain lower extremity stability test (CKCLEST) and hop test performance with the single-leg hop for distance test (SHDT) and side hop test (SHT). Results There was a positive significant (rho = 0.514, 95% CI [0.092-0.779], P < 0.01) correlation between the dominant lower-limb weight-bearing/closed-chain ADROM (that represented the soleus extensibility) and the CKCLEST. There were no significant correlations between the study performance-based tests and open-chain ADROM (P > 0.05). Conclusion The CKCLEST is positively and significantly correlated with SHT and weight-bearing ADROM with knee flexion (and its related soleus extensibility) which suggests comparability among them. Open-chain ADROM has a negligible and non-significant correlation with the readings of this study performance-based tests suggesting that it is probably not an essential construct of their execution. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate these correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Saleh Almansoof
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shibili Nuhmani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qassim Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Kamiyama M, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. Shoulder stretching versus shoulder muscle strength training for the prevention of baseball-related arm injuries: a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, non-inferiority study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22118. [PMID: 36543874 PMCID: PMC9772170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and weakness in prone external rotation are risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. While a shoulder-stretching prevention program to improve GIRD decreases the injury rate, the effects of external rotation strength remain unclear. This non-inferiority (NI) study investigates the hypothesis that external rotation strength training is not inferior to sleeper stretching for shoulder and elbow injury prevention in high school baseball pitchers. Participants were randomly allocated to the stretching (n = 62; active control group) and muscle-training (n = 51) groups. Specific exercises were performed each night. Elbow and shoulder injuries were monitored for 150 days. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and the hazard ratios (HRs) for injury occurrence were calculated using multivariate Cox regression. The log-rank test was used to compare the injury-free time. A one-sided NI test using a fixed NI margin was performed (significance level, P = 0.025). The injury rates were 22.6% (n = 14) in the stretching group and 9.8% (n = 5) in the muscle-training group. The muscle-training group had a lower injury rate (P < 0.001) and a lower risk of injury than the stretching group (HR = 0.489). Therefore, external rotation muscle strength training is not inferior to stretching for preventing baseball-related arm injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shitara
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan
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Pietrzak K, Miechowicz I, Nowocień K, Kraszewski B, Rzymski P. The agreement and repeatability of measurements of ankle joint dorsiflexion and poplietal angle in healthy adolescents. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:67. [PMID: 36071503 PMCID: PMC9450273 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intra-rater repeatability and inter-rater agreement of orthopaedics measurements are important for estimating injury risk and appropriate treatment. In clinical practice, it is often unavoidable to trust the measurements of other health professionals. Methods This study tested the agreement and repeatability of measurements of the dorsiflexion of the foot, dorsiflexion with 90-degrees knee flexion, and popliteal angle test in healthy adolescents performed twice by three raters differing in clinical experience. Three raters, i.e., an orthopaedics specialist (16 years of experience), a resident medical doctor in orthopaedics (4 years of experience), and a physiotherapy student (1 year of experience) measured the ankle joint dorsiflexion and the popliteal angle in 142 healthy adolescent subjects. Results The student outperformed more experienced raters by displaying good repeatability for all the evaluated parameters. The orthopaedics specialist failed to replicate the measurements of the left ankle joint passive dorsiflexion and the left popliteal angle. The medical resident in orthopaedics displayed a lack of repeatability in evaluating the right ankle joint dorsiflexion with the knee joint bent. Kendall’s W value for all parameters ranged 0.66–0.78, indicating a good inter-rater agreement. Conclusions The study highlights that measurements of the ankle joint dorsiflexion and popliteal angle test by different health professionals can generally be trusted. It indicates that novice health professionals could potentially evaluate such parameters in healthy subjects without a quality loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pietrzak
- Department of Spondyloorthopedics and Biomechanics of the Spine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Izabela Miechowicz
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Nowocień
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kraszewski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.,Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806, Poznań, Poland
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Noonan TK, Kissenberth MJ, Shanley E. Initial kinematic chain injuries increase hazard of subsequent arm injuries in professional baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:1773-1781. [PMID: 35598837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are few studies that have evaluated the relationship between a lower extremity or trunk injury (kinematic chain) and subsequent arm injury. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the relationship between initial kinematic chain (lower extremity or trunk) injury and subsequent arm injury; and (2) to investigate the relationship between initial shoulder or elbow injury and subsequent arm injury. METHODS A 7-year prospective injury risk study was conducted with Minor League Baseball pitchers. Pitches, pitching appearances, athlete exposures (AEs), and arm injuries (≥1-day time loss) were documented throughout the season. Cox survival analyses with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were performed. Confounders controlled for included age, body mass index, arm dominance, pitching role, previous arm injury, number of pitching appearances, and seasonal pitch load. RESULTS A total of 297 pitchers participated (total player days = 85,270). Arm injury incidence was 11.4 arm injuries/10,000 AEs, and kinematic chain incidence was 5.2 injuries/10,000 AEs. Pitchers who sustained a kinematic chain injury demonstrated a greater hazard (2.6 [95% CI: 1.2, 5.6], P = .019) of sustaining an arm injury. Pitchers who sustained an initial shoulder injury demonstrated a greater hazard (9.3 [95% CI: 1.1, 83], P = .047) of sustaining a subsequent shoulder or elbow injury compared with pitchers who sustained an initial elbow injury. CONCLUSIONS Pitchers who sustained an initial lower extremity or trunk injury demonstrated an increased subsequent arm injury hazard compared with pitchers who did not. Pitchers who sustained an initial shoulder injury demonstrated a greater hazard of sustaining a subsequent arm injury compared with pitchers who sustained an initial elbow injury. However, this secondary analysis should be interpreted with caution. Clinicians should monitor risk with workload accumulation, which may be related to pitching compensatory strategies in a fatigued state. Pitchers who sustain a shoulder injury should be evaluated and perform both shoulder and elbow rehabilitation strategies before return to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Department of Observational Clinical Research, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Thomas K Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Steadman Hawkins Clinic, University of Colorado Health, Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- Department of Observational Clinical Research, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
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10
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Liu X, Imai K, Zhou X, Watanabe E. Influence of Ankle Injury on Subsequent Ankle, Knee, and Shoulder Injuries in Competitive Badminton Players Younger Than 13 Years. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221097438. [PMID: 35647208 PMCID: PMC9134446 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221097438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been a trend in badminton toward more specialized training at an earlier age. Accompanying this trend is the increased frequency of injuries in young players. Ankle injury is the most common injury in pediatric sports; however, its influence on subsequent injuries is rarely considered. Purposes: To evaluate the incidence of ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries in youth badminton and to investigate the influence of ankle injuries on subsequent ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A custom-designed questionnaire was used to survey Japanese players 7 to 12 years of age who attended national elementary school–level badminton tournaments between May and September 2019. Information including the players’ characteristics, training history, injuries in the previous 12 months, and ankle injury histories were collected. Logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: A total of 478 players were included in the study, with 71 ankle injuries, 74 knee injuries, and 48 shoulder injuries reported. The injury incidence rates (per 1000 hours of play) were 0.23 (95% CI, 0.18-0.29) for the ankle, 0.24 (95% CI, 0.19-0.30) for the knee, and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.11-0.20) for the shoulder; 90.1% of ankle injuries, 25.7% of knee injuries, and 33.3% of shoulder injuries were acute. Previous ankle injury was significantly associated with subsequent ankle injury (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR), 3.05; 95% CI, 1.54-6.07; P < .05), knee injury (adjusted OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.12-3.69; P < .05), and shoulder injury (adjusted OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.26-4.83; P < .05). Conclusion: The study results indicated that previous injury to the ankle significantly increased the occurrence of subsequent ankle, knee, and shoulder injuries. Emphasizing protection and prevention of ankle injuries may help lower future injury risk in young badminton players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Imai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Watanabe
- Institute of Sport, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Relationship between Standing Trunk Extension Angle and Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Pitchers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073895. [PMID: 35409578 PMCID: PMC8997474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the standing trunk extension angle and medial elbow injuries. Subjects and methods: The study participants were 90 male baseball pitchers (10−12 years) belonging to youth baseball teams. Pitching elbow injuries were evaluated by an orthopedic surgeon using ultrasound scans and physical examination findings. A single optical three-dimensional motion analysis system was used for the trunk extension measurements, with three-dimensional coordinates captured. The overall, upper, and lower trunk angles were then analyzed. Results: Trunk extension angle during standing trunk extension was significantly smaller among participants who were positive for medial elbow injuries on ultrasound scans (positive: 71.4° ± 10.3°; negative: 75.7° ± 9.2°; t = 2.05, p < 0.05). The upper trunk extension angle was significantly smaller than the lower trunk extension angle among participants who were positive for medial elbow injuries on physical examination (upper: 33.0° ± 6.9°; lower: 41.2° ± 8.2°; t = −2.42, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Trunk extension angle during standing trunk extension is associated with medial elbow injuries. Evaluating the trunk extension angle as multiple segments rather than a single rigid body is valuable.
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Hoseini A, Zarei M, Nobari H, Hovanloo F, Abbasi H, Pérez-Gómez J. Isokinetic muscle strength cannot be related to the odds ratio of musculoskeletal injuries in young elite wrestlers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:29. [PMID: 35193657 PMCID: PMC8862385 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Wrestling is considered one of the oldest sports in the world. There is a high rate of injuries in Wrestling. To prevent injuries, it is necessary to identify the risk factors. Despite the functional importance of strength in wrestling, few studies have investigated the relationship between isokinetic strength and the rate of injuries in the sport. Objectives The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the isokinetic strength of elite wrestlers and the rate of injuries prospectively. Method A total of 72 young wrestlers with at least 2 years of experience in the Tehran Wrestling Premier League participated in this study. Before the start of the competition season, the isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee and shoulder were measured at different velocities by an isokinetic dynamometer. The injuries and training hours of these wrestlers were then recorded for nine months. Results The study results showed no significant relationship between isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee or shoulder at different angular speeds of 60, 180, and 300°/s. There was neither significant between the ratio of the strength flexor/extensor for knee and/or shoulder in young elite wrestlers with injuries. Conclusion Isokinetic strength of lower and upper limb muscles alone cannot predict wrestlers' injuries. Therefore, the use of these tests is not recommended to evaluate the risk of injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hoseini
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, 81887-78473, Iran. .,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Fariborz Hovanloo
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Nakase K, Shitara H, Tajika T, Kuboi T, Ichinose T, Sasaki T, Hamano N, Endo F, Kamiyama M, Miyamoto R, Yamamoto A, Kobayashi T, Takagishi K, Chikuda H. An analysis of pre-season risk factors for low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11415. [PMID: 34075129 PMCID: PMC8169826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pitching motion requires whole-body coordination; therefore, poor control of the lower extremities, pelvis and trunk may cause shoulder and elbow injuries. However, few studies have described the relationship between the shoulder joint function and low back injury in high-school baseball pitchers. A total of 128 healthy high school pitchers underwent pre-season medical checkups, where their shoulder range of motion and shoulder strength were measured. The participants completed a self-recorded daily questionnaire regarding the presence of low back pain. Pitchers were divided into injured and non-injured groups. Low back injury was observed in 13 participants (13.4%). In the injured group, horizontal adduction on the dominant shoulder was significantly less than in the non-injured group. A logistic regression analysis showed that horizontal adduction on the dominant side was a significant independent risk factor for low back injury during the season. It is important to recognize that restriction of the shoulder function not only causes shoulder and elbow injuries but can also risk low back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurumi Nakase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuboi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ichinose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hamano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masataka Kamiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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