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Quadrado RFN, Silvestri S, de Souza JF, Iglesias BA, Fajardo AR. Advances in porphyrins and chlorins associated with polysaccharides and polysaccharides-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 334:122017. [PMID: 38553216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the convergence of advanced materials and innovative applications has fostered notable scientific progress within the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Porphyrins and their derivatives, distinguished by an extended conjugated π-electron system, have a relevant role in propelling these advancements, especially in drug delivery systems, photodynamic therapy, wound healing, and (bio)sensing. However, despite their promise, the practical clinical application of these macrocycles is hindered by their inherent challenges of low solubility and instability under physiological conditions. To address this limitation, researchers have exploited the synergistic association of porphyrins and chlorins with polysaccharides by engineering conjugated systems and composite/hybrid materials. This review compiles the principal advances in this growing research field, elucidating fundamental principles and critically examining the applications of such materials within biomedical and pharmaceutical contexts. Additionally, the review addresses the eventual challenges and outlines future perspectives for this poignant research field. It is expected that this review will serve as a comprehensive guide for students and researchers dedicated to exploring state-of-the-art materials for contemporary medicine and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F N Quadrado
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Siara Silvestri
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Engenharia de Meio Ambiente (LEMA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline F de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - André R Fajardo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Desenvolvimento de Compósitos e Materiais Poliméricos (LaCoPol), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/n, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Chao Y, Subramaniam M, Namitharan K, Zhu Y, Koolma V, Hao Z, Li S, Wang Y, Hudoynazarov I, Miloserdov FM, Zuilhof H. Synthesis of Large Macrocycles with Chiral Sulfur Centers via Enantiospecific SuFEx and SuPhenEx Click Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15658-15665. [PMID: 37903243 PMCID: PMC10660663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the first asymmetric synthesis of large chiral macrocycles with chiral sulfur atoms. Building on stereospecific SuFEx and SuPhenEx click chemistries, this approach utilizes disulfonimidoyl fluorides and disulfonimidoyl p-nitrophenolates─which are efficient building blocks with two chiral sulfur centers, and diphenols to efficiently form novel S-O bonds. Characteristic results include the enantiospecific one-step synthesis of rings consisting of 21-58 members and characterization of both enantiomers (R,R and S,S) by e.g. X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Muthusamy Subramaniam
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kayambu Namitharan
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yumei Zhu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Victor Koolma
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zitong Hao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shikang Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ilyos Hudoynazarov
- Division
of Organic Synthesis and Applied Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Fedor M. Miloserdov
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cheekatla SR, Thurakkal L, Jose A, Barik D, Porel M. Aza-Oxa-Triazole Based Macrocycles with Tunable Properties: Design, Synthesis, and Bioactivity. Molecules 2022; 27:3409. [PMID: 35684347 PMCID: PMC9182012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular platform for the synthesis of tunable aza-oxa-based macrocycles was established. Modulations in the backbone and the side-chain functional groups have been rendered to achieve the tunable property. These aza-oxa-based macrocycles can also differ in the number of heteroatoms in the backbone and the ring size of the macrocycles. For the proof of concept, a library of macrocycles was synthesized with various hanging functional groups, different combinations of heteroatoms, and ring sizes in the range of 17-27 atoms and was characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry. In light of the importance of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction and the significance of triazole groups for various applications, we employed the click-reaction-based macrocyclization. The competence of the synthesized macrocycles in various biomedical applications was proven by studying the interactions with the serum albumin proteins; bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. It was observed that some candidates, based on their hanging functional groups and specific backbone atoms, could interact well with the protein, thus improving the bioactive properties. On the whole, this work is a proof-of-concept to explore the backbone- and side-chain-tunable macrocycle for different properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Rao Cheekatla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India; (S.R.C.); (L.T.); (A.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Liya Thurakkal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India; (S.R.C.); (L.T.); (A.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Anna Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India; (S.R.C.); (L.T.); (A.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Debashis Barik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India; (S.R.C.); (L.T.); (A.J.); (D.B.)
| | - Mintu Porel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India; (S.R.C.); (L.T.); (A.J.); (D.B.)
- Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Engineering Center, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678557, India
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