Associations between potential inflammatory properties of the diet and frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches: a cross-sectional study

Association of dietary and lifestyle inflammation score (DLIS) with chronic migraine in women: a cross-sectional study

Due to more frequent and intense attacks, chronic migraine (CM) sufferers usually report more disability compared to patients with episodic migraine (EM). There is increasing evidence that points to inflammatory diet and lifestyle as a probable underlying cause of migraine. The present study investigated the association of dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores (DLIS) with the odds of CM in Iranian women. In the current study, 285 women with migraine enrolled. Migraine was diagnosed by a single neurologist based on the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III). The women were categorized into CM and EM groups based on their attack frequency per month. Adherence to the dietary inflammation score (DIS), Lifestyle Inflammatory Score (LIS), and DLIS (DIS + LIS) was assessed based on last year's dietary intakes collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Odds Ratio (OR) for CM across the DIS, LIS, and DLIS tertiles were assessed through logistic regression. Most of the participants were overweight or obese (74.4%). The percentage of women with CM was 40.7%. Women with CM had significantly higher DIS (P = 0.002) and DLIS (P = 0.04) than women with EM. There was a significant positive association between CM and DIS. Those in the third tertile of the DIS had almost two times higher chance of experiencing chronic migraine compared with those in the first tertile [OR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.06-3.82; P = 0.03]. the P-value for the trend also was significant (0.03). In terms of LIS and DLIS tertiles, no significant association was observed. Adherence to the more inflammatory diets was associated with higher chances of experiencing CM in women.

Healthy eating index 2015 might be associated with migraine headaches: Results from a Case-Control study

Migraine headaches are the most prevalent disabling primary headaches, affecting individuals at an active age. Dietary interventions are considered low-cost and practical approaches to migraine prophylaxis. Hence, the present study aimed to assess the association between adherence to the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) and migraine headaches. The present case-control study was conducted on 476 newly diagnosed adults with migraine headaches, based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHDIII criteria(, and 512 healthy controls. Participants' dietary intakes were collected using a validated, 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The association between HEI-2015 and migraine headaches was assessed using logistic regression models. Although the trend was not statistically significant, being in the 4th quantile of the HEI-2015 was associated with about 50% lower odds of migraine headaches in both primary (adjusted for age and gender) (odds ratios (OR): 0.51, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.33, 0.78) and fully adjusted models (additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and total calories) (adjusted OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.77). Intriguingly, the odds of migraine headaches were significantly higher in those in the last quantile of "Total Fruits," which is equal to more than 237 g per 1000 kcal (aOR: 2.96, 95%CI: 1.99, 4.41) and "Whole Fruits," which is equal to more than 233 g per 1000 kcal (aOR: 2.90, 95%CI: 1.94, 4.31). Similarly, higher intakes of "Dairy," which is equal to more than 138 g per 1000 kcal (aOR: 2.66, 95%CI: 1.71, 4.14), and "Total Protein Foods," which is equal to more than 259 g per 1000 kcal (aOR: 2.41, 95%CI: 1.58, 3.70), were associated with higher odds of migraine headaches. The current study revealed an indirect association between HEI-2015 and its components, including "Greens and Beans," "Whole Grains," "Refined Grains," and "Added Sugars" and lower odds of migraine headaches.

Age and sex differences in the association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and severe headache or migraine: a nationwide cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Migraine and severe headaches are extremely prevalent neurological disorders that plague humans and society. Prior research has revealed that DII may affect the occurrence of migraines, but there are too few relevant studies and more are required. This study aimed to determine the association between severe headache or migraine and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), with particular attention to age and gender differences.

METHODS

Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we performed a cross-sectional study. In addition, we investigated the association between DII and severe headache or migraine using weighted multivariate logistic regression models, and restricted cubic splines models were plotted to explore their linear correlation.

RESULTS

There were a total of 13,439 people participating in the study, and of those, 2745 experienced a severe headache or migraine within the previous three months. The DII was linearly and positively correlated with severe headache or migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.08, p = 0.0051). Stratified analysis showed that this relationship persisted among women and those aged < 60 years, with ORs of 1.08 (95% CI = 1.04-1.13, p = 0.0004) and 1.05 (95% CI = 1.01-1.09, p = 0.0071), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that greater levels of DII were significantly related to an increased likelihood of migraine onset, especially among women and young and middle-aged populations. Further research is required to validate and expand upon our results.

Association between the dietary inflammatory index and pain in US adults from NHANES

OBJECTIVES

The growing global burden of pain is gradually expanding from the medical field to public health. Dietary inflammatory potential correlates with inflammatory markers, and inflammation is one of the main mechanisms of pain.

METHODS

This study explored the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and pain from the NHANES database on DII and pain (neck pain, low back pain, joint pain, and headache or migraine) using logistic regression and stratified analysis.

RESULTS

The results show a stronger association between DII and joint pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08-1.40, P = 0.003) and headache or migraine (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.15-1.48, P < 0.001), but no association is found in neck pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.89-1.20, P = 0.65) and low back pain (Q4 of DII adjusted-OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.92-1.17, P = 0.54). After stratifying the data according to demographics, differences in the relationship between DII and pain are found at different levels of the population.

DISCUSSION

This study identifies high DII as a risk factor for joint pain and headache or migraine.

Is there a link between the inflammatory potential of a diet and mental health among patients with migraine? Findings from a cross-sectional survey

AIMS

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and mental health outcomes among patients with migraine headaches.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 262 subjects were included. The dietary intakes were collected using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Items were scored according to their inflammatory potential, so a higher DII indicated a more pro-inflammatory diet. The association between DII and the mental health of participants was investigated using multinomial logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported.

RESULTS

Overall, 224 women and 38 men, with a mean (standard error) DII of -2.96 (0.06), age of 36.1 (0.53) years, and BMI of 25.55 (0.21) kg/m2, comprised our study population. DII was positively associated with a higher risk of depression in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence (OR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.04, 3.00; Ptrend = 0.035). Adjustments for age, sex, marital status, smoking status, migraine headache index score, number of family members, mean arterial pressure, medication, physical activity, and BMI intensified the association in a way that the risk of depression was 2.03 times higher in patients with the highest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet compared to those with the lowest adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet (OR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.18, 3.49; Ptrend = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that depression was positively associated with adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet. However, no significant association was observed between anxiety and stress with DII.

Diet and migraine: what is proven?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to present the latest research findings about diet and migraine, what can be used in the clinic now, and what needs further investigation.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent findings highlight that dietary triggers exist for migraine, for example, coffee and alcohol, according to a new systematic review. Elimination diets must be personalized to delineate a balanced diet with acceptable quality and pattern. A piece of average-quality evidence shows that the ketogenic diet (KD) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) are effective in reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of migraine headaches in adult patients. The gut microbiome is altered in patients with migraine, and further research will identify the benefits of pre and probiotic use for migraine. Advanced digital technology in continuous monitoring can provide educational content based on patients' needs, help patients adhere to dietary plans, and strengthen personalized care. The complex interaction of lifestyle factors, the influence of age and sex, and patients' needs in various life phases are essential in formulating dietary plans.

SUMMARY

The diet-migraine interaction is a dynamic bidirectional phenomenon that requires careful monitoring, review, and justification of dietary choices to yield the optimal outcome while minimizing potential risks.

Risk factors for migraine disease progression: a narrative review for a patient-centered approach

BACKGROUND

In individuals with migraine, attacks may increase in frequency, severity, or both. Preventing migraine progression has emerged as a treatment goal in headache subspecialty practice, but there may be less awareness in general neurology or primary care settings where most people with migraine who seek treatment consult. Herein, we review the definition of and risk factors for migraine progression and consider strategies that could reduce its risk.

METHODS

A group of headache expert healthcare professionals, clinicians, and researchers reviewed published evidence documenting factors associated with increased or decreased rates of migraine progression and established expert opinions for disease management recommendations. Strength of evidence was rated as good, moderate, or based solely on expert opinion, using modified criteria for causation developed by AB Hill.

RESULTS

Migraine progression is commonly operationally defined as the transition from ≤ 15 to ≥ 15 monthly headache days among people with migraine; however, this does not necessarily constitute a fundamental change in migraine biology and other definitions should be considered. Established and theoretical key risk factors for migraine progression were categorized into five domains: migraine disease characteristics, treatment-related factors, comorbidities, lifestyle/exogenous factors, and demographic factors. Within these domains, good evidence supports the following risk factors: poorly optimized acute headache treatment, cutaneous allodynia, acute medication overuse, selected psychiatric symptoms, extra-cephalic chronic pain conditions, metabolism-related comorbidities, sleep disturbances, respiratory conditions, former/current high caffeine intake, physical inactivity, financial constraints, tobacco use, and personal triggers as risk factors. Protective actions that may mitigate migraine progression are sparsely investigated in published literature; our discussion of these factors is primarily based on expert opinion.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognizing risk factors for migraine progression will allow healthcare providers to suggest protective actions against migraine progression (Supplementary Fig. 1). Intervention studies are needed to weight the risk factors and test the clinical benefit of hypothesized mitigation strategies that emerge from epidemiological evidence.

Linking Migraine to Gut Dysbiosis and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

In the world, migraine is one of the most common causes of disability in adults. To date, there is no a single cause for this disorder, but rather a set of physio-pathogenic triggers in combination with a genetic predisposition. Among the factors related to migraine onset, a crucial role seems to be played by gut dysbiosis. In fact, it has been demonstrated how the intestine is able to modulate the central nervous system activities, through the gut-brain axis, and how gut dysbiosis can influence neurological pathologies, including migraine attacks. In this context, in addition to conventional pharmacological treatments for migraine, attention has been paid to an adjuvant therapeutic strategy based on different nutritional approaches and lifestyle changes able to positively modulate the gut microbiota composition. In fact, the restoration of the balance between the different gut bacterial species, the reconstruction of the gut barrier integrity, and the control of the release of gut-derived inflammatory neuropeptides, obtained through specific nutritional patterns and lifestyle changes, represent a possible beneficial additive therapy for many migraine subtypes. Herein, this review explores the bi-directional correlation between migraine and the main chronic non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, obesity, cancer, and chronic kidney diseases, whose link is represented by gut dysbiosis.

Association between inflammatory potential of diet and self-reported severe headache or migraine: A cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation plays an important role in migraine development. Dietary interventions that reduce the inflammatory state are effective for migraine prophylaxis. However, little is yet known about the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and migraine in the general US adult population. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the inflammatory potential of diet is associated with severe headache or migraine in US adults.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed data from adult participants in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Severe headache or migraine was determined based on self-reported information. Severe headache or migraine was defined as an affirmative response to the question: "Have you had a severe headache or migraine in the past 3 mo?" The dietary inflammatory index (DII) was used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between DII and severe headache or migraine. A multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline model was constructed to establish the OR curves at 3 knots to examine the possible non-linear dose-response association between DII and severe headache or migraine.

RESULTS

Of 10359 participants included in this study (mean age, 46.3 [0.3] y; 5116 [49%] men), 2083 (22%) reported previous episodes of severe headache or migraine, whereas 8276 (78%) did not. After adjusting for potential confounders, the DII score was associated with severe headache or migraine (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.15; P = 0.003). Compared with participants with the lowest tertile (T1) of DII score (i.e., T1; ≤-4.42 to ≤0.77), those with the highest tertile (i.e., T3; <2.44 to ≤5.18) had an adjusted OR for severe headache or migraine of 1.46 (95% CI, 1.20-1.77; P < 0.001). The multivariable restricted cubic spline showed a non-linear association between DII and severe headache or migraine (P = 0.012). In two piecewise regression models, the adjusted OR of developing a severe headache or migraine was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.04-1.37; P = 0.012) in participants with a DII score ≥1.48, whereas there was no association between DII and severe headache or migraine in participants with a DII score <1.48. Subgroup analyses showed that DII was associated with severe headache or migraine in women (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.31-2.28), individuals 20 to 50 y of age (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29-2.14), those who were married or living with a partner (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.19-1.85), individuals living alone (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81), those with a high level of education (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.26-2.36), individuals with a low family income (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.10-2.28), those with a medium or high family income (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.17-1.86), and body mass index <25 kg/m2 (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21-2.41).

CONCLUSION

The inflammatory potential of the diet is associated with severe headache or migraine in US adults.

Associations between dietary diversity score and migraine headaches: the results from a cross-sectional study

Aims

There is limited evidence on the link between diet quality and migraine headaches. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary diversity score (DDS), as a good representative of overall diet quality, and clinical features of migraine headaches.

Methods

In total, 262 subjects (224 females and 34 males), aged 20 to 50  years old were included in the present cross-sectional study. The migraine headache was diagnosed according to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). Clinical features of migraine headaches including frequency, severity, and duration of migraine headaches, headache impact test-6 (HIT-6), and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) were assessed by standard procedures. The dietary intake of participants has been assessed by a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and used to calculate DDS. The association between DDS and clinical variables of migraine headaches was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis, and the beta (β) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.

Results

A significant inverse association was found between DDS and headache frequency (β = -2.19, 95% CI: -4.25, -0.14) and serum levels of NO (β = -6.60, 95% CI: -12.58, -0.34), when comparing patients in the third tertile of DDS to those in the first tertile. The association remained significant and became stronger after adjustment for confounders for both outcomes of headache frequency (β = -3.36, 95% CI: -5.88, -0.84) and serum levels of NO (β = -9.86, 95% CI: -18.17, -1.55). However, no significant association was found between DDS with HIT-6 score, migraine headache duration, and severity.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that higher dietary diversity is correlated with lower migraine frequency and serum levels of NO.

Sex-specific metabolic profiling to explain the increased CVD risk in women with migraine: a narrative review

BACKGROUND

Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder whose diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. A shortcoming of these criteria is that they do not fully capture the underlying neurobiological factors and sex-specific complications in migraine such as cardio- and cerebrovascular disease. Biomarker research can help to improve disease characterization and identify pathophysiological mechanism underlying these comorbidities.

OBJECTIVE

In this narrative review we searched for sex-specific metabolomics research to identify markers that may explain the migraine-cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship.

DISCUSSION

Large-scale plasma metabolome analyses revealed alterations in migraine. Sex-specific findings showed a less CVD-protective HDL metabolism as well as the ApoA1 lipoprotein, especially for women with migraine. To explore other possible pathophysiological pathways, we expanded our review to include inflammatory markers, endothelial and vascular markers and sex hormones. Biological sex differences may affect the pathophysiology of migraine and its complications.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no general large dyslipidemia profile in migraine patients, in line with findings that the increased risk of CVD in migraine patients seems not to be due to (large artery) atherosclerosis. Sex-specific associations are indicative towards a less CVD-protective lipoprotein profile in women with migraine. Future studies into the pathophysiology of CVD and migraine need to take sex specific factors into account. By establishing the overlapping pathophysiological mechanism of migraine and CVD, and unraveling the associated effects these diseases exert on each other, better preventative measures can be identified.

Association of dietary patterns with migraine: A matched case-control study

Background: Little is known about the association between dietary patterns and odds of migraine. We aimed to investigate the association between posteriori dietary patterns and migraine odds and migraine-related outcomes using principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: A total of 500 participants enrolled in this age- and sex-matched case-control study. Subjects in the case group were migraine patients who were diagnosed by a neurologist (n = 250) and subjects in the control group were healthy individuals (n = 250). Dietary intake was assessed using a 168-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Extraction of dietary patterns was performed via PCA. Information on the wide range of covariates and migraine-related outcomes were collected. Results: The 2 major dietary patterns of the "Western diet" and "prudent diet" were extracted using PCA. Those who were in the highest quartile of the prudent diet had the lowest odds of migraine in the fully adjusted model [odds ratio (OR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04-0.21]. Additionally, higher adherence to the Western diet was positively associated with migraine odds (P ˂ 0.001) and this association remained significant and even increased after adjusting a wide range of confounders. Among migraine sufferers, those who had the highest score on the Western diet, had significantly higher attack frequency compared to the patients in the first quartile (15.4 ± 8.9 vs. 12.3 ± 8.6; P = 0.004). Conclusion: The finding of a significant association between the 2 extracted dietary patterns and migraine odds highlights the possible role of diet in both the prevention and stimulation of migraine.

Christian Orthodox Fasting as a Traditional Diet with Low Content of Refined Carbohydrates That Promotes Human Health: A Review of the Current Clinical Evidence

INTRODUCTION

Christian Orthodox fasting is a pattern high in complex carbohydrates and low in refined carbohydrates. It has been explored in association with its potential health benefits. The present review aims to comprehensively explore the existing available clinical data concerning the potential favorable impact of the dietary pattern of Christian Orthodox fasting on human health.

METHODS

PubMed database, Web of Science and Google Scholar were extensively searched in order to identify the more appropriate clinical studies that explore the effect of Christian Orthodox fasting on health-related outcomes in humans utilizing relative keywords. We initially retrieved 121 records through database searching. After applying several exclusion criteria, 17 clinical studies were finally included in this review study.

DISCUSSION

Christian Orthodox fasting showed beneficial effects concerning glucose and lipid control, whereas the data for blood pressure remain inconclusive. Concerning weight control, fasters were characterized by lower body mass and lower caloric intake in the course of the fasting periods. During fasting, this pattern is higher in fruits and vegetables, showing the absence of dietary deficiencies for iron and folate. Nevertheless, dietary deficiencies were recorded for calcium and vitamin B2, and also hypovitaminosis D has been noticed in monks. Interestingly, the vast majority of monks do present with both good quality of life and mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, Christian Orthodox fasting is a dietary pattern low in refined carbohydrates and high in complex carbohydrates and fiber that may be beneficial for human health promotion and chronic disease prevention. However, further studies are strongly recommended on the impact of long-term religious fasting on HDL cholesterol levels and blood pressure.

The association of dietary total antioxidant capacity with migraine attack frequency in women

AIMS

There is substantial evidence considering oxidative stress as one of the migraine pathogeneses. It seems higher dietary antioxidant intake could modulate migraine symptoms in sufferers. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between the dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and migraine attack frequency.

METHOD

289 volunteer women with migraine were recruited. The usual participants' dietary intakes were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The dietary total antioxidant capacity of women was determined via three different indices including dTAC, DAI, and DAQs. dTAC was calculated based on the USDA oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) database. The dietary intakes of vitamins A, E, C, selenium, zinc, and manganese were applied for calculating the DAI (Dietary Antioxidant Index) and DAQs (Dietary Antioxidant Quality score). The multivariate-adjusted ordinal regression was used to assess the relation of three indices scores with migraine attack frequency.

RESULTS

a lower score of dTAC was associated with a higher attack frequency [OR (95%CI) model3= 1.97(1.1-3.54), P-value= 0.02]. The women with DAQs= 1 and 3 had significantly higher migraine attack frequency compared to women with DAQs = 5 [DAQs = 1: OR (95%CI) model 3= 8.59 (1.06- 69.72), P-value = 0.04] and [DAQs = 3: OR (95%CI) model 3= 2.09 (1.13- 3.85), P-value= 0.02]. Moreover, the trend of changes among the DAQs and dTAC levels was significant (P-values for trend < 0.05). There was no significant association between tertiles of DAI and migraine attack frequency (P-value> 0.05).

CONCLUSION

A high-quality diet in terms of antioxidant capacity is related to lower attack frequency in migrainous women.

Proteomics analysis revealed the presence of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the plasma of migraine patients during the pain period

BACKGROUND

There is increasing evidence that some biomarkers are implicated in migraine pathogenesis. This study looks at plasma proteome in migraine patients for potential protein biomarkers.

METHODS

This case-control study has two phases. In phase I, plasma samples were collected from three groups, including twenty-three episodic migraineurs, thirty-five chronic migraineurs, and twenty-nine healthy subjects. In phase II, plasma samples were prepared from two groups, including five episodic and five chronic migraine cases, during the pain and 24 h after the pain-free periods. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed on plasma proteins. The possible corresponding proteins for the differentially expressed spots between groups investigated by the Melanie software were predicted by 2-DE gels of the EXPASY database. LC-MS/MS additionally analyzed phase II data.

RESULTS

Expression levels of haptoglobin, clusterin, fibrinogen alpha chain, fibrinogen beta chain, complement c3, transthyretin, α1-microglobulin, and retinol-binding protein 4 were shown considerable changes in migraine patients compared to controls or their pain-free period.

CONCLUSION

Differences in expression levels for several proteins were observed across groups. Most of these are associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuroprotection, which can be considered potential disease biomarkers. However, further research is necessary for this respect.

Migraine severity, disability, and duration: Is a good diet quality, high intake of phytochemicals and polyphenols important?

OBJECTIVES

Dietary pattern may be the determinant of migraine prognosis through various mechanisms such as systemic inflammation, vasodilation, cerebral glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction.This study was conducted to examine the relationship of the symptoms and signs of migraine with dietary polyphenols and the phytochemical intake and the quality of the diet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Individuals (n = 90), who were admitted to the headache outpatient clinic due to the diagnosis of episodic migraine, underwent physical examination by a neurologist. Migraine characteristics were assessed using the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale. The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was used to evaluate the diet quality of individuals, and the Phytochemical Index developed by McCarty was used to determine the dietary intake of phytochemicals. Phenol-Explorer version 3.6 and the USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods-Release 3.3 were used to calculate the dietary polyphenol intake.

RESULTS

Migraine severity was negatively correlated with the intake of phytochemicals and good diet quality (r = -0.37, p = 0.0003; r = -0.37, p = 0.0003, respectively), and with the intake of phenolic components flavanones (r = -0.27, p = 0.01) and lignans (r = -0.27, p = 0.01). With respect to the food groups; migraine severity was found to be inversely correlated with the total phenol intake from olive oil, oil, and fruits (r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.21, p = 0.04; r = -0.24, p = 0.02, respectively), and the flavonoid intake from olive oil, oil, fruits, and vegetables (r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.26, p = 0.01; r = -0.35, p = 0.0007; r = -0.22, p = 0.04, respectively). Strikingly, fruit flavanone intake was correlated with low migraine severity (r = -0.39, p = 0.0002), and fruit flavanol intake was correlated with low migraine disability (r = -0.21, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

A high-quality diet rich in phytochemicals and polyphenols (especially flavanones and lignans) is associated with low migraine severity. Lower intake of phenols and flavonoids from vegetable oil, olive oil, fruits, and vegetables were associated with more severe migraine attacks. Examination of migraine characteristics and dietary pattern together with phytochemical and polyphenol intake may guide the development of dietary strategies to be used in migraine patients.

The Role of Dietary Patterns and Dietary Quality on Body Composition of Adolescents in Chinese College

There is limited evidence regarding the effects of dietary pattern and dietary quality on the risk of unhealthy weight status and related body composition in Chinese adolescence. In particular, studies using bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) in these subjects are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of diet in body composition, to find a healthy dietary pattern for Chinese youth, and to promote the application of BIA among this population. A total of 498 participants aged from 18 to 22 years old were included. Dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis. Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (DII) and diet balance index (DBI) were calculated based on semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship of dietary patterns, dietary quality with body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and the effect of dietary factors on BMI levels. The majority of participants with overweight and obesity had abdominal obesity, and there was 3.7% abdominal obesity in normal BMI individuals. Four dietary patterns were detected in the subjects. The pattern with the higher energy intake, which was close to the Western diet, was positively correlated with BMI (β = 0.326, p = 0.018) and FMI (β = 0.201, p = 0.043), while being negatively correlated with FFMI (β = −0.183, p = 0.021). Individuals who followed the pattern similar to the Mediterranean diet had a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR), and the highest fat free mass, soft lean mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.05) but the lowest FMI, visceral fat area (VFA), waist−hip ratio, and FMI/FFMI ratio (p < 0.05). Higher energy-adjusted DII was associated with high BMI. Higher bound score (HBS) (β = −0.018, p = 0.010) and diet quality distance (DQD) (β = −0.012, p = 0.015) were both negatively correlated with FFMI. In conclusion, fat or muscle indexes, such as BMR, FMI, and FFMI, had an important role in predicting overweight and obesity, which suggested the importance of applying BIA among Chinese college students. Students who followed healthful dietary patterns or the high-quality diet that is similar to the Mediterranean diet but not close to the Western diet were more likely to have a healthy BMI and normal body composition.

Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Blood Inflammation: The Prospective Markers on Mild Cognitive Impairment

Inflammation is known as an important mechanism of cognitive dysfunction. Systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and system inflammation response index (SIRI) are two blood inflammatory markers, which are related to many chronic diseases including cognitive impairment. It is recognized that dietary inflammatory index (DII), which is used to estimate the overall inflammatory potential of diet, may be related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SII, SIRI and DII, as well as the role of these inflammatory indexes on MCI in elderly people. A total of 1050 participants from Beijing were included. Neuropsychological tests were used for cognitive evaluation. Energy-adjusted DII scores were calculated based on semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were tested for calculating SII and SIRI. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the correlation of indexes. After adjusting demographic characteristics, SII and SIRI in MCI individuals were higher than controls (p ≤ 0.001). DII, SII and SIRI had positive relationship with MoCA scores (p < 0.005). DII also correlated with SIRI in MCI (β = 0.11, p = 0.031). Higher DII and SIRI could definitely increase the risk of MCI, as well as DII and SII (p < 0.005). In conclusion, DII was positively correlated with blood inflammation. The elderly with higher level of DII and SIRI, or DII and SII could be considered as people with higher risk of developing MCI.