1
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Dominguez A, Iruela-Arispe ML. Integration of Chemo-mechanical signaling in response to fluid shear stress by the endothelium. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102232. [PMID: 37703647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces exert profound effects on cells affecting fate, function, and response to stressors. In the case of the endothelium, the layer that resides in the inner surface of blood vessels, the collective effect of hemodynamic forces influences the onset and severity of vascular pathologies. Justifiably, much emphasis has been placed in understanding how endothelial cells sense and respond to mechanical challenges, particularly hemodynamic shear stress. In this review, we highlight recent developments that have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mechanotransduction. We describe examples of protein compartmentalization in response to shear stress, consider the contribution of the glycocalyx, and discuss the specific role ion channels in response to flow. We also highlight the recently recognized contribution of the receptor ALK5 in sensing turbulent flow. Research in the last three years has enriched our understanding of the molecular landscape responsible for recognizing and transducing shear stress responses, including novel transcriptional-dependent and transcriptional-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie Dominguez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.
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2
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Katoh K. Effects of Mechanical Stress on Endothelial Cells In Situ and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16518. [PMID: 38003708 PMCID: PMC10671803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are essential for maintaining vascular homeostasis and mediate several pathological and physiological processes. Mechanical stresses generated by blood flow and other biomechanical factors significantly affect endothelial cell activity. Here, we review how mechanical stresses, both in situ and in vitro, affect endothelial cells. We review the basic principles underlying the cellular response to mechanical stresses. We also consider the implications of these findings for understanding the mechanisms of mechanotransducer and mechano-signal transduction systems by cytoskeletal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba 305-8521, Japan
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3
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Thota LNR, Lopez Rosales JE, Placencia I, Zemskov EA, Tonino P, Michael AN, Black SM, Chignalia AZ. The Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx Modifications in Glypican 1 Knockout Mice Do Not Affect Lung Endothelial Function in Physiological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14568. [PMID: 37834029 PMCID: PMC10573009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic signaling surface layer that is involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The glycocalyx has a very diverse composition, with glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans interacting with each other to form a mesh-like structure. Due to its highly interactive nature, little is known about the relative contribution of each glycocalyx constituent to its overall function. Investigating the individual roles of the glycocalyx components to cellular functions and system physiology is challenging, as the genetic manipulation of animals that target specific glycocalyx components may result in the development of a modified glycocalyx. Thus, it is crucial that genetically modified animal models for glycocalyx components are characterized and validated before the development of mechanistic studies. Among the glycocalyx components, glypican 1, which acts through eNOS-dependent mechanisms, has recently emerged as a player in cardiovascular diseases. Whether glypican 1 regulates eNOS in physiological conditions is unclear. Herein, we assessed how the deletion of glypican 1 affects the development of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx and the impact on eNOS activity and endothelial function. Male and female 5-9-week-old wild-type and glypican 1 knockout mice were used. Transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting assessed the glycocalyx structure and composition. eNOS activation and content were assessed by immunoblotting; nitric oxide production was assessed by the Griess reaction. The pulmonary phenotype was evaluated by histological signs of lung injury, in vivo measurement of lung mechanics, and pulmonary ventilation. Glypican 1 knockout mice showed a modified glycocalyx with increased glycocalyx thickness and heparan sulfate content and decreased expression of syndecan 4. These alterations were associated with decreased phosphorylation of eNOS at S1177. The production of nitric oxides was not affected by the deletion of glypican 1, and the endothelial barrier was preserved in glypican 1 knockout mice. Pulmonary compliance was decreased, and pulmonary ventilation was unaltered in glypican 1 knockout mice. Collectively, these data indicate that the deletion of glypican 1 may result in the modification of the glycocalyx without affecting basal lung endothelial function, validating this mouse model as a tool for mechanistic studies that investigate the role of glypican 1 in lung endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N. R. Thota
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA (J.E.L.R.)
| | - Joaquin E. Lopez Rosales
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA (J.E.L.R.)
| | - Ivan Placencia
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA (J.E.L.R.)
| | - Evgeny A. Zemskov
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Paola Tonino
- Research, Innovation & Impact Cores Facilities, Imaging Cores-Electron, Life Sciences North, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Ashley N. Michael
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Andreia Z. Chignalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA (J.E.L.R.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Sarver Heart Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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4
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Urschel K, Hug KP, Zuo H, Büttner M, Furtmair R, Kuehn C, Stumpfe FM, Botos B, Achenbach S, Yuan Y, Dietel B, Tauchi M. The Shear Stress-Regulated Expression of Glypican-4 in Endothelial Dysfunction In Vitro and Its Clinical Significance in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11595. [PMID: 37511353 PMCID: PMC10380765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Retention of circulating lipoproteins by their interaction with extracellular matrix molecules has been suggested as an underlying mechanism for atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of glypican-4 (GPC4), a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, in the development of endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression; Expression of GPC4 and HS was investigated in human umbilical vein/artery endothelial cells (HUVECs/HUAECs) using flow cytometry, qPCR, and immunofluorescent staining. Leukocyte adhesion was determined in HUVECs in bifurcation chamber slides under dynamic flow. The association between the degree of inflammation and GPC4, HS, and syndecan-4 expressions was analyzed in human carotid plaques; GPC4 was expressed in HUVECs/HUAECs. In HUVECs, GPC4 protein expression was higher in laminar than in non-uniform shear stress regions after a 1-day or 10-day flow (p < 0.01 each). The HS expression was higher under laminar flow after a 1 day (p < 0.001). Monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to HUVECs was facilitated by GPC4 knock-down (p < 0.001) without affecting adhesion molecule expression. GPC4 and HS expression was lower in more-inflamed than in less-inflamed plaque shoulders (p < 0.05, each), especially in vulnerable plaque sections; Reduced expression of GPC4 was associated with atherogenic conditions, suggesting the involvement of GPC4 in both early and advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Urschel
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Karsten P. Hug
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Hanxiao Zuo
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Michael Büttner
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Roman Furtmair
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Constanze Kuehn
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Florian M. Stumpfe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstraße 21-23, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Balaz Botos
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Stephan Achenbach
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Yan Yuan
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (H.Z.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Miyuki Tauchi
- Department of Medicine 2—Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.U.); (K.P.H.); (R.F.); (S.A.); (B.D.)
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5
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Sembajwe LF, Ssekandi AM, Namaganda A, Muwonge H, Kasolo JN, Kalyesubula R, Nakimuli A, Naome M, Patel KP, Masenga SK, Kirabo A. Glycocalyx-Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium. Nutrients 2023; 15:2873. [PMID: 37447199 PMCID: PMC10343370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels. So, in this mini review/commentary, we delineate and provide a concise summary of the various components of the glycocalyx, their interaction with salt, and subsequent involvement in the cardiovascular disease process. We also highlight the major components of the glycocalyx that could be used as disease biomarkers or as drug targets in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fred Sembajwe
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Abdul M. Ssekandi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Agnes Namaganda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Josephine N. Kasolo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | - Mwesigwa Naome
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80415, Zambia;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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6
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Kaur G, Harris NR. Endothelial glycocalyx in retina, hyperglycemia, and diabetic retinopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C1061-C1077. [PMID: 36939202 PMCID: PMC10125029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00188.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a meshlike network present on the apical surface of the endothelium. Membrane-bound proteoglycans, the major backbone molecules of the EG, consist of glycosaminoglycans attached to core proteins. In addition to maintaining the integrity of the endothelial barrier, the EG regulates inflammation and perfusion and acts as a mechanosensor. The loss of the EG can cause endothelial dysfunction and drive the progression of vascular diseases including diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the EG presents a novel therapeutic target for treatment of vascular complications. In this review article, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the EG in the retina. Our particular focus is on hyperglycemia-induced perturbations in the glycocalyx structure in the retina, potential underlying mechanisms, and clinical trials studying protective treatments against degradation of the EG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
| | - Norman R Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
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7
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Ozsan McMillan I, Li JP, Wang L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan in Alzheimer's disease: aberrant expression and functions in molecular pathways related to amyloid-β metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C893-C909. [PMID: 36878848 PMCID: PMC10069967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00247.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Currently, there is no effective treatment for AD, as its etiology remains poorly understood. Mounting evidence suggests that the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which constitute amyloid plaques in the brain, is critical for initiating and accelerating AD pathogenesis. Considerable efforts have been dedicated to shedding light on the molecular basis and fundamental origins of the impaired Aβ metabolism in AD. Heparan sulfate (HS), a linear polysaccharide of the glycosaminoglycan family, co-deposits with Aβ in plaques in the AD brain, directly binds and accelerates Aβ aggregation, and mediates Aβ internalization and cytotoxicity. Mouse model studies demonstrate that HS regulates Aβ clearance and neuroinflammation in vivo. Previous reviews have extensively explored these discoveries. Here, this review focuses on the recent advancements in understanding abnormal HS expression in the AD brain, the structural aspects of HS-Aβ interaction, and the molecules involved in modulating Aβ metabolism through HS interaction. Furthermore, this review presents a perspective on the potential effects of abnormal HS expression on Aβ metabolism and AD pathogenesis. In addition, the review highlights the importance of conducting further research to differentiate the spatiotemporal components of HS structure and function in the brain and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayda Ozsan McMillan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
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8
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Martinez L, Rojas MG, Tabbara M, Pereira-Simon S, Santos Falcon N, Rauf MA, Challa A, Zigmond ZM, Griswold AJ, Duque JC, Lassance-Soares RM, Velazquez OC, Salman LH, Vazquez-Padron RI. The Transcriptomics of the Human Vein Transformation After Arteriovenous Fistula Anastomosis Uncovers Layer-Specific Remodeling and Hallmarks of Maturation Failure. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:837-850. [PMID: 37069981 PMCID: PMC10105062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular transformation of the human preaccess vein after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is poorly understood. This limits our ability to design efficacious therapies to improve maturation outcomes. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by paired bioinformatic analyses and validation assays were performed in 76 longitudinal vascular biopsies (veins and AVFs) from 38 patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease undergoing surgeries for 2-stage AVF creation (19 matured, 19 failed). Results A total of 3637 transcripts were differentially expressed between veins and AVFs independent of maturation outcomes, with 80% upregulated in fistulas. The postoperative transcriptome demonstrated transcriptional activation of basement membrane and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including preexisting and novel collagens, proteoglycans, hemostasis factors, and angiogenesis regulators. A postoperative intramural cytokine storm involved >80 chemokines, interleukins, and growth factors. Postoperative changes in ECM expression were differentially distributed in the AVF wall, with proteoglycans and fibrillar collagens predominantly found in the intima and media, respectively. Interestingly, upregulated matrisome genes were enough to make a crude separation of AVFs that failed from those with successful maturation. We identified 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in association with AVF maturation failure, including upregulation of network collagen VIII in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and downregulation of endothelial-predominant transcripts and ECM regulators. Conclusion This work delineates the molecular changes that characterize venous remodeling after AVF creation and those relevant to maturation failure. We provide an essential framework to streamline translational models and our search for antistenotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel G. Rojas
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Simone Pereira-Simon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nieves Santos Falcon
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Akshara Challa
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Juan C. Duque
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Roberta M. Lassance-Soares
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Omaida C. Velazquez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Loay H. Salman
- Division of Nephrology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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9
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Effects of shear stress on vascular endothelial functions in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114198. [PMID: 36916427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different blood flow patterns in the arteries can alter the adaptive phenotype of vascular endothelial cells (ECs), thereby affecting the functions of ECs and are directly associated with the occurrence of lesions in the early stages of atherosclerosis (AS). Atherosclerotic plaques are commonly found at curved or bifurcated arteries, where the blood flow pattern is dominated by oscillating shear stress (OSS). OSS can induce ECs to transform into pro-inflammatory phenotypes, increase cellular inflammation, oxidative stress response, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities and endothelial permeability, thereby promoting the progression of AS. On the other hand, the straight artery has a stable laminar shear stress (LSS), which promotes the transformation of ECs into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, improves endothelial cell function, thereby inhibits atherosclerotic progression. ECs have the ability to actively sense, integrate, and convert mechanical stimuli by shear stress into biochemical signals that further induces intracellular changes (such as the opening and closing of ion channels, activation and transcription of signaling pathways). Here we not only outline the relationship between functions of vascular ECs and different forms of fluid shear stress in AS, but also aim to provide new solutions for potential atherosclerotic therapies targeting intracellular mechanical transductions.
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10
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Hamrangsekachaee M, Wen K, Bencherif SA, Ebong EE. Atherosclerosis and endothelial mechanotransduction: current knowledge and models for future research. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C488-C504. [PMID: 36440856 PMCID: PMC10069965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00449.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium health is essential to the regulation of physiological vascular functions. Because of the critical capability of endothelial cells (ECs) to sense and transduce chemical and mechanical signals in the local vascular environment, their dysfunction is associated with a vast variety of vascular diseases and injuries, especially atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. This review describes the mechanotransduction events that are mediated through ECs, the EC subcellular components involved, and the pathways reported to be potentially involved. Up-to-date research efforts involving in vivo animal models and in vitro biomimetic models are also discussed, including their advantages and drawbacks, with recommendations on future modeling approaches to aid the development of novel therapies targeting atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Wen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sidi A Bencherif
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Laboratoire de BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, UMR CNRS 7388, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie of Compiègne, Compiègne, France
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
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11
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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12
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The Endothelial Glycocalyx and Retinal Hemodynamics. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:663-677. [PMID: 36548208 PMCID: PMC9785437 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and ensuring uniform red blood cell (RBC) distribution. However, these functions and consequences of the glycocalyx have not been examined in the retina. We hypothesize that the endothelial glycocalyx is a critical regulator of retinal hemodynamics and perfusion and decreases the propensity for retinal thrombus formation. METHODS Hyaluronidase and heparinase, which are endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzymes, were infused into mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (2000 kDa) was injected to measure lumen diameter, while RBC velocity and distribution were measured using fluorescently labeled RBCs. The diameters and velocities were used to calculate retinal blood flow and shear rates. Mean circulation time was calculated by measuring the difference between arteriolar and venular mean transit times. Rose Bengal dye was infused, followed by illumination with a green light to induce thrombosis. RESULTS The acute infusion of hyaluronidase and heparinase led to significant increases in both arteriolar (7%) and venular (16%) diameters in the retina, with a tendency towards increased arteriolar velocity. In addition, the degradation caused a significant decrease in the venular shear rate (14%). The enzyme infusion resulted in substantial increases in total retinal blood flow (26%) and retinal microhematocrit but no changes in the mean circulation time through the retina. We also observed an enhanced propensity for retinal thrombus formation with the removal of the glycocalyx. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that acute degradation of the glycocalyx can cause significant changes in retinal hemodynamics, with increases in vessel diameter, blood flow, microhematocrit, pro-thrombotic conditions, and decreases in venular shear rate.
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Padilla J, Manrique-Acevedo C, Martinez-Lemus LA. New insights into mechanisms of endothelial insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H1231-H1238. [PMID: 36331555 PMCID: PMC9705017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00537.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance in the vasculature is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and blunting of insulin-induced vasodilation is its primary consequence. Individuals with T2D exhibit a marked impairment in insulin-induced dilation in resistance arteries across vascular beds. Importantly, reduced insulin-stimulated vasodilation and blood flow to skeletal muscle limits glucose uptake and contributes to impaired glucose control in T2D. The study of mechanisms responsible for the suppressed vasodilatory effects of insulin has been a growing topic of interest for not only its association with glucose control and extension to T2D but also its relationship with cardiovascular disease development and progression. In this mini-review, we integrate findings from recent studies by our group with the existing literature focused on the mechanisms underlying endothelial insulin resistance in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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14
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Pretorius D, Richter RP, Anand T, Cardenas JC, Richter JR. Alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and sulfation and the impact on vascular endothelial function. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100121. [PMID: 36160687 PMCID: PMC9494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx attached to the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells is a rich network of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins with instrumental roles in vascular homeostasis. Given their molecular complexity and ability to interact with the intra- and extracellular environment, heparan sulfate proteoglycans uniquely contribute to the glycocalyx's role in regulating endothelial permeability, mechanosignaling, and ligand recognition by cognate cell surface receptors. Much attention has recently been devoted to the enzymatic shedding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx and its impact on vascular function. However, other molecular modifications to heparan sulfate proteoglycans are possible and may have equal or complementary clinical significance. In this narrative review, we focus on putative mechanisms driving non-proteolytic changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and alterations in the sulfation of heparan sulfate side chains within the endothelial glycocalyx. We then discuss how these specific changes to the endothelial glycocalyx impact endothelial cell function and highlight therapeutic strategies to target or potentially reverse these pathologic changes.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- EXT, Exostosin
- EXTL, Exostosin-like glycosyltransferase
- FFP, Fresh frozen plasma
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycan
- GPC, Glypican
- Gal, Galactose
- GlcA, Glucuronic acid
- GlcNAc, N-actetyl glucosamine
- Glycocalyx
- HLMVEC, Human lung microvascular endothelial cell
- HS, Heparan sulfate
- HS2ST, Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
- HS3ST, Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase
- HS6ST, Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase
- HSPG, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NDST, N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC, Syndecan
- Sulf, Endosulfatase
- Sulfation
- Synthesis
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UA, Hexuronic acid
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelium
- XYLT, Xylosyltransferase
- Xyl, Xylose
- eGCX, Endothelial glycocalyx
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pretorius
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert P. Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tanya Anand
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burn & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica C. Cardenas
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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15
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He T, d'Uscio LV, Sun R, Santhanam AVR, Katusic ZS. Inactivation of BACE1 increases expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cerebrovascular endothelium. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1920-1932. [PMID: 35673977 PMCID: PMC9536128 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular effects of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inactivation have not been systematically studied. In the present study we employed cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), BACE1-knockout (BACE1-/-) mice and conditional (tamoxifen-induced) endothelium-specific BACE1-knockout (eBACE1-/-) mice to determine effect of BACE1 inhibition on expression and function of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Deletion of BACE1 caused upregulation of eNOS and glypican-1 (GPC1) in human BMECs treated with BACE1-siRNA, and cerebral microvessels of male BACE1-/- mice and male eBACE1-/- mice. In addition, BACE1siRNA treatment increased NO production in human BMECs. These effects appeared to be independent of amyloid β-peptide production. Furthermore, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of BACE1 in human BMECs down-regulated GPC1 and eNOS. Treatment of human BMECs with GPC1siRNA suppressed mRNA and protein levels of eNOS. In basilar arteries of male eBACE1-/- mice, endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and endothelium-independent relaxations to NO donor, DEA-NONOate, were not affected, consistent with unchanged expression of eNOS and phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177 in large cerebral arteries. In aggregate, our findings suggest that under physiological conditions, inactivation of endothelial BACE1 increases expression of eNOS in cerebral microvessels but not in large brain arteries. This effect appears to be mediated by increased GPC1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrong He
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruohan Sun
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Anantha Vijay R Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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16
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Thota LNR, Chignalia AZ. The role of the glypican and syndecan families of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cardiovascular function and disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1052-C1060. [PMID: 35993518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are proteoglycans formed by a core protein to which one or multiple heparan sulfate chains are covalently bound. They are ubiquitously expressed in cellular surfaces and can be found in the extracellular matrix and secretory vesicles. The cellular effects of HSPGs comprehend multiple functionalities that include 1) the interaction with other membrane surface proteins to act as a substrate for cellular migration, 2) acting as a binding site for circulating molecules, 3) to have a receptor role for proteases, 4) to act as a coreceptor that can provide finetuning of growth factor receptor activity threshold, and 5) to activate intracellular signaling pathways (Sarrazin S, Lamanna WC, Esko JD. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3: a004952, 2011). Among the different families of HSPGs, the syndecan and glypican families of HSPGs have gained increased attention in relation to their effects on cardiovascular cells and potential role in disease progression. In this review, we will summarize the effects of syndecan and glypican homologs on the different cardiovascular cell types and discuss their contribution to common processes found in cardiovascular diseases (inflammation, hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling) as well as their potential role in the development and progression of specific diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreia Zago Chignalia
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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17
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Ziganshina MM, Ziganshin AR, Khalturina EO, Baranov II. Arterial hypertension as a consequence of endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction: a modern view of the problem of cardiovascular diseases. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a leading risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases, which are among the top 10 most common causes of death in the world. The etiology of hypertension has not been fully elucidated, but it has been established that endothelial dysfunction is the most significant pathogenetic link in the formation and progression of the disease. The data obtained in the last 10-15 years on endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) studies indicate that endothelial dysfunction is preceded by destabilization and shedding of eGC with the appearance of its soluble components in the blood, which is equivalent to a process that can be designated as eGC dysfunction. Signs of eGC dysfunction are expressed in the development of hypertension, diseases of the cardiovascular system, and their complications. The purpose of this review is to analyze and substantiate the pathophysiological role of eGC dysfunction in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases and to describe approaches for its assessment and pharmacological correction. Abstracts and full-size articles of 425 publications in Pubmed/MEDLINE databases over 20 years were studied. The review discusses the role of eGC in the regulation of vascular tone, endothelial barrier function, and anti-adhesive properties of eGC. Modifications of eGC under the influence of pro-inflammatory stimuli, changes in eGC with age, and with increased salt load are considered. The aspect associated with eGC dysfunction in atherosclerosis, hyperglycemia and hypertension is covered. Assessment of eGC dysfunction is difficult but can be performed by indirect methods, in particular by detecting eGC components in blood. A brief description of the main approaches to pharmacoprevention and pharmacocorrection of hypertension is given from the position of exposure effects on eGC, which currently has more a fundamental than practical orientation. This opens up great opportunities for clinical studies of eGC dysfunction for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and justifies a new direction in the clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Ziganshina
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology
| | - A. R. Ziganshin
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology
| | - E. O. Khalturina
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology;
I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - I. I. Baranov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology
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18
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Glycocalyx mechanotransduction mechanisms are involved in renal cancer metastasis. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 13:100100. [PMID: 35106474 PMCID: PMC8789524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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19
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Vinci R, Pedicino D, Bonanni A, d'Aiello A, Pisano E, Ponzo M, Severino A, Ciampi P, Canonico F, Russo G, Di Sario M, Vergallo R, Filomia S, Montone RA, Flego D, Stefanini L, Piacentini R, Conte C, Cribari F, Massetti M, Crea F, Liuzzo G. Monocyte-Platelet Aggregates Triggered by CD31 Molecule in Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Implications in Plaque Rupture. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:741221. [PMID: 35146002 PMCID: PMC8821091 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.741221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent innovations in cardiovascular care, atherothrombosis is still a major complication of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We evaluated the involvement of the CD31 molecule in thrombotic risk through the formation of monocyte-platelet (Mo-Plt) aggregates in patients with ACS with no-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) on top of dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT). We enrolled 19 control (CTRL) subjects, 46 stable angina (SA), and 86 patients with NSTEMI, of which, 16 with Intact Fibrous Cap (IFC) and 19 with Ruptured Fibrous Cap (RFC) as assessed by the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The expression of CD31 on monocytes and platelets was measured. Following the coronary angiography, 52 NSTEMIs were further stratified according to thrombus grade (TG) evaluation. Finally, a series of ex vivo experiments verified whether the CD31 participates in Mo-Plt aggregate formation. In patients with NSTEMI, CD31 was reduced on monocytes and was increased on platelets, especially in NSTEMI presented with RFC plaques compared to those with IFC lesions, and in patients with high TG compared to those with zero/low TG. Ex vivo experiments documented an increase in Mo-Plt aggregates among NSTEMI, which significantly decreased after the CD31 ligation, particularly in patients with RFC plaques. In NSTEMI, CD31 participates in Mo-Plt aggregate formation in spite of optimal therapy and DAPT, suggesting the existence of alternative thrombotic pathways, as predominantly displayed in patients with RFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Vinci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniela Pedicino
| | - Alice Bonanni
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia d'Aiello
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Pisano
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriana Ponzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Severino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Ciampi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Canonico
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Russo
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Di Sario
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Vergallo
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Filomia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Antonio Montone
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Flego
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Conte
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cribari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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20
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Mahmoud M, Cancel L, Tarbell JM. Matrix Stiffness Affects Glycocalyx Expression in Cultured Endothelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731666. [PMID: 34692689 PMCID: PMC8530223 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The endothelial cell glycocalyx (GCX) is a mechanosensor that plays a key role in protecting against vascular diseases. We have previously shown that age/disease mediated matrix stiffness inhibits the glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate and its core protein Glypican 1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, rat fat pad endothelial cells and in a mouse model of age-mediated stiffness. Glypican 1 inhibition resulted in enhanced endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cell culture typically occurs on stiff matrices such as plastic or glass. For the study of the endothelial GCX specifically it is important to culture cells on soft matrices to preserve GCX expression. To test the generality of this statement, we hypothesized that stiff matrices inhibit GCX expression and consequently endothelial cell function in additional cell types: bovine aortic endothelial cells, mouse aortic endothelial cell and mouse brain endothelial cells. Methods and Results: All cell types cultured on glass showed reduced GCX heparan sulfate expression compared to cells cultured on either soft polyacrylamide (PA) gels of a substrate stiffness of 2.5 kPa (mimicking the stiffness of young, healthy arteries) or on either stiff gels 10 kPa (mimicking the stiffness of old, diseased arteries). Specific cell types showed reduced expression of GCX protein Glypican 1 (4 of 5 cell types) and hyaluronic acid (2 of 5 cell types) on glass vs soft gels. Conclusion: Matrix stiffness affects GCX expression in endothelial cells. Therefore, the study of the endothelial glycocalyx on stiff matrices (glass/plastic) is not recommended for specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mahmoud
- Tarbell Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - John M. Tarbell
- Tarbell Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Mechanisms underlying unidirectional laminar shear stress-mediated Nrf2 activation in endothelial cells: Amplification of low shear stress signaling by primary cilia. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102103. [PMID: 34425388 PMCID: PMC8379703 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are sensitive to mechanical stress and respond differently to oscillatory flow versus unidirectional flow. This review highlights the mechanisms by which a wide range of unidirectional laminar shear stress induces activation of the redox sensitive antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cultured endothelial cells. We propose that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) are potential Nrf2 activators induced by laminar shear stress. Shear stress-dependent secretion of FGF-2 and its receptor-mediated signaling is tightly controlled, requiring neutrophil elastase released by shear stress, αvβ3 integrin and the cell surface glycocalyx. We speculate that primary cilia respond to low laminar shear stress (<10 dyn/cm2), resulting in secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which facilitates αvβ3 integrin-dependent FGF-2 secretion. Shear stress induces generation of heparan-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which contributes to FGF-2 secretion and gene expression. Furthermore, HB-EGF signaling modulates FGF-2-mediated NADPH oxidase 1 activation that favors casein kinase 2 (CK2)-mediated phosphorylation/activation of Nrf2 associated with caveolin 1 in caveolae. Higher shear stress (>15 dyn/cm2) induces vesicular exocytosis of BDNF from endothelial cells, and we propose that BDNF via the p75NTR receptor could induce CK2-mediated Nrf2 activation. Unidirectional laminar shear stress upregulates gene expression of FGF-2 and BDNF and generation of 15d-PGJ2, which cooperate in sustaining Nrf2 activation to protect endothelial cells against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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