1
|
Das P, Benslimane A, Islam M, Siddiquei A, Rahman M, Adil MM. Finite element analysis of a generalized rotating FGM vessel subjected to thermo-mechanical loadings: Effect of Poisson ratio and inhomogeneity parameters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31833. [PMID: 38845888 PMCID: PMC11153254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cylinders and thick walled cylindrical shells are commonly utilized in several industries to transport and store fluids under certain pressure and temperature conditions. In the present paper, a numerical solution is developed in order to investigate displacement, temperature and stress fields in a rotating pressure vessel made of generalized functionally graded material (FGM) subjected to different thermo-mechanical boundary conditions. The aim is to investigate the effect of Poisson ratio, internal pressure and temperature and inhomogeneity parameters on the stress and deformation distributions of the rotating pressure vessel. The material is considered isotropic nonhomogeneous and linearly elastic with its properties varying along the radial direction. Additionally, certain conditions, such as exterior or interior problems where r → ∞ or r → 0, respectively, are impossible to resolve using the variation of attributes as a power-law distribution. An approach to the spatial Young modulus distribution that is more broad has been suggested in the literature which can be applied to such physical challenges. The rotation of the pressure vessel is considered in the analysis, and the temperature distribution is assumed to be non-uniform. Since an analytical solution to the differential equation is not accessible, the conventional Galerkin discretization approach of the Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied, nowadays is considered one of the main numerical tools for solving Boundary Value Problems (BVP). It is addressed how stress, strain, and displacement are affected by the inhomogeneity parameter, rotation speed, pressure, temperature, and Poisson ratio. The examination of the various findings indicates that changes in the temperature profile, rotation, and inhomogeneity parameter on the thermoelastic field have a substantial impact on the stress and strain in the FGM cylinder. The findings indicate that the Poisson ratio and inhomogeneity parameters have a significant impact on the stress and deformation distributions. According to the results, the above-mentioned parameters can be adapted to control the thermoelastic filed in a FGM cylinder. The present research offers significant perspectives on the development and enhancement of rotating FGM pressure vessels intended for high-temperature applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Bangladesh
| | - A. Benslimane
- Laboratoire de Mécanique, Matériaux et Energétique, Université de Bejaia, Targa Ouzemmour, Bejaia, 06000, Algeria
| | - M.A. Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - A.A. Siddiquei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Bangladesh
| | - M.M. Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahmudul Adil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma S, Dwivedi SP, Li C, Kumar A, Awwad FA, Khan MI, Ismail EAA. Physicomechanical, Wettability, Corrosion, Thermal, and Microstructural Morphology Characteristics of Carbonized and Uncarbonized Bagasse Ash Waste-Reinforced Al-0.45Mg-0.35Fe-0.25Si-Based Composites: Fabrications and Characterizations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18836-18853. [PMID: 38708196 PMCID: PMC11064026 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
An effort was being made to incorporate waste bagasse ash (WBA) both in carbonized and uncarbonized form into the formulation of Al6063 matrix-based metal matrix composites (MMC's) by partially substituting ceramic particles for them. In the process of developing composites, comparative research on carbonized WBA and uncarbonized bagasse powder was carried out in the role of reinforcement. Microstructure investigations revealed that carbonized WBA particles were properly distributed throughout the aluminum-base metal matrix alloy. They also had the appropriate level of wettability. The reinforcement of carbonized WBA particles in AA6063-based matrix material had a maximum tensile strength of 110 MPa and a maximal hardness of 39 BHN when 3.75 wt % of the particles were used. The deterioration in tensile strength (6.25 wt % of WBA) and the appearance of porosity and blowholes can be enumerated by tensile fractography-based scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The reinforcement of carbonized WBA particles in AA6063-based matrix material was found to have a maximal percent elongation of 14.42% and the highest fracture toughness of 15 Joules when 1.25 wt % of the particles were employed. For AA6063/3.75 wt % carbonized WBA-based MMC's, the minimum percent porosity was determined to be 5.83, and the minimum thermal expansion was found to be 45 mm3. As the percentage of reinforcement in bagasse-reinforced composites increases, the density of the material, the amount of corrosion loss, and the cost all decrease gradually. The AA6063 matrix, with a composition of 3.75 wt % carbonized WBA-based MMC's, had satisfactory specific strength and corrosion loss. The AA6063 alloy composite's microstructure analysis revealed that carbonized WBA enhanced the material's mechanical characteristics, contributing to its excellent mechanical capabilities. The results of the corrosion test showed that carbonized WBA-reinforced composites exhibited reduced weight loss due to corrosion, whereas uncarbonized bagasse powder was an inappropriate reinforcement. The SEM analysis of AA6063 alloy/3.75 wt % carbonized WBA ash reinforcement-based MMC's exposed to a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution has exhibited the development of corrosion pits as a result of localized attack by the corrosive environment. The thermal expansion test showed that the composite with uncarbonized bagasse powder as reinforcement have a high shrinkage rate in comparison with the composite with 3.75 wt %. The composite's mechanical characteristics and thermal stability were enhanced by the presence of hard phases like SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. This made it suitable for use in a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- School
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American
University, Kraytem, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University
of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland
- Centre
of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Shashi Prakash Dwivedi
- Lloyd
Institute of Engineering & Technology, Plot No. 3, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Changhe Li
- School
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department
of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal
University Named After the First President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Fuad A. Awwad
- Department
of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Ijaz Khan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American
University, Kraytem, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
- Department
of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Emad A. A. Ismail
- Department
of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dwivedi SP, Sharma S, Li C, Zhang Y, Singh R, Kumar A, Awwad FA, Khan MI, Ismail EAA. Exploring Microstructural, Interfacial, Mechanical, and Wear Properties of AlSi7Mg0.3 Composites with TiMOVWCr High-Entropy Alloy Powder. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18813-18826. [PMID: 38708242 PMCID: PMC11064052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the impact of varying weight percentages of TiMoVWCr high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder addition on A356 composites produced using friction stir processing (FSP). Unlike previous research that often focused on singular aspects, such as mechanical properties, or microstructural analysis, this investigation systematically examined the multifaceted performance of A356 composites by comprehensively assessing the microstructure, interfacial bonding strength, mechanical properties, and wear behavior. The study identified a uniform distribution of TiMoVWCr HEA powder in the composition A356/2%Ti2%Mo2%V2%W2%Cr, highlighting the effectiveness of the FSP technique in achieving homogeneous dispersion. Strong bonding between the reinforcement and matrix material was observed in the same composition, indicating favorable interfacial characteristics. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and hardness, were evaluated for various compositions, demonstrating significant improvements across the board. The addition of 2%Ti2%Mo2%V2%W2%Cr powder enhanced the tensile strength by 36.39%, while hardness improved by 62.71%. Similarly, wear resistance showed notable enhancements ranging from 35.56 to 48.89% for different compositions. Microstructural analysis revealed approximately 1640.59 grains per square inch for the A356/2%Ti2%Mo2%V2%W2%Cr processed composite at 500 magnifications. In reinforcing Al composites with Ti, Mo, V, W, and Cr high-entropy alloy (HEA) particles, each element imparted distinct benefits. Titanium (Ti) enhanced strength and wear resistance, molybdenum (Mo) contributed to improved hardness, vanadium (V) promoted hardenability, tungsten (W) enhanced wear resistance, and chromium (Cr) provided wear resistance and hardness. Anticipating the potential applications of the developed composite, the study suggests its suitability for the aerospace sector, particularly in casting lightweight yet high-strength parts such as aircraft components, engine components, and structural components, underlining the significance of the investigated TiMoVWCr HEA powder-modified A356 composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Prakash Dwivedi
- Lloyd
Institute of Engineering & Technology, Plot No. 3, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American
University, Kraytem, 1102-2801 Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University
of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland
- Centre
for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Changhe Li
- School
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- School
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Uttaranchal
Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- Department
of Project Management, Universidad Internacional
Iberoamericana, Campeche C.P. 24560, Mexico
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department
of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal
University Named After the First President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Fuad A. Awwad
- Department
of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Ijaz Khan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American
University, Kraytem, 1102-2801 Beirut, Lebanon
- Department
of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Emad A. A. Ismail
- Department
of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P.O. Box 71115, Riyadh 11587, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Erappa Rajj B, Nagaral M, Chintakindi S, Kumar R, Anqi AE, Rajhi AA, Duhduh AA, Sridevi G, Prakash C, Kumar R, Chan CK. Nano-Sized Al 2O 3-Gr Reinforced Al7075 Hybrid Composite: Impact of Cooling Agents on Mechanical, Wear, and Fracture Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:17878-17890. [PMID: 38680352 PMCID: PMC11044164 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum metal cast composites (AMCCs) are frequently used in high-tech sectors such as automobiles, aerospace, biomedical, electronics, and others to fabricate precise and especially responsible parts. The mechanical and wear behavior of the metal matrix composites (MMCs) is anticipated to be influenced by the cooling agent's action and the cooling temperature. This research paper presents the findings of a series of tests to investigate the mechanical, wear, and fracture behavior of hybrid MMCs made of Al7075 reinforced by varying wt % of nano-sized Al2O3 and Gr and quenched with water and ice cubes. The heat-treated Al7075 alloy hybrid composites were evaluated for their hardness, tensile, and wear behavior, showcasing a significant process innovation. The heat treatment process greatly improved the hybrid composites' mechanical and wear performance. The samples quenched in ice attained the highest hardness of 119 VHN. There is a 45.37% improvement in the hardness of base alloy with the addition of 3% of Al2O3 and 1% of graphite particles. Further, the highest tensile and compression strengths were found in the ice-quenched 3% Al2O3 and 1% graphite hybrid composites with improvements of 34.2 and 48.83%, respectively, compared to the water-quenched base alloy. Under the samples quenched in ice, the mechanical and wear behavior improved. The tensile fractured surface showed voids, particle pullouts, and dimples. The worn-out surface of wear test samples of the created hybrid composite had micro pits, delamination layers, and microcracks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babu Erappa Rajj
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore Institute
of Technology, Bangalore 560004, India
| | - Madeva Nagaral
- Manager,
Aircraft Research and Design Centre, Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore 560037, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Chintakindi
- Industrial
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box. 800, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department
of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab 141006, India
| | - Ali E. Anqi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rajhi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaauldeen A. Duhduh
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering Technology, CAIT, Jazan University, Prince Mohammed Street, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gedala Sridevi
- Mechanical
Engineering, Centurion University of Technology
and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha 761200, India
| | - Chander Prakash
- Centre
for Research Impact and Outcome, Chaitkara
University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
- Faculty
of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI
International University, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Mechanical
5000Engineering Department, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Choon Kit Chan
- Faculty
of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI
International University, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song G, Zou Y, Nie Y, Habibi M, Albaijan I, Toghroli E. Application of Hashin-Shtrikman bounds homogenization model for frequency analysis of imperfect FG bio-composite plates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106321. [PMID: 38211502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite abundant theoretical investigations on the dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) structures, the study on frequency analysis of FG bio-composite structures is limited. FG bio-composite materials due to their biocompatibility potentials and good material properties can be applied in biomedical applications, especially dental implants. In this investigation, a natural frequency response of the FG bio-composite plate is analyzed within the framework of the newly developed refined higher-order shear deformation plate theory. Additionally, the imperfection impact on frequency behavior is evaluated while three imperfection distribution patterns are taken into account. The constitutive materials of FG bio-composite plate are Hydroxyapatite and Titanium. The effective material properties of the structure are determined with the help of the upper Hashin-Shtrikman bounds homogenization model. In continuation, to solve the derived governing equations of imperfect FG bio-composite plate, Galerkin's analytical method is employed. Also, the precision of the used theory is validated, the obtained outcomes are compared and an acceptable matching is found. Later, the sensitivity of different considerable variables is comprehensively assessed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Song
- School of Computer and Data Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunhe Zou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, Inner Mongolia, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Special Service Intelligent Robotics, Hohhot 010051, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Yan Nie
- College of Science & Technology Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mostafa Habibi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Center of Excellence in Design, Robotics, and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P.O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Albaijan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Toghroli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Calut Company Holding, Melbourne, 800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan Y, Han M, Jiang Y, Ng ELL, Zhang Y, Owh C, Song Q, Li P, Loh XJ, Chan BQY, Chan SY. Electrically Conductive Polymers for Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5337-5354. [PMID: 38284988 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of electrically conductive polymers (CPs) in the development of electronic devices has attracted significant interest due to their unique intrinsic properties, which result from the synergistic combination of physicochemical properties in conventional polymers with the electronic properties of metals or semiconductors. Most conventional methods adopted for the fabrication of devices with nonplanar morphologies are still challenged by the poor ionic/electronic mobility of end products. Additive manufacturing (AM) brings about exciting prospects to the realm of CPs by enabling greater design freedom, more elaborate structures, quicker prototyping, relatively low cost, and more environmentally friendly electronic device creation. A growing variety of AM technologies are becoming available for three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive devices, i.e., vat photopolymerization (VP), material extrusion (ME), powder bed fusion (PBF), material jetting (MJ), and lamination object manufacturing (LOM). In this review, we provide an overview of the recent research progress in the area of CPs developed for AM, which advances the design and development of future electronic devices. We consider different AM techniques, vis-à-vis, their development progress and respective challenges in printing CPs. We also discuss the material requirements and notable advances in 3D printing of CPs, as well as their potential electronic applications including wearable electronics, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices, etc. This review concludes with an outlook on AM of CPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjia Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Miao Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yixue Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Ling Ling Ng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu D, Ma Z, Xue N, Wang W, Han S. Laser Welding of Titanium/Steel Bimetallic Sheets with In Situ Formation of Fe x(CoCrNiMn)Ti y High-Entropy Alloys in Weld Metal. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:623. [PMID: 38591458 PMCID: PMC10856781 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Due to the notable disparities in the physical and chemical characteristics between titanium and steel, the direct fusion of titanium/steel bimetallic sheets results in a considerable formation of fragile intermetallic compounds, making it difficult to achieve excellent metallurgical welded joints. In this study, a multi-principal powder of CoCrNiMn was designed and utilized as a filler material in the welding of the TA1/Q345 bimetallic sheet. It was expected that the in situ formation of Fex(CoCrNiMn)Tiy high-entropy alloys would be achieved using the filler powders, combined with the Ti and Fe elements from the melting of the TA1 and Q345 so as to restrain the generation of Fe-Ti IMCs and obtain the promising welded joints of the TA1/Q345 bimetallic sheet. An interesting finding is that high-entropy alloys were successfully obtained in the weld metal. The Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds at the welding interface were significantly reduced. The tensile strength was ~293 MPa, accounting for 60% of the strength of the base metal. Dimples were observed at the fracture of the welded joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejia Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.M.); (N.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.M.); (N.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Nianlong Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.M.); (N.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Weixiong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Z.M.); (N.X.); (W.W.)
| | - Shanguo Han
- Yang Jiang China-Ukraine E. O. PATON Institute of Technology, Yangjiang 529532, China
- China-Ukraine Institute of Welding, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang S, Lin YC, Wang LH, Ding HB, Qiu YL. Effects of Aging Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a TC18 Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:570. [PMID: 38591372 PMCID: PMC10856402 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, the effects of aging treatment on the microstructures of a TC18 alloy are studied. The influence of aging treatment on the tensile properties and failure mechanisms is systematically analyzed. It is found that the size and morphology of the primary α (αp) phases are insensitive to aging temperature and time. Furthermore, the aging temperature and time dramatically influence the precipitation of the secondary α (αs) phases. Massive αs phases precipitate and gradually coarsen, and finally weave together by increasing the aging temperature or extending the aging time. The variations in αp and αs phases induced by aging parameters also affect the mechanical properties. Both yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) first increase and then decrease by increasing the aging temperature and time, while ductility first decreases and then increases. There is an excellent balance between the strengths and ductility. When the aging temperature is changed from 450 to 550 °C, YS varies from 1238.6 to 1381.6 MPa, UTS varies from 1363.2 to 1516.8 MPa, and the moderate elongation ranges from 9.0% to 10.3%. These results reveal that the thickness of αs phases is responsible for material strengths, while the content of α phases can enhance material ductility. The ductile characteristics of the alloy with coarser αs phases are more obvious than those with thinner αs phases. Therefore, the aging treatment is helpful for the precipitation and homogeneous distribution of αs phases, which are essential for balancing the strengths and ductility of the studied Ti alloy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Light Alloy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yong-Cheng Lin
- Light Alloy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Light Alloy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ding
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- China Nonferrous Metals Processing Technology Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471039, China
| | - Yu-Liang Qiu
- Rongcheng Huadong Metal-Forming Machinery Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alimirzaei S, Barbaz-Isfahani R, Khodaei A, Najafabadi MA, Sadighi M. Investigating the flexural behavior of nanomodified multi-delaminated composites using acoustic emission technique. ULTRASONICS 2024; 138:107249. [PMID: 38241972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of multiple delaminations is a frequently observed damage mechanism in composite materials, exerting a more pronounced influence on their strength properties compared to single delaminations. To tackle this issue, the incorporation of nanoparticles has been investigated as a means to enhance composite materials. This study aims to examine the effects of nano-additives, specifically carbon nanotubes and nanosilica, on the flexural behavior of glass/epoxy composites containing multiple embedded delaminations. The acoustic emission technique is employed to gain deeper insights into the damage mechanisms associated with flexural failure. Artificial delaminations of varying sizes, arranged in a triangular pattern, were introduced into four interlayers of a [(0/90)2]s oriented glass/epoxy composite. The findings reveal a notable reduction in flexural properties due to the presence of multiple delaminations. However, the addition of nanoparticles demonstrates a significant improvement in the flexural behavior of the multi-delaminated specimens. The most substantial enhancement is observed in the composite incorporating 0.3 wt% nanosilica + 0.5 wt% carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, genetic K-means and hierarchical clustering techniques are employed to classify different damage mechanisms based on the peak frequency and amplitude of the acoustic emission signals. The results indicate that the hierarchical clustering method outperforms the genetic K-means method in accurately clustering the acoustic emission signals. Moreover, the incorporation of nanoparticles' impact on the occurrence of distinct damage mechanisms is evaluated through the analysis of acoustic signals using Wavelet Packet Transform. By investigating the flexural behavior of nanomodified multi-delaminated composites and employing the acoustic emission technique, this study offers valuable insights into the role of nanoparticles in enhancing the mechanical properties and monitoring the damage mechanisms of composite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Alimirzaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Barbaz-Isfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Khodaei
- Concordia Center for Composites, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mojtaba Sadighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fattahi M, Hsu CY, Ali AO, Mahmoud ZH, Dang N, Kianfar E. Severe plastic deformation: Nanostructured materials, metal-based and polymer-based nanocomposites: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22559. [PMID: 38107327 PMCID: PMC10724578 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant deformation of the metal structure can be achieved without breaking or cracking the metal. There are several methods for deformation of metal plastics. The most important of these methods are angular channel pressing process, high-pressure torsion, multidirectional forging process, extrusion-cyclic compression process, cumulative climbing connection process, consecutive concreting and smoothing method, high-pressure pipe torsion. The nanocomposite is a multiphase material which the size of one of its phases is less than 100 nm in at least one dimension. Due to some unique properties, metal-based nanocomposites are widely used in engineering applications such as the automotive and aerospace industries. Polymer-based nanocomposites are two-phase systems with polymer-based and reinforcing phases (usually ceramic). These materials have a simpler synthesis process than metal-based nanocomposites and are used in a variety of applications such as the aerospace industry, gas pipelines, and sensors. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is known to be the best method for producing bulk ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials with excellent properties. Different Severe plastic deformation methods were developed that are suitable for sheet and bulk solid materials. During the past decade, efforts have been made to create effective Severe plastic deformation processes suitable for producing cylindrical tubes. In this paper, we review Severe plastic deformation processes intended to nanostructured tubes, and their effects on material properties and severe plastic deformation is briefly introduced and its common methods for bulk materials, sheets, and pipes, as well as metal background nanocomposites, are concisely introduced and their microstructural and mechanical properties are discussed. The paper will focus on introduction of the tube Severe plastic deformation processes, and then comparison of them based on their advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoints of processing and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Chou-Yi Hsu
- Department of pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Anfal Omar Ali
- Ministry of education, general directorate of education in Diyala, third teacher, Bint Al Rafidain secondary school for girls, Iraq
| | - Zaid H. Mahmoud
- Chemistry department, college of science, university of Diyala, Iraq
| | - N.P. Dang
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Ehsan Kianfar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Pure Sciences Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ju H, Liu J, Zhuo S, Wang Y, Li S. Effect of Thermal Aging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ER308L/Z2CND18.12N2 Dissimilar Welds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7119. [PMID: 38005049 PMCID: PMC10672199 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
A multi-analytical approach was used to investigate the effect of thermal aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ER308L/Z2CND18.12N2. The results demonstrated that fractures occurred preferentially on the ER308L side. Z2CND18.12N2 exhibited superior fracture toughness compared to ER308L regardless of thermal aging time. The ultimate tensile strength significantly increased from 564.5 MPa in the unaged condition to 592.7 MPa to MPa after thermal aging and the fracture mode changed from ductile fracture into a ductile + quasi-cleavage fracture. The fusion zone (FZ) with the chemical composition gradient was about 40 μm from the Z2CND18.12N2 to ER308L. After thermal aging, spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitation were observed for the first time in the ferrite phase of the FZ. Moreover, the hardness presented the following trend: FZ > ER308L > Z2CND18.12N2. The hardness of the ferrite phase dramatically increased from 6.13 GPa in an unaged condition to 8.46 GPa in a 10,000 h aged condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shilei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pérez-Gonzalo I, González-Pociño A, Alvarez-Antolin F, del Rio-Fernández L. The Effect of Selective Laser Melting Fabrication Parameters on the Tensile Strength of an Aged New Maraging Steel Alloy with 8% Cr, Reduced Ni Content (7%), and No Co or Mo. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7008. [PMID: 37959605 PMCID: PMC10650009 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to optimise the manufacturing parameters of a new maraging steel alloy with 8% Cr, reduced Ni content (7%), and no Co or Mo. This alloy was developed by ArcelorMittal and its trade name is LeanSi. The alloy was produced using the selective laser melting (SLM) process. In the as-built state, the microstructure of the alloy was fully martensitic. The optimisation of the manufacturing parameters was determined via a multivariate factorial design of experiments including 12 experiments and three factors. The factors (i.e., the fabrication parameters) analysed were laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance. The objective was to eliminate porosity and maximise density. It was concluded that, to achieve this, the laser power should be set at 250 W, the scanning speed at 1000 mm/s, and the hatch distance at 80 microns. The porosity obtained under these manufacturing parameters was 0.06 ± 0.03% with a confidence level of 95%. If these manufacturing parameters were modified, the material exhibited a defective interlayer bond with the formation of "balling" and high porosity. The tensile specimens tested in the as-built state showed plastic deformation. However, all the aged specimens showed brittle fracture behaviour, evidenced by the presence of very small micro-cavities (where the fracture energy consumed was very small) and small cleavage planes. The specimens produced with the manufacturing parameters at their optimum levels and aged at 480 °C for 2 h achieved tensile strength values that averaged 1430 MPa. The porosity of these specimens was reduced by more than 85%. Reverse austenite was detected at ageing temperatures of 540 °C upwards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Pérez-Gonzalo
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
| | - Alejandro González-Pociño
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
| | - Florentino Alvarez-Antolin
- Materials Science and Metallurgic Engineering Department, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain; (I.P.-G.); (F.A.-A.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gavalec M, Barenyi I, Krbata M, Kohutiar M, Balos S, Pecanac M. The Effect of Rotary Friction Welding Conditions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy Welds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6492. [PMID: 37834629 PMCID: PMC10573796 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The main task that the article introduces is the experimental study of how the geometry of contact surfaces affects the quality and mechanical properties of a rotary friction weld (RFW), as well as the findings of whether the RFW technology is suitable for the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The experiments were carried out for specimens with a diameter of 10 mm and were performed at 900 RPM. Three types of geometry were proposed for the RFW process: flat on flat, flat on 37.5° and flat on 45°. Based on these results, the best tested flat geometry was selected from the perspective of quality and economic efficiency. The welded joints were subjected to microstructural analysis, tensile testing, microhardness testing, and fractography, as well as spectral analysis of the fracture surface and EDS map analysis of oxygen. The flat geometry of the contact surface resulted in the least saturation with interstitial elements from the atmosphere. Fracturing in the RFW zone led to a brittle fracture with a certain proportion of plastic deformation. A pure ductile fracture occurred in specimens fractured in the HAZ region, where the difference in UTS values compared to specimens fractured by a brittle fracture mechanism was not significant. The average UTS value was 478 MPa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Gavalec
- Faculty of Special Technology, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (M.G.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Igor Barenyi
- Faculty of Special Technology, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (M.G.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Michal Krbata
- Faculty of Special Technology, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (M.G.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcel Kohutiar
- Faculty of Special Technology, Alexander Dubček University of Trenčín, 911 50 Trenčín, Slovakia; (M.G.); (I.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Sebastian Balos
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Milan Pecanac
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishkildin AD, Kistanov AA, Izosimov AA, Korznikova EA. The nitriding effect on the stability and mechanical properties of the iron titan phase: first-principles investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24060-24068. [PMID: 37655455 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
To control the nitriding effect, which is used to enhance the mechanical properties of surfaces, a fundamental understanding of this effect is required. Modern quantum-mechanical simulation methods make it almost impossible to perform cost effective and reliable studies on the mechanisms of the influence of nitrogen on surfaces. In this work, based on density functional theory calculations, the nitriding effect on the structure and mechanical properties of titanized steel was studied using a FeTi model. Two cases of the nitrogen presence in the Fe-Ti crystal are considered: uniform distribution and nitrogen clustering. Based on the formation energy calculations and the crystal orbital Hamilton population analysis, it is found that higher stability of FeTi is achieved at low concentrations of nitrogen up to 5.4% when nitrogen atoms are uniformly distributed, while upon clustering of nitrogen, FeTi becomes more stable at higher concentrations of nitrogen from 3.7% to 7.4%. The mechanical properties of nitrogen-containing FeTi suggest that Young's modulus and shear modulus increase with an increase of the concentration of nitrogen up to 5.4%. These findings not only deepen our fundamental understanding of the nitriding effect in titanized Fe-based steels but also offer valuable insights essential for carrying out an experimental study of various end products such as technical machine parts or medical implants, endowed with improved surface properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Ishkildin
- Research Laboratory for Metals and Alloys under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa 450076, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Kistanov
- Research Laboratory for Metals and Alloys under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa 450076, Russia.
| | | | - Elena A Korznikova
- Research Laboratory for Metals and Alloys under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa 450076, Russia.
- Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Ufa 450001, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Balaji S, Dharani Kumar S, Magarajan U, RameshBabu S, Ganeshkumar S, Sharma S, Abdelmohsen SAM, Saha I, Eldin SM. Comparative analysis of experimental and numerical investigation on multiple projectile impact of AA5083 friction stir welded targets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285254. [PMID: 37498917 PMCID: PMC10374147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to investigate the ballistic resistance of base material (BM)and "Friction Stir Welded (FSW)", AA5083 aluminum alloy. The primary objective was to build a finite element model to predict kinetic energy absorption and target deformation under single and multiple projectile impact conditions. This study employed 7.62mm Hard Steel Core (HSC) projectiles produced from Steel 4340. The target was analyzed using commercially available Abaqus Explicit software for Finite Element Analysis. It was noticed that the generation of kinetic energy and surface residual velocity increases as the number of projectile strikes increases. In addition, the experimental ballistic test was conducted to validate the numerical results. Using the analytical Recht-Ipson model, each target's experimental residual velocity was determined. It was determined that weldments perform less well (30%) as compared to BM targets. Occurrence of plastic deformation during welding causes reduction in ballistic performance of weldments. For both the computational and experimental approaches, a correlation between residual velocities was found. The plastic deformations with ductile hole formation were observed in all the cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Balaji
- Material Science and Technology, Technical University of Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - S Dharani Kumar
- KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Centre for Machining and Material Testing, Coimbatore, India
| | - U Magarajan
- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S RameshBabu
- KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbatore, India
| | - S Ganeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaimaa A M Abdelmohsen
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Indranil Saha
- Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Faculty of Engineering, Center for Research, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen J, Rong L, Wei W, Qi P, Wang M, Wang Z, Zhou L, Huang H, Nie Z. Evolution of Grain Structure and Dynamic Precipitation during Hot Deformation in a Medium-Strength Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Zr Aluminum Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4404. [PMID: 37374586 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The hot deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Er-Zr alloy was investigated through an isothermal compression experiment at a strain rate ranging from 0.01 to 10 s-1 and temperature ranging from 350 to 500 °C. The constitutive equation of thermal deformation characteristics based on strain was established, and the microstructure (including grain, substructure and dynamic precipitation) under different deformation conditions was analyzed. It is shown that the steady-state flow stress can be described using the hyperbolic sinusoidal constitutive equation with a deformation activation energy of 160.03 kJ/mol. Two kinds of second phases exist in the deformed alloy; one is the η phase, whose size and quantity changes according to the deformation parameters, and the other is spherical Al3(Er, Zr) particles with good thermal stability. Both kinds of particles pin the dislocation. However, with a decrease in strain rate or increase in temperature, η phases coarsen and their density decreases, and their dislocation locking ability is weakened. However, the size of Al3(Er, Zr) particles does not change with the variation in deformation conditions. So, at higher deformation temperatures, Al3(Er, Zr) particles still pin dislocations and thus refine the subgrain and enhance the strength. Compared with the η phase, Al3(Er, Zr) particles are superior for dislocation locking during hot deformation. A strain rate ranging from 0.1 to 1 s-1 and a deformation temperature ranging from 450 to 500 °C form the safest hot working domain in the processing map.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongshen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Li Rong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Xi'an Aerospace Power Machinery Corporation, Xi'an 710025, China
| | | | - Li Zhou
- Dongfeng Motor Corporation, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zuoren Nie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun J, Liu X, Yang Y, Wang W, Wang X, Zhang W. Elimination of Carbides in Carburized Layer of Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel by Horizontal Continuous Liquid-Solid Composite Casting. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093516. [PMID: 37176398 PMCID: PMC10180407 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The carbides in the carburized layer of stainless steel (SS)/carbon steel (CS) clad plates are prone to inducing intergranular cracks and reducing the interfacial bonding strength. In this paper, SS/CS clad plates were fabricated by horizontal continuous liquid-solid composite casting (HCLSCC), and the formation mechanism of the interfacial carbides and their effect on the elimination of carbides in the carburized layer were revealed by numerical simulation and thermodynamic calculations. During the HCLSCC process, the cladding interface encountered re-melting and re-solidification after rapid melting and solidification, resulting in liquid-liquid and solid-solid diffusion at the cladding interface, where the atomic ratio of Cr/C (Cr/C) gradually increased. Therefore, strip M7C3 and M23C6 carbides as well as blocky M23C6 carbides formed at the cladding interface in turn and had a coherent relationship with the matrix. The blocky M23C6 carbides led to an increase of 240% in the interfacial ferrite strength. The formation of interfacial carbides reduced the difference in C activity between the cladding interface and SS, thus preventing the diffusion of C to SS and inhibiting carbide precipitation in the carburized layer of SS, which was beneficial to improving the interfacial bonding strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaohua Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiliang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportation, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing of Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Szczucka-Lasota B, Szymczak T, Węgrzyn T, Tarasiuk W. Superalloy-Steel Joint in Microstructural and Mechanical Characterisation for Manufacturing Rotor Components. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2862. [PMID: 37049156 PMCID: PMC10096150 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The structure of energy rotor components includes different structural materials in the sections, which are subjected to varying levels of thermal loading. The first component section has to include a precipitation-hardened nickel-based alloy, while the second one may be manufactured from other materials. Due to the installation cost, the use of expensive nickel-based materials is not recommended for applications in sections with a lower degree of thermal loading. Therefore, this aspect is still actually from an engineering point of view and is discussed in the paper by means of manufacturing and experimental approaches. The paper follows the welding problems related to a hybrid joint made of superalloy (Alloy 59) and hard rusting steel (S355J2W+N steel). The problem is solved using the MIG process at various parameters. With respect to the joint quality, microstructural features and mechanical parameters of the examined zone are presented. In the case of microstructure analysis, the dendritic and cellular natures of austenite were dominant elements of the joint. Mechanical tests have expressed a 50% reduction in elongation of the steel and alloy steel weld and lowering mechanical parameters. Mechanical parameters of the joint were on the level of their values observed for the steel, while the hardening coefficient followed the hardening curve of the alloy. Decohesion of the steel and mixed weld has reflected the constant proportion of values of axial and shear stress components up to the total separation. It is noted the tensile curves of the alloy and alloy steel joint follow a very similar shape, reporting the same response on the monotonic tension. The materials can be analysed by applying constitutive equations at very similar values of their coefficients. The obtained results enabled elaborating and examining the MIG welding process for thick-walled structures (not smaller than 8 mm) in detail giving all parameters required for technology. Finally, the technology for producing a hybrid joint using difficult-to-weld materials with different physical and mechanical properties, such as nickel alloys and low-alloy steels, is proposed. Results have shown it possible to develop a technology for producing of hybrid joints (supper alloy + hard rusting steel) with assumed physical and mechanical properties for rotors applied in the power boiler. This solution was proposed instead of previously used elements of rotors from expensive materials. It was assumed that the newly proposed and utilised method of welding will allow for obtaining good properties in terms of energy devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Szczucka-Lasota
- Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Szymczak
- Department of Vehicle Type-Approval & Testing, Motor Transport Institute, Jagiellońska 80, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Węgrzyn
- Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tarasiuk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45c, 15-352 Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dwivedi SP, Sharma S, Sharma KP, Kumar A, Agrawal A, Singh R, Eldin SM. The Microstructure and Properties of Ni-Si-La 2O 3 Coatings Deposited on 304 Stainless Steel by Microwave Cladding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2209. [PMID: 36984089 PMCID: PMC10052928 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, microwave radiation was used alongside a combination of Ni powder, Si powder, and La2O3 (Lanthanum oxide) powder to create surface cladding on SS-304 steel. To complete the microwave cladding process, 900 W at 2.45 GHz was used for 120 s. "Response surface methodology (RSM)" was utilized to attain the optimal combination of microwave cladding process parameters. The surface hardness of the cladding samples was taken as a response. The optimal combination of microwave cladding process parameters was found to be Si (wt.%) of 19.28, a skin depth of 4.57 µm, irradiation time of 118 s, and La2O3 (wt.%) of 11 to achieve a surface hardness of 287.25 HV. Experimental surface hardness at the corresponding microwave-cladding-process parameters was found to be 279 HV. The hardness of SS-304 was improved by about 32.85% at the optimum combination of microwave cladding process parameters. The SEM and optical microscopic images showed the presence of Si, Ni, and La2O3 particles. SEM images of the "cladding layer and surface" showed the "uniform cladding layer" with "fewer dark pixels" (yielding higher homogeneity). Higher homogeneity reduced the dimensional deviation in the developed cladding surface. XRD of the cladded surface showed the presence of FeNi, Ni2Si, FeNi3, NiSi2, Ni3C, NiC, and La2O3 phases. The "wear rate and coefficient of friction" of the developed cladded surface with 69.72% Ni, 19.28% Si, and 11% La2O3 particles were found to be 0.00367 mm3/m and 0.312, respectively. "Few dark spots" were observed on the "corroded surface". These "dark spots" displayed "some corrosion (corrosion weight loss 0.49 mg)" in a "3.5 wt.% NaCl environment".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Kanta Prasad Sharma
- Institute of Engineering & Technology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ashish Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi 576104, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
| | - Sayed M. Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zha J, Zhao Y, Qiao Y, Zou H, Hua Z, Zhu W, Han Y, Zu G, Ran X. Effect of Rolling Process and Aging on the Microstructure and Properties of Cu-1.0Cr-0.1Zr Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1592. [PMID: 36837221 PMCID: PMC9966810 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of the rolling process and aging on the microstructure evolution and mechanical and tribological properties of the material, room-temperature rolling (RTR), cryogenic rolling (CR), and deep cryogenic treatment after rolling (RTR + DCT) experiments were carried out on a Cu-1.0Cr-0.1Zr alloy by a large plastic deformation process. Alloy plates were aged at 550 °C for 60 min. Different rolling processes and aging treatments have different effects on the microstructure and properties of alloy plates. The alloy plate is rolled and deformed, and the grains change from equiaxed to layered. Compared with RTR and RTR + DCT treatment, CR can promote the precipitation of the Cr phase and the degree of grain fragmentation is greater. After aging treatment, the Cu-Zr mesophase compounds in the microstructure increased, the alloys treated with CR and RTR + DCT appeared to be partially recrystallized, and the number of twins in the CR alloy plate was significantly more than that of RTR + DCT. The ultimate tensile strength of the alloy plate reached 553 MPa and the hardness reached 170 HV after cryogenic rolling with 90% deformation, which indicates that CR treatment can further improve the physical properties of the alloy plate. After aging at 550 °C for 60 min, the RTR 90% + DCT alloy plate has a tensile strength of 498 MPa and an elongation of 47.9%, which is three times that of the as-rolled alloy plate. From the research on the tribological properties of alloy plates, we learned that the main wear mechanisms in the wear forms of CR and RTR + DCT alloy plates are adhesive wear and abrasive wear. Adhesive wear is dominant in the early stage, while abrasive wear is the dominant mechanism in the later stage of wear. The friction coefficient of the CR 90% alloy plate in the TD direction is close to 0.55, and the wear rate is 2.9 × 10-4 mm3/Nm, indicating that the CR treatment further improves the wear resistance of the alloy plates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zha
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yihui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haohao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zeen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guoqing Zu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|