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Knapic H, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Prats-Uribe A, Fair CD, Bullock GS. Impact of Prolonged Sport Stoppage on Knee Injuries in High School Athletes: An Ecological Study. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:225-230. [PMID: 38412853 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT In March 2020, public health concerns resulted in school closure throughout the United States. The prolonged sport cessation may affect knee injury risk in high school athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare risk of knee injuries in high school athletes during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 academic years, and stratify by gender, severity, mechanism of injury, injury type, and knee anatomic region. DESIGN Historical-prospective cohort study. METHODS This historical-prospective cohort study included 176 schools in 6 states matched by sport participation in control and COVID years from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021. Injury rates per 1000 athletes per year were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. A negative binomial regression was performed to assess potential differences in knee injuries between academic years. RESULTS 94,847 and 72,521 high school athletes participated in the 2019-2020 (19-20) and 2020-2021 (20-21) seasons. Knee injury risk was higher in the 20-21 season (19-20: 28.89% [27.82-29.96]; 20-21: 33.82% [32.50-35.14]). Risk increased for male athletes from 2019-2020 to 2020-2021 (19-20: 29.42% [28.01-30.83]; 20-21: 40.32% [38.89-41.75]). Female knee injury risk was similar between years (19-20: 25.78% [24.29-27.27]; 20-21: 26.03% [24.31-27.75]). Knee injuries increased by a ratio of 1.2 ([95% CI, 1.1-1.3], P < .001) during 2020-2021. CONCLUSIONS Knee injury risk and relative risk increased among males in 2020-2021. Results indicate changes in knee injury risk following return from COVID shelter in place among high school athletes and implicate potential negative downstream effects of interrupted sports training and participation on high school injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Knapic
- Department of Public Health Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
- Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
- Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Albert Prats-Uribe
- Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia D Fair
- Department of Public Health Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pill SG, Rogozinski Z, Bohon H, Arrambide EB, Welch GE, Carroll JM, Lutz A, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Tolan SJ, Wyland DJ, Kissenberth MJ. No clinical difference in outcomes between inlay and onlay arthroscopic biceps tenodesis techniques during rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024:S1058-2746(24)00195-2. [PMID: 38527622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both inlay and onlay arthroscopic biceps tenodesis (ABT) are common procedures performed during rotator cuff repair. The inlay method involves creating a bone socket in the bicipital groove to secure the long head of the biceps tendon using an interference screw. The onlay method utilizes a suture anchor to secure the long head of the biceps tendon on the surface of the bicipital groove. Little is known on the long-term differences in patient-reported outcomes between these 2 techniques. The primary purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes of inlay vs. onlay ABT with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Secondary aims were to evaluate the impact of rotator cuff tear size on outcomes and compare rates of complications between the 2 techniques. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who had an ABT during a full-thickness rotator cuff repair. Any symptom specific to the biceps were noted, including pain and cramping, Popeye deformity, or revision surgery. Complication rates were compared between groups. The visual analog scale pain score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and Veteran's RAND-12 score (VR-12) scores were compared at 2 years. The impact of rotator cuff tear size was analyzed by categorizing into small/medium or large/massive based on operative reports and arthroscopic images. RESULTS There were 165 patients identified (106 in the inlay group and 59 in the onlay group). No revision surgeries were performed secondary to the biceps tendon in either group. Eleven patients (10%) in the inlay group complained of biceps pain or cramping compared to 2 patients (3%) in the onlay group (P = .11). One Popeye deformity was noted in each group (P = .67). No significant differences were found between groups for visual analog scale (P = .41), ASES functional (P = .61), ASES index (P = .91), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (P = .09), VR-12 Physical Component Score (P = .77), or VR-12 Mental Component Score (P = .09). Rotator cuff tear size within the groups also did not demonstrate statistical significance. CONCLUSION No clinical differences or complications were found at minimum 2-year follow-up between inlay and onlay ABT in patients undergoing rotator cuff repair when controlling for tear size. The clinical relevance suggests either technique is effective and can be based on surgeon preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G Pill
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA.
| | - Zachary Rogozinski
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Hunter Bohon
- University of South Carolina-Greenville School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan J Tolan
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Douglas J Wyland
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
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Cooper BJ, Kesinger A, Welch GE, Carroll JM, Lutz A, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Tolan SJ, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Judicious use of corticosteroid injections prior to shoulder arthroplasty does not compromise outcomes at a minimum of 2 years following surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024:S1058-2746(24)00192-7. [PMID: 38521485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of total shoulder arthroplasty is continuing to rise with its expanding indications. For patients with chronic conditions, such as glenohumeral arthritis and rotator cuff arthropathy, nonoperative treatment is typically done prior to arthroplasty and often includes corticosteroid injections (CSIs). Recent studies in the shoulder arthroplasty literature as well as applied from the hip and knee literature have focused on the risk of periprosthetic infection. Literature is lacking as to whether the judicious use of corticosteroids in the year prior to arthroplasty influences patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The purpose of this study was to determine if preoperative CSIs prior to shoulder arthroplasty affected 2-year PROs. METHODS Retrospective review of anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) patients (n = 230) was performed at a single institution including multiple surgeons. Patients were included if they had preoperative and a minimum of 2-year postoperative PROs, including: American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), visual analog scale, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Veteran's RAND 12 Physical Component Score, and Veteran's RAND 12 Mental Component Score. Patients were included in the injection group if they had received an injection, either glenohumeral or subacromial, within 12 months prior to arthroplasty (inject = 134). Subgroup analysis included anatomic (total shoulder arthroplasty [TSA] = 92) and RSA (RSA = 138) as well as those with no injection within 12 months prior to surgery. An analysis of variance was used to compare outcomes between patients who received an injection and those who did not prior to TSA and RSA. RESULTS There were 230 patients included with 134 patients in the injection group and 96 in the no injection group. Patients who received an injection in the year prior to arthroplasty displayed a significantly higher ASES (82 [16.23 standard deviation] vs. 76 [19.43 standard deviation], P < .01) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (70 [24.49 standard deviation] vs. 63 [29.22 standard deviation], P < .01) scores vs. those who had not received injection. There was no difference when comparing preoperative injection vs. no injection in patients undergoing TSA. Those patients undergoing RSA displayed significantly higher ASES scores (P < .01). There were no significant differences in visual analog scale, Veteran's RAND 12 Physical Component Score, and Veteran's RAND 12 Mental Component Score among any analysis (P > .05), and the minimal clinically important difference in ASES was not different between groups (P.09). CONCLUSION CSIs within 12 months prior to anatomic and RSA do not compromise PROs during a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Although more complications occurred in the injection group, it did not reach statistical significance and warrants further study in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cooper
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Aaron Kesinger
- University of South Carolina-Greenville School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan J Tolan
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Stephan G Pill
- Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Floyd SB, Walker JT, Smith JT, Jones PE, Boes N, Lindros S, Carroll M, Brooks JM, Thigpen CA, Pill SG, Kissenberth MJ. ICD-10 diagnosis codes in electronic health records do not adequately capture fracture complexity for proximal humerus fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024; 33:417-424. [PMID: 37774829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to do comparative effectiveness research (CER) for proximal humerus fractures (PHF) using data in electronic health record (EHR) systems and administrative claims databases was enhanced by the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), which expanded the diagnosis codes for PHF to describe fracture complexity including displacement and the number of fracture parts. However, these expanded codes only enhance secondary use of data for research if the codes selected and recorded correctly reflect the fracture complexity. The objective of this project was to assess the accuracy of ICD-10 diagnosis codes documented during routine clinical practice for secondary use of EHR data. METHODS A sample of patients with PHFs treated by orthopedic providers across a large, regional health care system between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018, were retrospectively identified from the EHR. Four fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeons reviewed patient radiographs and recorded the Neer Classification characteristics of displacement, number of parts, and fracture location(s). The fracture characteristics were then reviewed by a trained coder, and the most clinically appropriate ICD-10 diagnosis code based on the number of fracture parts was assigned. We assessed congruence between ICD-10 codes documented in the EHR and radiograph-validated codes, and assessed sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for EHR-documented ICD-10 codes. RESULTS There were 761 patients with unilateral, closed PHF who met study inclusion criteria. On average, patients were 67 years of age and 77% were female. Based on radiograph review, 37% were 1-part fractures, 42% were 2-part, 11% were 3-part, and 10% were 4-part fractures. Of the EHR diagnosis codes recorded during clinical practice, 59% were "unspecified" fracture diagnosis codes that did not identify the number of fracture parts. Examination of fracture codes revealed PPV was highest for 1-part (PPV = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60-0.72) and 4-part fractures (PPV = 0.67, 95% CI 0.13-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Current diagnosis coding practices do not adequately capture the fracture complexity needed to conduct subgroup analysis for PHF. Conclusions drawn from population studies or large databases using ICD-10 codes for PHF classification should be interpreted within this limitation. Future studies are warranted to improve diagnostic coding to support large observational studies using EHR and administrative claims data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Floyd
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - J Todd Walker
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Justin T Smith
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Patrick E Jones
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Nathan Boes
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Sydney Lindros
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Maile Carroll
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - John M Brooks
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; Department of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Smith JT, Pill SG, Eggert KA, Brignull CG, Adams KJ, Wyland DJ, Tolan SJ, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ. Corticosteroid injection prior to surgery had no effect on 2-year outcomes following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES Int 2024; 8:75-79. [PMID: 38312263 PMCID: PMC10837736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroid injections (CSIs) can be an effective nonsurgical treatment for patients with rotator cuff tears. Recent large database studies have raised concern that CSI may result in a higher reoperation rate, increased infection risk, and worse outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reoperation rate, incidence of postoperative infection, and two-year outcomes of patients undergoing ARCR with and without the use of preoperative CSI. Methods An institutional database generated from fellowship-trained orthopedic sports surgeons was retrospectively queried for patients who underwent ARCR with a minimum of two-year follow-up. Inclusion criteria consisted of 1) primary full-thickness rotator cuff tear and 2) preoperative and minimum two-year patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Of the 219 patients identified, 134 patients had preoperative subacromial CSI administered within one year of ARCR. Reoperation rate, number of injections, Visual Analog Scale, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey Physical Component Score/Mental Component Score were compared between groups at six months, one year, and two years. Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare baseline differences, postoperative infections, and reoperations. A repeated measures Analyses of Covariance was used to measure differences between PROMs at each time point. Simple Analyses of Covariance were used for the two-year sub-analyses for patients receiving CSI within 90 days of surgery and if multiple preoperative CSI had been given (α ≤ 0.05). Results There were no significant demographic differences between groups (P > .05). Preoperative use of subacromial CSI within one year prior to ARCR did not increase reoperation rate (P = .85) or impact PROMs at any timepoint. There were two reoperations during the study period in the CSI group (2 lysis of adhesions). No infections occurred in either cohort. No differences were found if injections were performed within 90 days of surgery or if more than one CSI was administered within the year prior to surgery (P > .05). Conclusion Our results show that preoperative CSI prior to primary ARCR did not increase risk of reoperation, infection, or influence PROMs with a minimum follow-up of 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Smith
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G. Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle J. Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, Prisma Health Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Douglas J. Wyland
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stefan J. Tolan
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Charles A. Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Collins GS, Arden NK, Noonan TJ, Kissenberth MJ, Wyland DJ, Shanley E. Organizational risk profiling and education associated with reduction in professional pitching arm injuries: a natural experiment. JSES Rev Rep Tech 2023; 3:295-302. [PMID: 37588509 PMCID: PMC10426659 DOI: 10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Risk profiling and education are strategies implemented to help reduce injury risk; however, currently. there is little evidence on the effect of these interventions on injury incidence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of risk profiling and education on upper extremity injury incidence in minor league (MiLB) pitchers and to stratify by injury severity. Methods A prospective natural experiment study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 on MiLB pitchers. Beginning in the 2015 season, pitchers were examined and risk profiled for upper extremity injury. Shoulder external, internal, total range of motion, horizontal adduction, and humeral torsion were measured. Organizational risk profiling and education was implemented starting in 2015, based on preseason assessments. Chi-squared test was performed to investigate potential differences between shoulder range of motion risk categories between 2013-2014 (pre) and 2015-2019 (post) seasons. Interrupted time series analyses were performed to assess the association between organizational risk profiling and education on arm injury in MiLB pitchers and were repeated for 7-27 and 28+ day injury severity. Results 297 pitchers were included (pre: 119, post: 178). Upper extremity injury incidence was 1.5 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures. Pitchers in the 2015-2019 seasons demonstrated increased preseason shoulder injury risk for internal (P = .003) and external (P = .007), while the 2013-2014 seasons demonstrated greater horizontal adduction risk (P = .04). There were no differences between seasons for total range of motion risk (P =.76). Risk profiling and education resulted in an adjusted time loss upper extremity injury reduction for the 2015-2019 seasons (0.68 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.99)), which impacted 7-27 days (0.62 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.93)) but not for 28+ days (0.71 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.06)) time loss. There was no reduction in combined trunk and lower extremity injuries for the 2015-2019 seasons (1.55 (95% CI: 0.79, 3.01)). Conclusions Organizational risk profiling and education appear to reduce professional pitching overall and 7-27-day upper extremity injury risk by 33%-38%. There was no difference in trunk and lower extremity injuries over the period, strengthening the reduction in upper extremity injury risk results. This suggests that while injury risk increased over time, organizational risk profiling mitigated the expected increase in upper extremity injury rates. Risk profiling and education can be used as a clinical screening and intervention tool to help decrease upper extremity injuries in professional baseball populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S. Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles A. Thigpen
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Gary S. Collins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel K. Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas J. Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen Shanley
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
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Bullock GS, Ward P, Hughes T, Thigpen CA, Cook CE, Shanley E. Using Randomized Controlled Trials in the Sports Medicine and Performance Environment: Is It Time to Reconsider and Think Outside the Methodological Box? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023; 53:331–334. [PMID: 37068166 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2023.11824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
SYNOPSIS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are ubiquitous in medicine and have facilitated great strides in clinical care. However, when applied in sport, RCTs have limitations that hinder implementing effective interventions in the real-world clinical setting. Pragmatic clinical trials offer some solutions. Yet due to the competitive, high-pressure nature of sport at the individual, team, and governing body level, RCTs are likely infeasible in certain sport settings. The small number of athletes at the elite team level, along with the potential financial consequences of randomizing at the individual athlete and team level, also restricts study power and feasibility, limiting conclusions. Consequently, researchers may need to "think outside the box" and consider other research methodology, to help improve athlete care. In this Viewpoint, we detail alternative study designs that can help solve real-world problems in sports medicine and performance, while maintaining robust research standards and accounting for the challenges that RCTs pose. We also provide practical examples of alternative designs. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023;53(6):1-4. Epub: 18 April 2023. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.11824.
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Jones PE, Kissenberth MJ, Brooks JM, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Pill SG. Unanticipated Costs Associated with Interscalene Nerve Catheters for Shoulder Surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2023; 32:S118-S122. [PMID: 36828288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional anesthesia has become a mainstay of analgesia following shoulder arthroscopic and reconstructive procedures. Local anesthetic can be injected in the perineural space of the brachial plexus by a single shot or continuously by an indwelling catheter. Although previous studies have compared efficacy and direct cost of single shot to catheters, few have evaluated unanticipated costs of on-going care or complications. Pulmonary complications can lead to unexpected admissions and emergency room visits. The purpose of the study was to identify unplanned hospital admissions or emergency room visits related to regional anesthesia after shoulder surgery and determine the additional associated costs. METHODS A series of 1888 shoulder surgeries were identified in 1856 unique patients at a single large academic center. As part of an interscalene nerve catheter program, a continuous interscalene block (CIB) was given to 1728 patients; whereas, 160 patients had a single shot interscalene block (SSIB). A hospital-employed quality control nurse contacted all patients receiving a CIB at one, two, seven, and fourteen days following surgery. All emergency room visits and readmissions were recorded, and the associated billing charges were reviewed for the inpatient and any outpatient visits immediately preceding or immediately following the readmission. The regional average Medicare fee schedule was used to determine a cost for these episodes of care. RESULTS Of the 1728 patients who had CIB, ten patients were readmitted following open or arthroscopic surgery or presented to the emergency department in the immediate postoperative period for pulmonary compromise. No patient in the SSIB group had an emergency room visit or readmission. The average age of the ten patients with readmission was 60 years (7 females, 3 males). The majority were diagnosed with hypoxemia on admission (R09.02). Length of stay during readmission ranged from 0 to 4 days with one patient requiring admission to the ICU. The average cost of admission to the hospital or visit to the emergency room was $6,849 (range, $1,988 to $19,483). These costs were primarily related to chest X-Rays and EKG (9/10), chest CT with contrast (3/10), and head CT (2/10). CONCLUSION Although uncommon, unanticipated pulmonary complications after CIB can result in significant cost compared to SSIB. The indirect costs of pulmonary workup after readmission or emergency room work-up may be overlooked if only considering direct costs, such as medication charges, medical supplies, and physician fees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Jones
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - John M Brooks
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Boes N, Bailey L, Arnold A, Bullock G, Kissenberth M. Arm Injury in Youth Baseball Players: A 10-Year Cohort Study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2023; 32:S106-S111. [PMID: 36828286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arm injuries are commonly encountered in baseball as young athletes play into adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of arm injury and risk for surgery in adolescent baseball players followed over a 10-year period from scholastic, age-group, and travel baseball leagues through their highest level of competition. METHODS A prospective study was conducted enrolling middle and high school baseball players in 2010-2012, then followed for 10 years or until retirement from competitive baseball. Players were included if fully participating in team activities at the time of pre-season study enrollment. Players with prior arm (shoulder or elbow) surgery or those diagnosed with time loss arm injury within the past year were excluded. Only shoulder and elbow overuse problems resulting in time-loss from sport and medical attention from a sports medicine physician or orthopedic surgeon were documented as injuries in this study. Musculoskeletal overuse injuries were classified based on the orchard injury classification system. Incidence proportion (IP) and risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for initial injury and injuries requiring surgery were calculated. RESULTS A total of 261 pitchers (Age: 14.2 ± 2.6; Follow-up: 4.2 ± 2.7 years) were enrolled. Twenty percent of the cohort was followed for 7 or more years. The overall injury incidence was 25.6/100 athletes (95% CI=21-31) with a cumulative surgical incidence of 5.4/100 athletes (95% CI= 3.2-8.8). The risk of experiencing shoulder injury (n=25) and elbow injury (n= 38) were similar (n= 38) (RR= 0.7; 95% CI= 0.4- 1.1). The athletes also presented with a similar frequency of requiring surgery regardless of the injured body part. However, the risk of surgery in those playing beyond the high school level was 4.3 times greater (95% CI, 1.2-15.0) than those only playing high school. CONCLUSION This is the first study to follow a large cohort of youth baseball players as they progress, showing a relatively high arm injury incidence. Shoulder and elbow injury incidence was similar but surgical risk increased playing beyond high school, specifically for the elbow. The high injury frequency and burden of care required by young baseball players as reported in this study is concerning and strategies to reduce injury should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy; University of South Carolina Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics
| | | | - Nathan Boes
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Lane Bailey
- IRONMAN Sports Medicine Institute, Memorial Hermann Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Arnold
- IRONMAN Sports Medicine Institute, Memorial Hermann Health, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Womens University Institute of Health Sciences, School of Physical Therapy
| | - Garrett Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Kissenberth
- University of South Carolina Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics; Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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10
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Bullock GS, Emery CA, Nelson VR, Prats-Uribe A, Gilliland RG, Thigpen CA, Shanley E. Higher rates of concussion following COVID-19 infection in high school athletes. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:590-594. [PMID: 36754589 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare concussion rates (CRs) over one academic year in high school athletes with and without a COVID-19 infection prior to concussion. METHODS Illness and concussion were prospectively reported for male and female high school athletes across six states over one academic year in the Players Health Rehab surveillance system. Concussion was truncated to 60 days following recovery and return to sport from COVID-19. CRs were estimated per 1000 athletes per academic year and stratified by those who tested positive for COVID-19 infection (with COVID-19) and those who did not (no COVID-19). Poisson regression analyses estimated rate ratio (RR) of concussion controlling for state, gender and an offset of the log athlete participation (with COVID-19 and no COVID-19). RESULTS Of 72 522 athletes, 430 COVID-19 infections and 1273 concussions were reported. The CR was greater in athletes who reported COVID-19 (CR=74.4/1000 athletes/year, 95% CI 49.6 to 99.3) compared with those who did not (CR=17.2, 95% CI 16.3 to 18.2). Athletes with recent COVID-19 had a threefold higher rate of concussion (RR=3.1, 95% CI 2.0 to 4.7). CONCLUSION Athletes returning from COVID-19 had higher CRs than those who did not experience COVID-19. This may be related to ongoing COVID-19 sequelae or deconditioning related to reduced training and competition load during the illness and when returning to sport. Further research is needed to understand the association of recent COVID-19 infection and concussion in order to inform preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vicki R Nelson
- Sports Medicine, Prisma Health, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Charles A Thigpen
- Clinical Excellence, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, Illinois, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Sports Medicine, ATI Physical Therapy, Bolingbrook, Illinois, USA.,Clinical Excellence, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, Illinois, USA
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11
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Martin CL, Losciale J, Michener L, Whiteley R, Waterman BR, Tokish JM, Camp C, Shanley E. Shoulder Range of Motion Measurements and Baseball Elbow Injuries: Ambiguity in Scientific Models, Approach, and Execution is Hurting Overhead Athlete Health. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 5:e297-e304. [PMID: 36866292 PMCID: PMC9971890 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elbow injuries are a significant and increasing issue in baseball. Elbow injuries account for 16% of all injuries sustained at the professional level and collegiate level. Because of the continued rise in injury rates, loss of performance value, and medical burden, sports medicine clinicians have attempted to research the causes underlying this injury epidemic in an attempt to help mitigate baseball elbow injuries. Shoulder range of motion (ROM) is the most researched clinical metric related to elbow injuries in baseball and has the greatest consensus as a viable prognostic factor specifically for medial elbow injury. Shoulder ROM is easy to measure, can be modified through stretching and manual therapy interventions, and can be easily assessed during preseason screening throughout all baseball levels. Despite a large number of studies and the widespread use of shoulder ROM in injury risk screening, current findings are unclear as to whether there is a true cause-effect relation with baseball elbow injuries. We argue that the conflicting findings revolving around the value of shoulder ROM measurements associated with baseball elbow injuries are the result of 4 gaps in the research approaches implemented to date: ambiguous research questions, mixed study populations, statistical models used, and shoulder ROM methodology. Specifically, there is a mismatch of methods, statistical models, and conclusions such as (1) investigating the association (i.e., correlation) between shoulder ROM measurements and injury and (2) investigating the cause-effect relation of shoulder ROM to baseball injuries. The purpose of this article is to detail the required scientific steps to evaluate whether preseason shoulder ROM is a potential causal factor for pitching elbow injury. We also provide recommendations to allow for future causal inferences to be made between shoulder ROM and elbow injury. This information will ultimately assist in informing clinical models of care and decision making for baseball throwers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S. Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.,Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, England,Address correspondence to Garrett S. Bullock, P.T., D.P.T., D.Phil., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 475 Vine St, Winston-Salem, NC 27211, U.S.A.
| | | | - Chelsea L. Martin
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Justin Losciale
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lori Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Brian R. Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - John M. Tokish
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Camp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A.,South Carolina Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics, Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.A
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12
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Bullock GS, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Arden NK, Noonan TK, Kissenberth MJ, Wyland DJ, Collins GS. Improving Clinical Utility of Real-World Prediction Models: Updating Through Recalibration. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1057-1063. [PMID: 36730571 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bullock, GS, Shanley, E, Thigpen, CA, Arden, NK, Noonan, TK, Kissenberth, MJ, Wyland, DJ, and Collins, GS. Improving clinical utility of real-world prediction models: updating through recalibration. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-Prediction models can aid clinicians in identifying at-risk athletes. However, sport and clinical practice patterns continue to change, causing predictive drift and potential suboptimal prediction model performance. Thus, there is a need to temporally recalibrate previously developed baseball arm injury models. The purpose of this study was to perform temporal recalibration on a previously developed injury prediction model and assess model performance in professional baseball pitchers. An arm injury prediction model was developed on data from a prospective cohort from 2009 to 2019 on minor league pitchers. Data for the 2015-2019 seasons were used for temporal recalibration and model performance assessment. Temporal recalibration constituted intercept-only and full model redevelopment. Model performance was investigated by assessing Nagelkerke's R-square, calibration in the large, calibration, and discrimination. Decision curves compared the original model, temporal recalibrated model, and current best evidence-based practice. One hundred seventy-eight pitchers participated in the 2015-2019 seasons with 1.63 arm injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures. The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated the best discrimination (0.81 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73, 0.88]) and R-square (0.32) compared with original model (0.74 [95% CI: 0.69, 0.80]; R-square: 0.32) and the redeveloped model (0.80 [95% CI: 0.73, 0.87]; R-square: 0.30). The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated an improved net benefit of 0.34 compared with current best evidence-based practice. The temporal recalibrated intercept model demonstrated the best model performance and clinical utility. Updating prediction models can account for changes in sport training over time and improve professional baseball arm injury outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest School of Medicine, North Carolina.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Shanley
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, South Carolina.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina.,Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, South Carolina.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas K Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder, Colorado.,Steadman Hawkins Clinic, University of Colorado Health, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | - Douglas J Wyland
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Yeazell S, Lutz A, Bohon H, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Response to Bushnell et al regarding: "Increased stiffness and reoperation rate in partial rotator cuff repairs treated with a bovine patch: a propensity-matched trial". J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:e572-e573. [PMID: 35973514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Yeazell
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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14
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Teske LG, Pill SG, Lutz A, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Adams KJ, Bohon H, Graham GD, Marston G, Walker KB, Kissenberth MJ. Response to Tian et al regarding: "Single shot interscalene regional anesthesia provides noninferior analgesia and decreased complications compared with an indwelling catheter for arthroscopic and reconstructive shoulder surgery". J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:e463-e464. [PMID: 35690346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Teske
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physcial Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - George D Graham
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey Marston
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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15
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Noonan TK, Kissenberth MJ, Shanley E. Initial kinematic chain injuries increase hazard of subsequent arm injuries in professional baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:1773-1781. [PMID: 35598837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are few studies that have evaluated the relationship between a lower extremity or trunk injury (kinematic chain) and subsequent arm injury. The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the relationship between initial kinematic chain (lower extremity or trunk) injury and subsequent arm injury; and (2) to investigate the relationship between initial shoulder or elbow injury and subsequent arm injury. METHODS A 7-year prospective injury risk study was conducted with Minor League Baseball pitchers. Pitches, pitching appearances, athlete exposures (AEs), and arm injuries (≥1-day time loss) were documented throughout the season. Cox survival analyses with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were performed. Confounders controlled for included age, body mass index, arm dominance, pitching role, previous arm injury, number of pitching appearances, and seasonal pitch load. RESULTS A total of 297 pitchers participated (total player days = 85,270). Arm injury incidence was 11.4 arm injuries/10,000 AEs, and kinematic chain incidence was 5.2 injuries/10,000 AEs. Pitchers who sustained a kinematic chain injury demonstrated a greater hazard (2.6 [95% CI: 1.2, 5.6], P = .019) of sustaining an arm injury. Pitchers who sustained an initial shoulder injury demonstrated a greater hazard (9.3 [95% CI: 1.1, 83], P = .047) of sustaining a subsequent shoulder or elbow injury compared with pitchers who sustained an initial elbow injury. CONCLUSIONS Pitchers who sustained an initial lower extremity or trunk injury demonstrated an increased subsequent arm injury hazard compared with pitchers who did not. Pitchers who sustained an initial shoulder injury demonstrated a greater hazard of sustaining a subsequent arm injury compared with pitchers who sustained an initial elbow injury. However, this secondary analysis should be interpreted with caution. Clinicians should monitor risk with workload accumulation, which may be related to pitching compensatory strategies in a fatigued state. Pitchers who sustain a shoulder injury should be evaluated and perform both shoulder and elbow rehabilitation strategies before return to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Department of Observational Clinical Research, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Thomas K Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Steadman Hawkins Clinic, University of Colorado Health, Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- Department of Observational Clinical Research, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
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16
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Brooks JM, Chapman CG, Floyd SB, Chen BK, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth M. Assessing the ability of an instrumental variable causal forest algorithm to personalize treatment evidence using observational data: the case of early surgery for shoulder fracture. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:190. [PMID: 35818028 PMCID: PMC9275148 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative effectiveness research (CER) using observational databases has been suggested to obtain personalized evidence of treatment effectiveness. Inferential difficulties remain using traditional CER approaches especially related to designating patients to reference classes a priori. A novel Instrumental Variable Causal Forest Algorithm (IV-CFA) has the potential to provide personalized evidence using observational data without designating reference classes a priori, but the consistency of the evidence when varying key algorithm parameters remains unclear. We investigated the consistency of IV-CFA estimates through application to a database of Medicare beneficiaries with proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) that previously revealed heterogeneity in the effects of early surgery using instrumental variable estimators. Methods IV-CFA was used to estimate patient-specific early surgery effects on both beneficial and detrimental outcomes using different combinations of algorithm parameters and estimate variation was assessed for a population of 72,751 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries with PHFs in 2011. Classification and regression trees (CART) were applied to these estimates to create ex-post reference classes and the consistency of these classes were assessed. Two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimators were applied to representative ex-post reference classes to scrutinize the estimates relative to known 2SLS properties. Results IV-CFA uncovered substantial early surgery effect heterogeneity across PHF patients, but estimates for individual patients varied with algorithm parameters. CART applied to these estimates revealed ex-post reference classes consistent across algorithm parameters. 2SLS estimates showed that ex-post reference classes containing older, frailer patients with more comorbidities, and lower utilizers of healthcare were less likely to benefit and more likely to have detriments from higher rates of early surgery. Conclusions IV-CFA provides an illuminating method to uncover ex-post reference classes of patients based on treatment effects using observational data with a strong instrumental variable. Interpretation of treatment effect estimates within each ex-post reference class using traditional CER methods remains conditional on the extent of measured information in the data. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-022-01663-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Brooks
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics - Arnold School of Public Health Greenville, 915 Greene Street #302D, 29208, Columbia, SC, 29208-0001, USA. .,Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, USA.
| | - Cole G Chapman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.,Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, USA
| | - Sarah B Floyd
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, USA.,Clemson University College of Behavioral Social and Health Sciences, Public Health Sciences, Clemson, USA
| | - Brian K Chen
- Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, USA.,Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, USA.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, USA
| | - Michael Kissenberth
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, USA.,Prisma Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, USA
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Bullock G, Prats-Uribe A, Thigpen CA, Boyer L, Varnado K, Pequette J, Shanley E. The Impact of Statewide Limitations of Practice on High School Injury Incidence During the COVID-19 Season: An Ecological Study. Sports Health 2022; 14:656-664. [PMID: 35766456 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221106693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abrupt training stoppage can increase injury incidence and risk following return to sport. The rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections in the general population has resulted in the abrupt stoppage of high school education and sport. The objective of this study was to (1) compare injury incidence proportion (IP) and excess injury in high school athletes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (2) stratify by identified gender. HYPOTHESIS The COVID-19 academic year will demonstrate increased injury incidence, and injury incidence will be similar between genders. STUDY DESIGN Ecological. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS High schools (6 states; 176 high schools) were matched between prepandemic and pandemic years. Injury IP with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Interrupted time series models with robust errors were performed to assess the IP ratio and excess injury incidence between prepandemic and pandemic academic calendar years. RESULTS A total of 98,487 athletes participated in high school sport in the prepandemic year and 72,521 athletes in the pandemic year; 15,477 injuries were reported in the prepandemic year compared with 14,057 injuries during the pandemic year. Injury IP (CI) was 15.7 (15.5-15.9) and 19.4 (19.1-19.7) for the prepandemic and pandemic years, respectively. Injury incidence ratio increased by 1.3 (1.2-1.5) between the prepandemic and pandemic years. Excess injuries were 1812 greater in the pandemic year compared with the prepandemic year. Female and male athlete incidence ratios were similar. CONCLUSION Prolonged sport stoppage due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased injury incidence compared with the previous high school academic year. CLINICAL RELEVANCE High school sports stakeholders should consider longer periods of ramp up for training in lieu of future sport stoppages compared with usual preseason training. These data may also have more generalizable implications to other abrupt sport and physical activity stoppage scenarios such as earthquakes and hurricanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Albert Prats-Uribe
- Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy.,University of South Carolina Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics, Greenville, South Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy.,University of South Carolina Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics, Greenville, South Carolina
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18
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Teske LG, Pill SG, Lutz A, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Adams KJ, Bohon H, Graham GD, Marston G, Walker KB, Kissenberth MJ. Single shot interscalene regional anesthesia provides noninferior analgesia and decreased complications compared with an indwelling catheter for arthroscopic and reconstructive shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:S152-S157. [PMID: 35301140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an abundance of literature comparing the efficacy, safety, and complication rates of regional anesthesia in shoulder surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare analgesia efficacy, and complication rates between single shot and continuous catheters in patients undergoing arthroscopic or reconstructive shoulder surgery in a large cohort. METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 1888) who underwent shoulder arthroplasty or arthroscopic shoulder surgery and had regional anesthesia were included. Patients had either a single-shot interscalene block (SSIB) or an SSIB with a continuous interscalene nerve block with a catheter (CIB). The decision for SSIB or CIB was selected based on patient risk factors and surgeon preference. Patients received phone calls on postoperative days 1, 2, 7, and 14 to assess for pain levels (numeric rating scale [NRS]) and complications. RESULTS One hundred sixty patients received SSIB, and 1728 patients received CIB. The postoperative NRS scores at day 1 were also similar. There were 3 complications (2%) in the SSIB group and 172 complications (10%) in the CIB group. Ten patients in the CIB group required emergency department (ED) visits secondary to block complications compared with no ED visits in the SSIB group. CONCLUSION In 1888 consecutive patients, SSIB and CIB provided similar pain relief following shoulder surgery. However, patients who received CIB had significantly more complications and ED visits than patients who received SSIB. The potential benefits of longer pain relief may not outweigh the risks of CIB vs. SSIB in common shoulder procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Teske
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physcial Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - George D Graham
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey Marston
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ. Professional Pitchers Display Differences in UCL Morphology and Elbow Gapping During Moving Valgus Stress Testing After UCLR: Response. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221103595. [PMID: 35770139 PMCID: PMC9234845 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Yeazell S, Lutz A, Bohon H, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Increased stiffness and reoperation rate in partial rotator cuff repairs treated with a bovine patch: a propensity-matched trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2022; 31:S131-S135. [PMID: 35288296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treating high-grade (grade 2 and 3) partial-thickness rotator cuff tears after failed conservative care remains challenging. Arthroscopic repair techniques are often considered with or without subacromial decompression and biological injections. More recently, a bioinductive bovine collagen patch (Regeneten; Smith & Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA) has been proposed to create a healing response and thicken the injured tendon. Although promising early results have been shown, previous studies lacked control subjects or comparison to other surgical treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare the reoperation rates of arthroscopic débridement and repair without a bioinductive collagen patch vs. arthroscopic débridement and repair with a bioinductive collagen patch in patients with high-grade partial-thickness rotator cuff tears in whom a minimum of 6 months of nonoperative treatment failed. METHODS Thirty-two patients with high-grade partial-thickness supraspinatus tears were treated with surgical repair with a bioinductive patch. A control group of 32 patients with high-grade partial-thickness supraspinatus tears treated with débridement or tear completion and repair without a bioinductive patch was selected and matched for age, sex, and tear size. Patients were followed up at regular intervals of 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively, and range of motion was assessed at respective clinic visits. Stiffness and reoperations were compared between groups. RESULTS Postoperative stiffness was observed in the first 12 weeks in 8 of 32 patients in the patch group compared with 1 of 32 patients in the control group. Six patients in the patch group underwent reoperations compared with no patients in the control group (P < .001). All 6 reoperations in the patch group were performed to address stiffness. There were no differences in race, smoking status, or diabetes between groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION Patients in the patch group had a significantly higher rate of postoperative stiffness. In the majority of patients in whom shoulder stiffness developed, reoperation was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Yeazell
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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21
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Lutz AD, Windsor BA, Shanley E, Denninger TR, Harrington SE, Thigpen CA. A comparison of treatment signatures of high and low performing physical therapists for patients with lower back pain: analysis of spine care from a physical therapy outcomes registry. Spine J 2022; 22:847-856. [PMID: 34813956 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lower back pain (LBP) is the most common orthopedic complaint in the United States. Physical therapy is recommended as a conservative, non-pharmacological intervention for LBP. While it is thought that skill level and effectiveness of physical therapists differ, there is little understanding regarding characteristics that distinguish high and low performing physical therapists. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in care delivery, termed treatment signatures, between high and low performing physical therapists previously differentiated by a risk-adjusted performance measure. METHODS Using previously published methodology, 1,240 physical therapists were classified as "outperforming", "meeting expectations", or "underperforming" relative to predicted change in Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (MDQ) across patients receiving care for LBP. Patients were divided into quartiles of baseline disability per initial MDQ. Two-way analyses of variance were used to compare billed (1) active, exercise-based units per visit (UPV), (2) manual therapy UPV, (3) modality UPV, and (4) the combination of active and manual therapy UPV (broadly termed skilled UPV) by performance cohort and baseline patient disability quartile among physical therapists deemed "outperforming" and "underperforming". Tukey's post hoc tests established mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Physical therapists that "outperformed" (n=120; 17,404 patients) used more active UPV (mean difference (diff) = 0.1, p<.001), manual therapy UPV (mean diff = 0.2, p<.001), and skilled UPV (mean diff = 0.3, p<.001), and less modality UPV (mean diff = 0.1, P < 0.001) than those that "underperformed" (n=139; 21,800 patients). Tukey's post hoc tests showed that while differences in care were negligible in patients with low baseline disability, the highest performing PT cohort delivered skilled (0.4 UPV), active (0.2 UPV), and manual therapy (0.2 UPV) UPV at a significantly higher mean rate in patients with the highest baseline disability. CONCLUSIONS Clinically effective physical therapists incorporated a treatment signature that included a consistent blend of skilled active and manual therapy interventions that was distinct from lower performing physical therapists. While group mean differences were relatively small, a consistent pattern emerged in which high performing physical therapists maintained a high level of skilled, one-on-one interventions across their entire caseload-while their lower performing counterparts significantly decreased use of the same interventions as baseline disability increased. These differences highlighted a treatment signature that was associated with clinically important improvements for patients with greater baseline disability. Future guideline recommendations should consider the importance of baseline disability and the consistent application of skilled active and manual therapy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA; University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Shana E Harrington
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, SC, USA
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Collins GS, Arden NK, Noonan TK, Kissenberth MJ, Shanley E. Machine Learning Does Not Improve Humeral Torsion Prediction Compared to Regression in Baseball Pitchers. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:390-399. [PMID: 35391864 PMCID: PMC8975570 DOI: 10.26603/001c.32380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humeral torsion is an important osseous adaptation in throwing athletes that can contribute to arm injuries. Currently there are no cheap and easy to use clinical tools to measure humeral torsion, inhibiting clinical assessment. Models with low error and "good" calibration slope may be helpful for prediction. Hypothesis/Purpose To develop prediction models using a range of machine learning methods to predict humeral torsion in professional baseball pitchers and compare these models to a previously developed regression-based prediction model. Study Design Prospective cohort. Methods An eleven-year professional baseball cohort was recruited from 2009-2019. Age, arm dominance, injury history, and continent of origin were collected as well as preseason shoulder external and internal rotation, horizontal adduction passive range of motion, and humeral torsion were collected each season. Regression and machine learning models were developed to predict humeral torsion followed by internal validation with 10-fold cross validation. Root mean square error (RMSE), which is reported in degrees (°) and calibration slope (agreement of predicted and actual outcome; best = 1.00) were assessed. Results Four hundred and seven pitchers (Age: 23.2 +/-2.4 years, body mass index: 25.1 +/-2.3 km/m2, Left-Handed: 17%) participated. Regression model RMSE was 12° and calibration was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.06). Random Forest RMSE was 9° and calibration was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.37). Gradient boosting machine RMSE was 9° and calibration was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.14). Support vector machine RMSE was 10° and calibration was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.18). Artificial neural network RMSE was 15° and calibration was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.09). Conclusion This is the first study to show that machine learning models do not improve baseball humeral torsion prediction compared to a traditional regression model. While machine learning models demonstrated improved RMSE compared to the regression, the machine learning models displayed poorer calibration compared to regression. Based on these results it is recommended to use a simple equation from a statistical model which can be quickly and efficiently integrated within a clinical setting. Levels of Evidence 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences; ATI Physical Therapy
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford
| | - Thomas K Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine; University of Colorado Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- University of South Carolina Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences; ATI Physical Therapy
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Arnold AJ, Thigpen CA, Beattie PF, Fritz SL, Kissenberth MJ, Tokish JM, Shanley E. Normalized Isometric Shoulder Strength as a Predictor of Ball Velocity in Youth Baseball Players. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:259-269. [PMID: 35136695 PMCID: PMC8805101 DOI: 10.26603/001c.31045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased awareness of factors related to athletic performance and injury prevention, youth and adolescent baseball players continue to report injuries at alarming rates. Upper extremity muscle strength is an integral part of physical assessment and injury prevention in baseball players, however minimal data exists in youth populations. Changes in anthropometric measures, inherent in physically developing athletes, have been shown to impact strength measures, however normalization methodology is rarely reported. PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to 1) compare the measurement properties of five potential methods for normalizing isometric shoulder strength in a cohort of 9-12 year old male baseball players and 2) examine the relationship between normalized isometric shoulder strength and ball velocity in a cohort of 9-12 year old male baseball players. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study (n=159). METHODS Baseline and follow up height, weight and bilateral ulnar length measurements were assessed followed by isometric strength in both the dominant and non-dominant shoulders. Strength measures included scapular plane abduction (scaption), external rotation (ER) at 0°, ER and internal rotation (IR) at 90°. Ball velocity was assessed as a measure of throwing performance. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1), standard errors of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC95) were calculated for all strength measures. Repeated measures ANOVA were conducted comparing changes in normalized strength using five separate anthropometric measures: weight, height, body mass index, ulnar length and % of non-dominant shoulder strength. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between normalized isometric shoulder strength and ball velocity. Statistical significance was set a priori at α=0.05. RESULTS Shoulder strength normalized using ulnar length was the only method that demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC2,1 0.98-0.99) and detected significant changes between strength in each of the four measures tested (SEM 0.39-0.69 Nm). Modest but significant correlations were observed between scaption and ball velocity (r2 = 0.27, p < 0.001) and ER at 0° and ball velocity (r2 = 0.23, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Ulnar length was the most stable and reliable normalization method for assessing isometric shoulder strength in youth baseball players. In addition, normalized scaption strength was the most significant predictor of ball velocity, followed by ER at 0° strength in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b (etiology).
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Bullock GS, Thigpen CA, Collins GS, Arden NK, Noonan TK, Kissenberth MJ, Shanley E. Hazard of Arm Injury in Professional Starting and Relief Pitchers. J Athl Train 2022; 57:65-71. [PMID: 35040985 PMCID: PMC8775284 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0262.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT How different pitching roles affect the risk of arm injury in professional pitchers is currently unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate differences between professional baseball starting and relief pitchers in the hazard of (1) arm injury and (2) elbow and shoulder injury. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Minor League Baseball (MiLB) from 2013 to 2019. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Pitchers in MiLB. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Pitchers were followed for the entire MiLB season, and athlete-exposures and injuries were recorded. Risk ratios and risk difference were calculated between starting and relieving MiLB pitchers. A Cox survival analysis was then performed in relation to time to arm injury between starting and relieving MiLB pitchers. Subgroup analyses were conducted for elbow and shoulder injuries. RESULTS A total of 297 pitchers were included, with 85 270 player-days recorded. The incidence of arm injuries was 11.4 per 10 000 athlete-exposures. Starting pitchers demonstrated a greater risk ratio (1.2 [95% CI = 1.1, 1.3]), risk difference (13.6 [95% CI = 5.6, 21.6]), and hazard of arm injury (2.4 [95% CI = 1.5, 4.0]) than relief pitchers. No differences were observed for the hazard of elbow injury between starting and relief pitchers (1.9; 95% CI = 0.8, 4.2). Starting pitchers had a greater hazard of shoulder injury than relief pitchers (3.8 [95% CI = 2.0, 7.1]). CONCLUSIONS Starting pitchers displayed a 2.4 times greater hazard of arm injury than relief pitchers. Subgroup analyses indicated that starters exhibited a greater hazard of shoulder injury than relievers, but no differences occurred for the hazard of elbow injury. However, due to the wide CIs, these subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution. Clinicians may need to consider cumulative exposure and fatigue and how these factors relate to different pitching roles when assessing the risk of pitching arm injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S. Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
,Center for sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, UK
,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Charles A. Thigpen
- University of South Carolina, Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville
,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC
| | - Gary S. Collins
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Nigel K. Arden
- Center for sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, UK
,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas K. Noonan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
,University of Colorado Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Englewood
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- University of South Carolina, Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville
,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC
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Bullock GS, Nicholson KF, Waterman BR, Niesen E, Salamh P, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Devaney L, Collins GS, Arden NK, Filbay SR. Health Conditions, Substance Use, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Current and Former Baseball Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211056645. [PMID: 34881341 PMCID: PMC8647246 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211056645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A comprehensive understanding of lifestyle (health conditions and substance use), health-related quality of life (HRQoL), flourishing (holistic representation of health), and physical activity can inform stakeholders (players, coaches, and clinicians) and help improve long-term health across the life span. Purpose: To describe health conditions (comorbidities or diagnoses), substance use, physical activity, HRQoL, and flourishing in current and former collegiate and professional baseball players and to assess the relationship between playing position and HRQoL/flourishing in former baseball players. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Eligible participants were those ≥18 years old with ≥1 season of collegiate or professional baseball experience. Participants completed a survey on health conditions (asthma, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and depression), substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and energy drinks), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form), HRQoL (Veterans Rand 12-Item Health Survey [VR-12] physical and mental component scores), and flourishing (Flourishing Scale). Adjusted multivariable regressions were performed for HRQoL and flourishing. Results: Overall, 260 baseball players opened the survey, and 214 (current players, 97; former players, 117) participated for an 82% response rate. Of the former players, 32% had hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. In addition, 26% of current players had used smokeless tobacco (median, 3 years; interquartile range [IQR], 1-5 years) as compared with 34% of former players (median, 15 years; IQR, 5-25 years). In addition, 14% of current players had used electronic cigarettes (median, 2 years; IQR, 0-4 years) as opposed to 3% of former (median, 3 years; IQR, 2-4 years). Energy drinks were consumed by 31% and 14%, respectively, of current and former players on at least a weekly basis. Current baseball players performed 8667 metabolic equivalents per week of physical activity as opposed to 3931 in former players. Pitching was associated with worse VR-12 Mental Component Scores (–5.0; 95% confidence interval, –9.0 to –1.0). Playing position was not related to VR-12 Physical Component Scores or flourishing in former baseball players. Conclusion: The similar smokeless tobacco prevalence between current and former baseball players suggests that they may start using tobacco products during baseball participation and continue after retirement. Similar reported HRQoL as compared with the general US population and high flourishing and physical activity levels suggest that baseball players may present with good musculoskeletal and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristen F Nicholson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Niesen
- Houston Astros Baseball Club, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Salamh
- Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Laurie Devaney
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie R Filbay
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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DeFroda SF, Sugimoto D, Staffa SJ, Bae DS, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Kriz PK. Reliability of an Observational Biomechanical Analysis Tool in Adolescent Baseball Pitchers. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1523-1531. [PMID: 34909257 PMCID: PMC8637241 DOI: 10.26603/001c.29869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improper pitching mechanics are a risk factor for arm injuries. While 3-dimensional (3D) motion analysis remains the gold standard for evaluation, most pitchers and clinicians do not have access to this costly technology. Recent advances in 2-dimensional (2D) video technology provide acceptable resolution for clinical analysis. However, no systematic assessment tools for pitching analysis exist. PURPOSE To determine the reliability of the Assessment of biomeChanical Efficiency System (ACES) screening tool using 2D video analysis to identify common biomechanical errors in adolescent pitchers. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Adolescent baseball pitchers underwent analysis using 2D video in indoor settings. Observational mechanics were collected using a 20-item scoring tool (ACES) based on 2D video analysis. Fleiss' kappa, interclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and frequencies were used to examine intra-/interrater reliability based on common pitching errors. RESULTS Twenty asymptomatic pitchers ages 12-18 years were included. Total ACES scores ranged from 1 to 13, normally distributed. ACES total score demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability within each rater (ICC for rater 1 = 0.99 (95% CI; 0.98, 0.99); ICC for rater 2 = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97); ICC for rater 3 = 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96, 0.99)). There was excellent interrater reliability across the trials and raters (ICC = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96). The ACES tool demonstrated acceptable kappas for individual items and strong ICC 0.91 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.96) for total scores across the trials. Regarding identification of biomechanical errors, "front side position" was rated erroneous in 84/120 ratings (70%), stride length in 52/120 ratings (43.3%) and lead hip position in 53/120 ratings (44.2%). CONCLUSIONS The 20-item ACES scoring tool with 2D video analysis demonstrated excellent intra- and interrater reliability when utilized by raters of different musculoskeletal disciplines. Future studies validating 2D vs. 3D methodology are warranted before ACES is widely disseminated and utilized for adolescent pitchers. ACES is a practical and reliable clinical assessment tool utilizing 2D video analysis for coaches, instructors, and sports medicine providers to screen adolescent pitchers for common biomechanical errors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F DeFroda
- Departments of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Steven J Staffa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Donald S Bae
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy; Hawkins Foundation; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy; Hawkins Foundation; Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopedics
| | - Peter K Kriz
- Departments of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
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Kissenberth MJ, Thigpen CA, Bailey LB, Campbell J, Geist DJ, Schweppe ML, Wyland DJ, Hawkins RJ, Noonan TJ, Shanley E. Professional Pitchers Display Differences in UCL Morphology and Elbow Gapping During Moving Valgus Stress Testing After UCL Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211035734. [PMID: 34746324 PMCID: PMC8564131 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211035734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction (UCLR) of the elbow has
received much attention given the rise in incidence among baseball pitchers.
Stress ultrasonography has been demonstrated to be a critical evaluation
tool of the UCL. No study has dynamically evaluated the ability of UCLR to
restore normal kinematics. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare ulnohumeral gapping during a moving
valgus stress test as well as UCL thickness between professional pitchers
with and without UCLR. We hypothesized that the ulnohumeral joint will
display greater gapping and the UCL graft will be thicker in pitchers after
UCLR compared with uninjured pitchers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Ultrasonography was used to measure the medial ulnohumeral joint distance and
the UCL thickness of 70 asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers; 6 of
the participants had a history of UCLR. Images were captured of the dominant
(D) and nondominant (ND) elbows at the maximal cocking position under 2
loaded conditions within the moving valgus stress test arc: (1) gravity
stress and (2) 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of valgus force using a dynamometer. Intra-
and interrater reliability of the measurements was established with
intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Separate mixed-model analyses of
variance (D side × UCL) were used to compare the D and ND elbow variables
between pitchers with and without a history of UCLR. Results: All measurements displayed good reliability according to ICCs. Pitchers with
a history of UCLR demonstrated less gapping (5.6 ± 2.9 vs 4.2 ± 1.2 mm;
P = .002) and greater UCL graft thickness (0.17 ± 0.07
vs 0.11 ± 0.08 mm; P = .03) compared with the native
ligament in pitchers without prior UCL injury. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the UCLR results in a thicker, stiffer construct
with less medial elbow gapping than the anatomical UCL. Using ultrasound to
evaluate the UCL was a reliable, efficient, and clinically feasible method
to assess UCL thickness and joint gapping in players with a history of UCLR.
Future studies may consider this approach to evaluate surgical techniques
and graft types for UCLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kissenberth
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,Hawkins Foundation, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Hawkins Foundation, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Joel Campbell
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Derik J Geist
- West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Douglas J Wyland
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,Hawkins Foundation, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Noonan
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic Denver, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Hawkins Foundation, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
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Bullock GS, Nicholson KF, Waterman BR, Niesen E, Salamh P, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Devaney LL, Tokish JM, Collins GS, Arden NK, Filbay SR. Persistent joint pain and arm function in former baseball players. JSES Int 2021; 5:912-919. [PMID: 34505105 PMCID: PMC8411053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baseball has specific sport and positional demands that may modify joint pain compared with other sports. Persistent joint pain reduces function and is an underlying reason for seeking medical care. The pain and functional status of players after they stop competitive play are unknown. Such knowledge can assist clinicians in creating personalized physical examinations and interventions for baseball players as they transition to retirement. The purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate persistent joint pain and arm function in former baseball players and (2) determine whether playing position is associated with increased odds of joint pain and reduced arm function in former baseball players. Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed. Eligibility criteria consisted of (1) played ≥1 collegiate baseball season, (2) aged ≥18 years, and (3) formerly played baseball (currently retired). Outcomes assessed included persistent joint pain and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE). Explanatory variables included playing position (position, two-way, or pitcher). Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were performed. Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, arm dominance, playing standard, years played baseball, and injury and surgery history. Results A total of 117 former baseball players participated (age: 36.8 [13.7] years). The mean dominant SANE score was 70.2 (standard deviation 24.1), and the mean nondominant SANE score was 85.2 (standard deviation 19.4). There was no difference in dominant arm SANE scores when stratified by arm injury history (4.6 [95% confidence interval: −14.9, 5.8]) or arm surgery history (−3.8 [95% confidence interval: 13.4, 5.8]). The shoulders had the greatest persistent joint pain prevalence (28% of all participants) and elbows (21% of all participants). There was no relationship between dominant arm pain or function and playing position. Conclusion This is the first study to demonstrate an increase in dominant arm disability in former baseball players. The high prevalence of persistent arm pain and poor arm function among former baseball players is concerning considering participants were younger than 40 years of age. No differences were observed in arm function when stratifying by arm history, surgery, or position demonstrating the potential relationship between baseball participation and arm disability after cessation of play. Clinicians should consider working with baseball players to develop long-term strategies to maintain joint health, especially in the throwing arm, when baseball players are transitioning to retirement. Future research is needed to understand the long-term effectiveness of clinical treatments and the implications of specific arm injuries such as ulnar collateral ligament tears on persistent arm pain and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kristen F Nicholson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eric Niesen
- Athletic Department, University of Georgetown, Washington DC, USA
| | - Paul Salamh
- Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Laurie L Devaney
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Agriculture, Health, and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John M Tokish
- Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie R Filbay
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ahearn BM, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Pill SG, Kissenberth MJ. Factors influencing time to return to sport following clavicular fractures in adolescent athletes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:S140-S144. [PMID: 33895299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a trend toward increased surgical treatment of displaced clavicle fractures in the adolescent population presumably because of extrapolation of adult-derived best practice guidelines. The purpose of this study was to compare return to sport between nonoperative and operative treatment of clavicle fractures in high school athletes. METHODS A retrospective review of clavicle fractures sustained in scholastic athletes participating in school-sponsored athletics in the upstate South Carolina was performed from 2015 to 2019. Injury circumstances, demographics, radiographs, treatment, and return to sport data were documented for all patients. Radiographs were evaluated for fracture location, comminution, displacement, shortening, and angulation. Patients were followed until complete return to sport, and results were compared based on sport participation, injury mechanism, fracture morphology, treatment type, and time to return to sport. RESULTS Forty-seven patients (44 were male; average age 15.6 years) were included who all returned to sport within the original or subsequent season. Thirty-six patients (73%) were managed conservatively (30 middle third fractures, 4 medial third fractures, 2 distal third fractures), whereas 11 were managed surgically (11 middle third fractures). Eighty-one percent of fractures occured in collision athletes (55% in football). There was no difference in time loss based on participating in collision vs. noncontact sports (P = .4). Conservatively managed fractures returned to sport faster (61 ± 38 days vs. 100 ± 49 days; P = .008) compared with surgically managed patients. Fracture displacement ≥100% (100 ± 51 days vs. 54 ± 27 days; P = .001), greater comminution (128 ± 50 days vs. 59 ± 31 days; P = .001), and angulation (86 ± 52 days vs. 54 ± 22 days; P = .001) all were statistically significant for slower return to sport. Athletes presenting with clavicular shortening <2 cm returned to sport within a similar time frame as athletes with ≥2 cm (P = 0.1). CONCLUSION Our results show that adolescent athletes with clavicular fractures predictably return to athletics, including collision sports. Athletes conservatively managed returned 40% faster than those with surgery. However, this appears to be associated with the severity and complexity of fractures treated surgically. This study provides evidence to counsel adolescent athletes following clavicular fractures on return to sport expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briggs M Ahearn
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Teske LG, Arvesen J, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG, Lutz A, Adams KJ, Thigpen CA, Tokish JM, Momaya A, Shanley E. Athletes diagnosed with anterior and posterior shoulder instability display different chief complaints and disability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:S21-S26. [PMID: 33895304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior shoulder instability is a common complaint of young athletes. Posterior instability in this population is less well understood, and the standard of care has not been defined. The purpose of the study is to compare index frequency, treatment choice, and athlete disability following an incident of anterior or posterior shoulder instability in high school and collegiate athletes. METHODS A total of 58 high school and collegiate athletes (n=30 athletes with anterior instability; n=28 athletes with posterior instability) were included. Athletes suffering from a traumatic sport-related shoulder instability episode during a team-sponsored practice or game were identified by their school athletic trainer. Athletes were referred to the sports medicine physician or orthopedic surgeon for diagnosis and initial treatment choice (operative vs. nonoperative). Athletes diagnosed with traumatic anterior or posterior instability who completed the full course of treatment and provided pre- and post-treatment patient-reported outcome measures were included in the study. The frequency of shoulder instability was compared by direction, mechanism of injury (MOI), and treatment choice through χ2 analyses. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the functional outcomes by treatment type and direction of instability (α = 0.05). RESULTS Athletes diagnosed with anterior instability were more likely to report a chief complaint of instability (70%), whereas those diagnosed with posterior instability reported a primary complaint of pain interfering with function (96%) (P = .001). The primary MOI classified as a contact event was similar between anterior and posterior instability groups (77% vs. 54%, P = .06) as well as the decision to proceed with surgery (60% vs. 72%, P = .31). In patients with nonoperative care, athletes with anterior instability had significantly more initial disability than those with posterior instability (32±6.1 vs. 58±8.1, P = .001). Pre- and post-treatment Penn Shoulder Scores for athletes treated with early surgery were similar (P > .05). There were no differences in functional outcomes at discharge in those treated nonoperatively regardless of direction of instability (P = .24); however, change in Penn score was significantly greater in those with anterior (61±18.7) than those with posterior (27 ± 25.2) instability (P = .002). CONCLUSION Athletes with anterior instability appear to have different mechanisms and complaints than those with posterior instability. Among those that receive nonoperative treatment, athletes with anterior instability have significantly greater initial disability and change in disability than those with posterior disability during course of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Teske
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - John Arvesen
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amit Momaya
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kaiser TJ, Shanley E, Denninger TR, Reuschel B, Kissenberth MJ, Tolan SJ, Thigpen CA, Pill SG. Preoperative screening in patients having elective shoulder surgery reveals a high rate of fall risk. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021; 30:S84-S88. [PMID: 33895300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fall risk is an acknowledged but relatively understudied concern for older patients undergoing shoulder surgery. The cause is multifactorial, and it includes advanced age, impaired upper extremity function, use of shoulder abduction braces, and postoperative use of opioid medications. No previous study has examined preoperative fall risk in patients undergoing elective shoulder surgery. Previous literature looking at fall risk in elective orthopedic procedures has predominantly focused on falls occurring in the hospital setting, although falls have also been shown to occur in the outpatient setting. Gait speed and Timed Up and Go (TUG) are well-researched functional measures in the aging population with established cutoff scores indicating increased fall risk. The purpose of this study was to quantify gait speed and TUG scores in a series of patients who were scheduled to undergo either rotator cuff repair (RCR) or total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in order to assess overall risk of fall in these populations. METHODS A total of 198 patients scheduled for TSA or RCR surgery were evaluated preoperatively from multiple outpatient physical therapy clinics within Greenville, South Carolina. The TUG score (>14 seconds considered high fall risk) and 10 Meter Walk test (<0.7 m/s considered high risk for falls) were recorded for each patient. Patient-reported outcomes were also collected, including Veteran's Rand 12 Physical Component and Mental Component Scores, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form score, and the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation. RESULTS Patients undergoing TSA (n = 80; 65.4 ± 11.4 years) were older than those undergoing RCR (n = 118; 59.0 ± 14.2 years). Fifty-nine percent of all patients were classified as being a high risk for falls based on gait speed <0.7 m/s. Patients in the TSA group were more likely to display preoperative fall risk compared to patients in the RCR group (62% vs. 38%; χ2 = 8.9, P = .03). There were no significant differences in ambulatory status, Veteran's Rand 12 Physical Component and Mental Component Scores, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, or Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores between groups (P = .11). DISCUSSION Both patient groups demonstrated a high rate of fall risk in preoperative evaluation. Patients undergoing TSA more often displayed fall risk compared with patients undergoing RCR. Although patients in the TSA group were older, there was no association between age or ambulatory status and fall risk. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that fall risk screening may be important for patients undergoing TSA and RCR surgeries. The higher fall risk in the TSA group may be an important consideration as this procedure shifts toward outpatient status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kaiser
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Beth Reuschel
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Stefan J Tolan
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Bhavsar NA, Doerfler SM, Giczewska A, Alhanti B, Lutz A, Thigpen CA, George SZ. Prevalence and predictors of no-shows to physical therapy for musculoskeletal conditions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251336. [PMID: 34048440 PMCID: PMC8162651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic pain affects 50 million Americans and is often treated with non-pharmacologic approaches like physical therapy. Developing a no-show prediction model for individuals seeking physical therapy care for musculoskeletal conditions has several benefits including enhancement of workforce efficiency without growing the existing provider pool, delivering guideline adherent care, and identifying those that may benefit from telehealth. The objective of this paper was to quantify the national prevalence of no-shows for patients seeking physical therapy care and to identify individual and organizational factors predicting whether a patient will be a no-show when seeking physical therapy care. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Commercial provider of physical therapy within the United States with 828 clinics across 26 states. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent and adult patients (age cutoffs: 14-117 years) seeking non-pharmacological treatment for musculoskeletal conditions from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017 (n = 542,685). Exclusion criteria were a primary complaint not considered an MSK condition or improbable values for height, weight, or body mass index values. The study included 444,995 individuals. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of no-shows for musculoskeletal conditions and predictors of patient no-show. RESULTS In our population, 73% missed at least 1 appointment for a given physical therapy care episode. Our model had moderate discrimination for no-shows (c-statistic:0.72, all appointments; 0.73, first 7 appointments) and was well calibrated, with predicted and observed no-shows in good agreement. Variables predicting higher no-show rates included insurance type; smoking-status; higher BMI; and more prior cancellations, time between visit and scheduling date, and between current and previous visit. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of no-shows when seeking care for musculoskeletal conditions from physical therapists highlights an inefficiency that, unaddressed, could limit delivery of guideline-adherent care that advocates for earlier use of non-pharmacological treatments for musculoskeletal conditions and result in missed opportunities for using telehealth to deliver physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nrupen A. Bhavsar
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
| | - Shannon M. Doerfler
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
| | - Anna Giczewska
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
| | - Brooke Alhanti
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
| | - Adam Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, United Stated of America
- Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United Stated of America
| | - Charles A. Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, United Stated of America
- Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United Stated of America
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United Stated of America
| | - Steven Z. George
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United Stated of America
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George SZ, Giczewska A, Alhanti B, Lutz AD, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Bhavsar NA. Predicting Recurrent Care Seeking of Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions. Pain Med 2021; 22:1837-1849. [PMID: 33905514 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Musculoskeletal pain conditions are a leading cause of pain and disability internationally and a common reason to seek health care. Accurate prediction of recurrence of health care seeking due to musculoskeletal conditions could allow for better tailoring of treatment. The aim of this project was to characterize patterns of recurrent physical therapy seeking for musculoskeletal pain conditions and to develop a preliminary prediction model to identify those at increased risk of recurrent care seeking. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Ambulatory care. SUBJECTS Patients (n = 578,461) seeking outpatient physical therapy (United States). METHODS Potential predictor variables were extracted from the electronic medical record, and patients were placed into three different recurrent care categories. Logistic regression models were used to identify individual predictors of recurrent care seeking, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to develop multivariate prediction models. RESULTS The accuracy of models for different definitions of recurrent care ranged from 0.59 to 0.64 (c-statistic), and individual predictors were identified from multivariate models. Predictors of increased risk of recurrent care included receiving workers' compensation and Medicare insurance, having comorbid arthritis, being postoperative at the time of the first episode, age range of 44-64 years, and reporting night sweats or night pain. Predictors of decreased risk of recurrent care included lumbar pain, chronic injury, neck pain, pregnancy, age range of 25-44 years, and smoking. CONCLUSION This analysis identified a preliminary predictive model for recurrence of care seeking of physical therapy, but model accuracy needs to improve to better guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Z George
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery.,Duke Clinical Research Institute
| | | | | | - Adam D Lutz
- ATI Physical Therapy, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Nrupen A Bhavsar
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Kwapisz A, Rogers JP, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Newton E, Adams KJ, Alexander R, Hawkins RJ, Kissenberth MJ, Tokish JM, Pill SG. Infraspinatus or teres minor fatty infiltration does not influence patient outcomes after reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a lateralized glenoid. JSES Int 2021; 5:109-113. [PMID: 33554175 PMCID: PMC7846691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies show that reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) may improve forward elevation (FE) but external rotation may remain impaired with substantial teres minor fatty infiltration. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fatty infiltration on postoperative range of motion (ROM) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after RSA with a more lateralized center of rotation. Methods About 69 patients (average age 69 years; 44 women, 25 men) with preoperative MRI, 1-year postoperative ROM, 2-year Veteran's Rand Survey, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons subjective form, and Single Alpha-Numeric Evaluation scores who underwent RSA with a lateralized glenoid component between 2010 and 2014 were identified. Patients with Fuchs stage 3 fatty degeneration were compared with patients with Fuchs stage ≤ 2 using a one-way ANOVA. Results Eleven patients had Fuchs stage 3 in the teres minor and 28 with stage 3 in the infraspinatus. Charlson comorbidity indices, Veteran's Rand Survey scores, age, and BMI were not different between groups. There were no differences after one year (follow-up = 15 ± 14 months) in FE (FE = 128 ± 29) or external rotation (33 ± 13) between groups. There were no differences in two-year minimum (follow-up = 42.9 ± 17.9 months) American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores between degenerated teres minor (76.4 ± 20) or infraspinatus (69.1 ± 24) groups. Conclusion This is the first study to assess the influence of teres minor and infraspinatus fatty infiltration on the postoperative ROM and PROs with a more lateralized glenoid RSA implant. Our results show that in a more lateralized RSA, neither teres minor nor infraspinatus fatty infiltration appear to negatively influence ROM or PROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kwapisz
- Hawkins Foundation, Greenville, SC, USA.,Clinic of Orthopaedics and Pediatric Orthopedics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jason P Rogers
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | - Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
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Longstaffe R, Dickerson P, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Kissenberth MJ, Folk J, Pill SG. Both open and endoscopic gluteal tendon repairs lead to functional improvement with similar failure rates: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2020; 6:28-34. [PMID: 33833043 DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Operative treatment of gluteal tendon tears is becomingly increasingly more common with varying surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of gluteal tendon repair as it relates to tear characteristics, rehabilitation protocols, patient-reported outcomes, satisfaction, resolution of gait deviation and complication rates. EVIDENCE REVIEW A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and Embase/MEDLINE was used to identify all literature pertaining to gluteal tendon repair. A total of 389 articles were identified. FINDINGS A total of 22 studies (611 hips) were included in this review. The majority of tears were noted to be partial thickness (77.9% vs 22.1%). Both arthroscopic and open repair demonstrated improvements in functional outcomes. Within studies documenting gait deviation, 54% were noted to have gait deviation preoperatively, of which approximately 70% had resolution following repair. On average, abduction strength increased almost one whole grade (0.84) following repair. Overall complication rate was found to be 5.2% (20 of 388 hips). Endoscopic repair demonstrated a decreased complication rate compared with open (0.7% vs 7.8%). Retear rate was found to be 3.8%, with open repair having a slightly increased rate compared with endoscopic repair (3.4% vs 4.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The majority of tears tend to be partial thickness with involvement of gluteus medius in almost all cases and concomitant involvement of gluteus minimus in close to half of cases. Both endoscopic and open gluteal tendon repairs resulted in improvements in outcomes and functional improvement. Retear rates were similar between the two repair techniques, while endoscopic repair demonstrated a lower complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Longstaffe
- University of Manitoba Department of Surgery, Section Orthopaedics, Pan Am Clinic, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patrick Dickerson
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen Shanley
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA.,ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Folk
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephan G Pill
- Prisma Health Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
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Tokish JM, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ, Tolan SJ, Lonergan KT, Tokish JM, Dickens JF, Hawkins RJ, Shanley E. The Nonoperative Instability Severity Index Score (NISIS): A Simple Tool to Guide Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of the Unstable Shoulder. Sports Health 2020; 12:598-602. [PMID: 32609577 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120925738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of the adolescent athlete after initial shoulder instability remains controversial. HYPOTHESIS Individual risk factors in athletes with shoulder instability who are managed nonoperatively can be integrated into a scoring system that can predict successful return to sport. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 57 scholastic athletes with primary anterior shoulder instability who were managed nonoperatively were reviewed. Success was defined as a return to index sport at the same level and playing at least 1 subsequent season without missed time as a result of the shoulder. Patient-specific risk factors were individually evaluated, and odds ratios were calculated. A 10-point Nonoperative Injury Severity Index Score (NISIS) incorporated the risk factors for failure. This score was then retrospectively applied with regression analysis and a chi-square analysis to determine the overall optimal score that predicted failure of nonoperative management. RESULTS In total, 6 risk factors for failure were included in the NISIS: age (>15 years), bone loss, type of instability, type of sport (contact vs noncontact), male sex, and arm dominance. Overall, 79% of patients treated nonoperatively were able to successfully return to sport. Nearly all (97%) low-risk patients (NISIS <7) successfully returned to sport, while only 59% of high-risk patients returned to sport, a relative risk of 12.2 (P = 0.001). High-risk patients with unipolar bone loss successfully returned (100%), but 67% of high-risk patients with bipolar bone loss failed. CONCLUSION The NISIS is a simple and effective clinical tool to determine successful nonoperative management following anterior shoulder instability and may be helpful in guiding decision making when presented with the unstable shoulder in the scholastic athlete.
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Pill SG, Rush L, Arvesen J, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Glomset JL, Longstaffe R, Kissenberth MJ. Systematic review of the treatment of acromioclavicular joint disruption comparing number of tunnels and graft type. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020; 29:S92-S100. [PMID: 32643614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of high-grade acromioclavicular separations remains unclear. The surgical interventions have shifted to more anatomic, less invasive techniques. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the outcomes and complications of anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using a tendon graft. METHODS Twenty-one studies (n = 460 patients) met the criteria for inclusion. A double clavicle tunnel tendon graft construct was used in 348 patients (75.7%), whereas a single clavicle tunnel technique was used in 112 patients (24.3%). No significant difference in loss of reduction was found between the 2 techniques. Of 460 patients, 96 (20.9%) demonstrated some form of radiographic displacement at the final follow-up. The overall complication rate was 21.3% (98 of 460), and a higher complication rate was found in the double clavicle tunnel technique (P < .001). The overall reoperation rate was 7.6% (37 of 460). The most common reason for reoperation was clavicle fracture (8 of 37). There was a statistically significant increase in reoperation when allograft was used (P = .003). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that despite newer techniques, approximately 20% of patients develop loss of reduction and/or experience a surgical complication. Attempts to minimize trauma to the clavicle and use autograft tendon may reduce the risk of reoperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan G Pill
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
| | - Lane Rush
- Rush Health Systems, Meridian, MI, USA
| | - John Arvesen
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | | | | | - John L Glomset
- Oklahoma Sports and Orthopedic Institute, SSM Health Medical Group, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health-Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
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Chapman CG, Hudspeth J, Floyd SB, Carnahan R, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ. Increased opioid use following rotator cuff repair associated with prior opioid use and surgeon prescription patterns. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2020; 29:S115-S125. [PMID: 32646593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioids are standard of care for postoperative pain management after musculoskeletal surgery, but there is no guideline or consensus on best practices. Variability in the intensity of opioids prescribed for postoperative recovery has been documented, but it is unclear whether this variability is clinically motivated or associated with provider practice patterns, or how this variation is associated with patient outcomes. This study described variation in the intensity of opioids prescribed for patients undergoing rotator cuff repair (RCR) and examined associations with provider prescribing patterns and patients' long-term opioid use outcomes. METHODS Medicare data from 2010 to 2012 were used to identify 16,043 RCRs for patients with new shoulder complaints in 2011. Two measures of perioperative opioid use were created: (1) any opioid fill occurring 3 days before to 7 days after RCR and (2) total morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) of all opioid fills during that period. Patient outcomes for persistent opioid use after RCR included (1) any opioid fill from 90 to 180 days after RCR and (2) the lack of any 30-day gap in opioid availability during that period. Generalized linear regression models were used to estimate associations between provider characteristics and opioid use for RCR, and between opioid use and outcomes. All models adjusted for patient clinical and demographic characteristics. Separate analyses were done for patients with and without opioid use in the 180 days before RCR. RESULTS In this sample, 54% of patients undergoing RCR were opioid naive at the time of RCR. Relative to prior users, a greater proportion of opioid naive users had any opioid fill (85.7% vs. 75.4%), but prior users received more MMEs than naive users (565 vs. 451 MMEs). Providers' opioid prescribing for other patients was associated with the intensity of perioperative opioids received for RCR. Total MMEs received for RCR were associated with higher odds of persistent opioid use 90-180 days after RCR. CONCLUSIONS The intensity of opioids received by patients for postoperative pain appears to be partially determined by the prescribing habits of their providers. Greater intensity of opioids received is, in turn, associated with greater odds of patterns of chronic opioid use after surgery. More comprehensive, patient-centered guidance on opioid prescribing is needed to help surgeons provide optimal postoperative pain management plans, balancing needs for short-term symptom relief and risks for long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole G Chapman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Division of Health Services Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jared Hudspeth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health - Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Sarah B Floyd
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, USA; Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ryan Carnahan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, USA; ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kissenberth
- Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Prisma Health - Upstate, Greenville, SC, USA.
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Devaney LL, Denegar CR, Thigpen CA, Lepley AS, Edgar C, DiStefano LJ. Preseason Neck Mobility Is Associated With Throwing-Related Shoulder and Elbow Injuries, Pain, and Disability in College Baseball Pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120920556. [PMID: 32523967 PMCID: PMC7235677 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120920556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers, which can lead to significant pain and disability, have been on the rise at all levels of play for 3 decades. Despite anatomic and neurophysiological relationships, neck mobility has not been explored as a contributor to shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball pitchers. Hypothesis Impaired neck mobility will increase the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in college baseball pitchers. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Posture, neck mobility, and shoulder passive range of motion were measured in healthy college baseball pitchers during the 2018 preseason. Time loss (days lost because of shoulder or elbow injuries) and patient-reported disability via Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST) scores were used to dichotomize pitchers into injured and uninjured groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and accuracy values and risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to assess the diagnostic utility of the physical measures. Time-to-injury analysis was conducted to assess the timing of injuries. Results A total of 49 pitchers (mean age, 19.92 ± 1.48 years; mean height, 187.04 ± 6.02 cm; mean weight, 89.14 ± 12.08 kg) completed the study. There were 10 pitchers (20.4%) who sustained a time-loss injury >7 days because of a shoulder or elbow injury. A Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test (CFRT) finding on the dominant side of ≤39° resulted in over 9 times the increased risk of time-loss injuries (RR, 9.38 [95% CI, 1.28-68.49]). Time-to-injury analysis demonstrated differences between the 2 groups (χ2 = 7.667; P = .01). Pitchers with a >39.25° finding on the CFRT played a mean 109.4 of 112 days (95% CI, 105-114) before the injury, while pitchers with ≤39.25° only played 83.6 of 112 days (95% CI, 68-99). A CFRT finding of ≤38° (RR, 3.91 [95% CI, 1.23-12.39]), cervical flexion range of motion of ≤64° (RR, 10.56 [95% CI, 1.50-74.34]), and weight of >86.9 kg (RR, 10.42 [95% CI, 1.14-213.70]) were also associated with an increased risk of patient-reported pain and disability on the FAST pitcher module. Conclusion College baseball pitchers with less neck mobility during the preseason had an increased risk of time loss and shoulder and elbow disability during the season. The predictive value of these measures as part of a risk screening profile should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Lee Devaney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig R Denegar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Adam S Lepley
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cory Edgar
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsay J DiStefano
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Lutz AD, Brooks JM, Chapman CG, Shanley E, Stout CE, Thigpen CA. Risk Adjustment of the Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and Neck Disability Index to Benchmark Physical Therapist Performance: Analysis From an Outcomes Registry. Phys Ther 2020; 100:609-620. [PMID: 32285130 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been touted as the ultimate assessment of quality medical care and have been proposed as performance measures after appropriate risk adjustment. Although spine conditions represent the most common orthopedic disorders, the most used PROs for disabilities related to the back and neck-the Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI)-have not been evaluated as performance measures. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to benchmark physical therapists' performance in the management of spine conditions not involving surgery through the use of risk-adjusted MDQ and NDI outcomes. DESIGN This was a retrospective observational study. METHODS Data were accessed for patients seeking physical therapy with no history of related surgery for back or neck pain (315,274 treatment episodes) between January 2015 and June 2018. Patients with complete data, including initial and matched final MDQ or NDI, were considered for analysis (182,276 patients; 2799 physical therapists). Linear models controlling for baseline PRO and patient characteristics predicted PRO change for each patient. An aggregated performance ratio of actual PRO change to predicted PRO change was calculated for each physical therapist, and then empirical bootstrapping was used to develop the median performance ratio and its confidence intervals. Physical therapists who met a 40-patient threshold for either cohort (MDQ or NDI) were classified as "outperforming," "meeting expectations," or "underperforming" relative to predicted values using these 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Performance ratios indicated that 10% and 11% of physical therapists outperformed, 79% and 78% met expectations, and 11% and 11% underperformed relative to the risk-adjusted predicted change in the MDQ (1240 therapists; 97,908 patients) and NDI (461 therapists; 26,123 patients), respectively. To demonstrate the clinical importance of risk adjustment, clinical performance was evaluated in the seemingly homogeneous subset of 208 physical therapists within 0.5 SD of the median baseline MDQ and the median actual change in the MDQ. Following risk adjustment, 2 physical therapists were classified in each of the outperforming and underperforming cohorts. LIMITATIONS The secondarily obtained observational data used were not collected for research purposes. Additionally, the analyses were limited by missing baseline information and follow-up PROs. CONCLUSIONS The risk-adjusted performance ratios for the MDQ and NDI resulted in disparate conclusions regarding the quality of care compared with the raw, unadjusted change scores. According to the baseline and unadjusted change in the MDQ, even physical therapists in the most homogeneous sample were differentiated following appropriate risk adjustment. Clinically important improvements in actual PROs were observed in the outperforming but not in the underperforming physical therapists. Clinically meaningful differences in the performance ratio are unknown and are a limitation to clinical application and an opportunity for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Lutz
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 200 Patewood Dr, Suite 150C, Greenville, SC 29615 (USA); ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina; and SC Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - John M Brooks
- SC Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina; and Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina
| | - Cole G Chapman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Health Services Research Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina; and SC Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina
| | - Chris E Stout
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy; and SC Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina
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Arnold AJ, Thigpen CA, Beattie PF, Kissenberth MJ, Tokish JM, Shanley E. Sport Specialization and Increased Injury Frequency in Youth Baseball Players: A Prospective Study. J Athl Train 2020; 54:1115-1122. [PMID: 31633417 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-349-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sport specialization is thought to be a primary contributor to the throwing-related injury risk in youth baseball players. OBJECTIVE To (1) establish arm-injury incidence in a cohort of male youth (9-12 years old) baseball players and (2) examine sport specialization and the frequency of arm injuries in the same cohort. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Greenville, South Carolina, youth baseball programs and tournaments. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 159 asymptomatic youth baseball players (age = 11.1 ± 1.1 years) were physically assessed and then were prospectively followed for 6.7 ± 1.5 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Athlete demographics and playing and injury histories were initially recorded. Athlete-exposures and presence of arm injury were prospectively tracked. All injuries were physically confirmed by a licensed physical therapist. RESULTS Youth players demonstrated an arm-injury incidence rate of 2.22 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Parents and players underestimated sport-specialization status based on the standard research definition (self versus research based: 31% versus 83%, respectively; P = .001). The frequency of arm injuries was higher in specialized players (100%) than in nonspecialized players (80%, P = .03) but did not differ between pitchers and position players (13.2% each, P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Sport specialization was associated with throwing-related arm injuries in a small cohort of youth baseball players. It is concerning that 57.9% of parents and specialized players were unaware of the athletes' status. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to further evaluate injury-risk profiles in physically developing youth populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Arnold
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center-New Orleans
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Pozzi F, Plummer HA, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Bauer C, Wilson ML, Michener LA. Preseason shoulder range of motion screening and in-season risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1019-1027. [PMID: 31937577 PMCID: PMC7456673 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterise whether preseason screening of shoulder range of motion (ROM) is associated with the risk of shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Six electronic databases up to 22 September 2018. Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria were (1) overhead athletes from Olympic or college sports, (2) preseason measures of shoulder ROM, (3) tracked in-season injuries at the shoulder and elbow, and (4) prospective cohort design. Exclusion criteria were (1) included contact injuries, (2) lower extremity, spine and hand injuries, and (3) full report not published in English. Results Fifteen studies were identified, and they included 3314 overhead athletes (baseball (74.6%), softball (3.1%), handball (16.1%), tennis (2.0%), volleyball (2.0%) and swimming (2.2%)). Female athletes are unrepresented (12% of the overall sample). Study quality ranged from 11 to 18 points on a modified Downs and Black checklist (maximum score 21, better quality). In one study, swimmers with low (<93°) or high (>100°) shoulder external rotation were at higher risk of injuries. Using data pooled from three studies of professional baseball pitchers, we showed in the meta-analysis that shoulder external rotation insufficiency (throwing arm <5° greater than the non-throwing arm) was associated with injury (odds ratio=1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 2.92, p<0.01). Conclusion Preseason screening of shoulder external rotation ROM may identify professional baseball pitchers and swimmers at risk of injury. Shoulder ROM screening may not be effective to identify handball, softball, volleyball and tennis players at risk of injuries. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and their high degree of heterogeneity. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017072895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pozzi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA .,Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ellen Shanley
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Chase Bauer
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Melissa L Wilson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lori A Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Green CE, Pastore A, Cronley L, Walker MD, Thigpen CA, Cook CE, Givens DL. Explanatory multivariate modeling for disability, pain, and claims in patients with spine pain via a physical therapy direct access model of care. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020; 32:769-777. [PMID: 30689552 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-171074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct access physical therapy (DAPT) may result in improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Prognostic factors associated with spine-related outcomes and insurance claims with DAPT are needed. OBJECTIVE To identify factors that predict variations in outcomes for spine pain and insurance claims using DAPT. METHODS Individuals (N = 250) with spine pain were analyzed. Outcomes were classified into High, Low, or Did Not Meet minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores. Claims were categorized into low, medium, or high tertiles. Prognostic variables were identified from patient information. RESULTS Females were more likely to meet High MCID (odds ratio [OR] 2.84 (95% CI = 1.32, 6.11) and Low MCID (OR 2.86, 95% CI = 1.34, 6.10). Higher initial ODI/NDI scores were associated with High MCID (OR 1.04, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.22) and Low MCID (OR 0.91, 95% CI = 0.77, 1.07). Odds of a high claim were lowered by the absence of imaging (OR 0.04, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.09) and an active versus passive treatment (OR 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.80). CONCLUSION Females and higher initial disability predicted favorable outcomes. The novel introduction of claims into the prognostic modeling supports that active interventions and avoiding imaging may reduce claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Green
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Pastore
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leah Cronley
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Merritt D Walker
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29681, USA.,Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29681, USA
| | - Chad E Cook
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Deborah L Givens
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Pontillo M, Butowicz CM, Ebaugh D, Thigpen CA, Sennett B, Silfies SP. Comparison of core neuromuscular control and lower extremity postural stability in athletes with and without shoulder injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 71:196-200. [PMID: 31775089 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kinetic chain theory is widely used as a rationale for the inclusion of core stability training in athletes. Core stability (muscle capacity and neuromuscular control) impairments may result in less than optimal performance and abnormal force dissipation to the shoulder complex that could lead to shoulder injuries. However, a paucity of literature exists to support this relationship, and no previous studies have investigated the relationship between isolated core neuromuscular control and shoulder injuries. Additionally, lower extremity postural stability has been associated with athletic function and may also be associated with shoulder injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical measures of isolated core neuromuscular control and lower extremity postural stability between athletes with and without non-traumatic shoulder injuries. METHODS Eighty athletes (55 males, age: 21.2 ± 3.3 years, 40 with a current shoulder injury) completed biomechanical measures of isolated core neuromuscular control and lower extremity postural stability. Athletes were matched by age, gender, body mass index, and sport type. MANOVAs were used to assess differences between measures of core neuromuscular control and lower extremity postural stability between groups. FINDINGS There were no statistically significant differences between athletes with and without shoulder injuries for the static core neuromuscular control measures, F(4,75) = 0.45, P = 0.78, η2 = 0.02; dynamic core neuromuscular control measures, F(4,75) = 0.81, P = 0.52, η2 = 0.04; or lower extremity postural stability measures, F(8,61) = 0.85, P = 0.56, η2 = 0.10. INTERPRETATION Although core stability is widely incorporated in rehabilitation of athletes with shoulder injuries, athletes with current non-traumatic shoulder injuries may not present with impairments in core neuromuscular control or lower extremity postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Pontillo
- Penn Sports Medicine Center, University of Pennsylvania, 235 S. 33rd Street, Ste 1, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Courtney M Butowicz
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - David Ebaugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, 200 Patewood Dr Ste 150C, 29615 Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Brian Sennett
- Penn Sports Medicine Center, University of Pennsylvania, 235 S. 33rd Street, Ste 1, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sheri P Silfies
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Garcia AN, Cook C, Lutz A, Thigpen CA. Concurrent validity of the single assessment numerical evaluation and patient-reported functional measures in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: An observational study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019; 44:102057. [PMID: 31542682 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) continue to evolve as vital measures of patient status, it may be useful to identify efficiently, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores that are valid and related to the patient's specific functional needs. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the concurrent validity between SANE scores and commonly used body region-specific functional PROMs, functional percentage change scores, and total visits in patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. METHODS 479 patients completed the SANE and one of the following PROMs at physical therapy discharge: Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire [MDQ], Neck Disability Index [NDI], Penn Shoulder Score [PSS], International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC], Lower Extremity Functional Scale [LEFS]. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between SANE and the aforementioned outcomes and total visits. RESULTS The SANE was moderately negatively correlated with the MDQ and NDI at discharge. There were high positive correlations between SANE and PSS and IKDC and moderate positive correlation between SANE and LEFS. The SANE and MDQ and IKDQ demonstrated low positive correlation for functional percentage change scores, and the SANE and NDI demonstrated moderate positive correlation for functional percentage change scores. For total visits outcome, there was a negligible negative correlation between SANE and MDQ and NDI at discharge. CONCLUSION The SANE exhibits acceptable concurrent validity across all investigated PROMs at physical therapy discharge. However, inconsistent relationships across body regions for functional percentage change and total visits suggest differences in these values as compared to raw discharge scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra N Garcia
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Chad Cook
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Adam Lutz
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, Clinical Excellence, ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville SC, 200 Patewood Dr Ste 150C, Greenville, SC, 29615, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Sr. Director of Practice Innovation & Analytics, ATI Physical Therapy, Program in Observational Clinical Research in Orthopedics, Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, 29681, USA
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Lentz TA, Goode AP, Thigpen CA, George SZ. Value-Based Care for Musculoskeletal Pain: Are Physical Therapists Ready to Deliver? Phys Ther 2019; 100:621-632. [PMID: 31764990 PMCID: PMC7439230 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early physical therapy models hold great promise for delivering high-value care for individuals with musculoskeletal pain. However, existing physical therapist practice and research standards are misaligned with value-based principles, which limits the potential for growth and sustainability of these models. This Perspective describes how the value proposition of early physical therapy can be improved by redefining harm, embracing a prognostic approach to clinical decision making, and advocating for system-wide guideline-adherent pain care. It also outlines the need to adopt a common language to describe these models and embrace new, rigorous study designs and analytical approaches to better understand where and how early physical therapy delivers value. The goal is to define a clear path forward to ensure physical therapists are aligned within health care systems to deliver on the American Physical Therapy Association's vision of high-value care in a rapidly changing health care environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Lentz
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 200 Morris St, Durham, NC 22701 USA,Address all correspondence to Dr Lentz at:
| | - Adam P Goode
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, South Carolina, and Center for Effectiveness Research in Orthopaedics, University of South Carolina, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Steven Z George
- FAPTA, Duke Clinical Research Institute, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University
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Christensen JC, Kittelson AJ, Loyd BJ, Himawan MA, Thigpen CA, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Characteristics of young and lower functioning patients following total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:483. [PMID: 31656185 PMCID: PMC6815380 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures in younger, more medically complex patients have dramatically increased over the last several decades. No study has examined categorization of lower and higher functioning subgroups within the TKA patient population. Our study aimed to determine preoperative characteristics of younger patients who are lower functioning following TKA. METHODS Patients were categorized into higher and lower functioning subgroups defined using a median split of 1) postoperative Timed Up and Go (TUG) test times and 2) Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) physical function subscale scores. A split in age (65 years) was used to further classify patients into four categories: younger lower functioning, younger higher functioning, older lower functioning and older higher functioning. Measures from preoperative domains of health, psychological, physical performance and pain severity were examined for between-group differences. RESULTS Comparing mean values, the younger lower functioning subgroup using the TUG had significantly weaker knee extensor, slower gait speed, higher body mass index and greater pain compared to other subgroups. The younger lower functioning subgroup using the WOMAC physical function subscale demonstrated higher pain levels and Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Catastrophizing Subscale scores compared to the older lower functioning subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Poorer preoperative physical performance and pain severity appear to have the largest influence on early postoperative TKA recovery in younger lower functioning patients relative to both younger and older higher functioning patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Christensen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Andrew J Kittelson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Loyd
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael A Himawan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Stevens-Lapsley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 13001 E. 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Garcia AN, Thigpen CA, Lake AD, Martinez C, Myers H, Cook C. Do older adults with shoulder disorders who meet the minimal clinically important difference also present low disability at discharge? An observational study. Braz J Phys Ther 2019; 24:152-160. [PMID: 30885628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choice of outcome success thresholds may influence clinical management, pay-for-performance, and assessment of value-based care. OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes success thresholds in older adults using two different methods: 1) Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) of the Quick-DASH and 2) Dichotomization of the Quick-DASH based on low disability rating at discharge DESIGN: An observational design (retrospective database study). SETTING Dataset of 1109 patients with shoulder disorders. PARTICIPANTS 297 older adults patients who were diagnosed with rotator cuff related shoulder disorders and were managed through physical therapy treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We categorized and calculated how many patients met 8.0 and 16.0 point changes on the Quick-DASH. To evaluate outcomes success thresholds using dichotomization, patients who discharge score of ≤20 on the Quick-DASH were considered positive responders with successful outcomes. RESULTS The percentage of positive responders who met the MCID thresholds for the Quick-DASH were 63.3% using MCID of 8.0 points, 39.7% using the MCID of 16.0 points, and 46.12% who met discharge score of ≤ 20 on the Quick-DASH. 39.0% met both MCID of 8.0 points and discharge score of ≤ 20 on the Quick-DASH. Only 28% met both MCID of 16.0 points and discharge score of = 20 on the Quick-DASH. CONCLUSION Three different success threshold derivations classified patients into three very different assessments of success. Quick-DASH scores of ≤ 20 represent low levels of self-report disability at discharge and can be a stable clinical option for a measure of success to capture whether a treatment results in meaningful improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Narciso Garcia
- Post-Doctorate, Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 2200 W. Main St. Durham, NC, USA 27708.
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Sr. Director of Practice Innovation & Analytics, ATI Physical Therapy; Director, Program in Observational Clinical Research in Orthopedics, Center for Effectiveness in Orthopedic Research, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Greenville SC USA 29681
| | - Ashley Davis Lake
- Senior Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, 3475 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Corina Martinez
- Senior Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, 3475 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Heather Myers
- Senior Physical Therapist, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, 3475 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Chad Cook
- Professor and program director, Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2200 W. Main St. Durham, NC, USA 27708
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Cook
- a Department of Orthopaedics , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.,b Duke MSK Group , Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- c ATI Physical Therapy, Department of Clinical Excellence , Greenville , SC , USA.,d Arnold School of Public Health, Center for Effectiveness in Orthopedic , University of South Carolina , Greenville , SC , USA
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Reiman MP, Walker MD, Peters S, Kilborn E, Thigpen CA, Garrigues GE. Risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury in professional and amateur baseball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:186-195. [PMID: 30392938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury (UCLI) are unclear despite increasing injury rates. We sought to summarize UCLI risk factors in baseball players. METHODS A computer-assisted search of 4 databases was performed using keywords related to UCLI risk factors. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used for study methodology. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for continuous outcomes using a random-effects model. RESULTS Thirteen studies qualified for inclusion. A greater nondominant (ND) shoulder internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM) at 90° abduction arm demonstrated strong evidence as a significant risk factor for UCLI (P < .001) compared with a control group. Mean overall velocity (P < .001), fastball velocity (P < .001), changeup velocity (P = .03), and curveball velocity (P = .01), as well as fewer years of player experience (P < .001), less humeral retrotorsion in the ND arm (P < .001), and greater absolute side-to-side differences in retrotorsion (P = .006) were all moderate-evidence risk factors compared with control groups. Strong evidence suggests total ROM arc at 90° abduction in the dominant arm was not a risk factor for UCLI (P = .81). CONCLUSIONS Greater ND shoulder IR ROM and less humeral retrotorsion (in professional and amateur players) as well as pitching velocity (in professional players) demonstrated strong to moderate evidence as risk factors for UCLI. Dominant arm total arc of motion, external, or IR ROM were not risk factors for UCLI. Standardized collection and reporting of risk factors is recommended to more clearly elucidate definitive risk factors for UCLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reiman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Merritt D Walker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Peters
- Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Kilborn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles A Thigpen
- Program in Observational Clinical Research in Orthopedics, Center for Effectiveness in Orthopedic Research, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Grant E Garrigues
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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