1
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Lim J, Fang HW, Bupphathong S, Sung PC, Yeh CE, Huang W, Lin CH. The Edifice of Vasculature-On-Chips: A Focused Review on the Key Elements and Assembly of Angiogenesis Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3548-3567. [PMID: 38712543 PMCID: PMC11167599 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The conception of vascularized organ-on-a-chip models provides researchers with the ability to supply controlled biological and physical cues that simulate the in vivo dynamic microphysiological environment of native blood vessels. The intention of this niche research area is to improve our understanding of the role of the vasculature in health or disease progression in vitro by allowing researchers to monitor angiogenic responses and cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions in real time. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the essential elements, including cells, biomaterials, microenvironmental factors, microfluidic chip design, and standard validation procedures that currently govern angiogenesis-on-a-chip assemblies. In addition, we emphasize the importance of incorporating a microvasculature component into organ-on-chip devices in critical biomedical research areas, such as tissue engineering, drug discovery, and disease modeling. Ultimately, advances in this area of research could provide innovative solutions and a personalized approach to ongoing medical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lim
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wei Fang
- High-value
Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Sasinan Bupphathong
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- High-value
Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chan Sung
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chen-En Yeh
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei Huang
- Department
of Orthodontics, Rutgers School of Dental
Medicine, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Graduate
Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical
Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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2
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Oishi H, Tabibzadeh N, Morizane R. Advancing preclinical drug evaluation through automated 3D imaging for high-throughput screening with kidney organoids. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035003. [PMID: 38547531 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad38df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
High-throughput drug screening is crucial for advancing healthcare through drug discovery. However, a significant limitation arises from availablein vitromodels using conventional 2D cell culture, which lack the proper phenotypes and architectures observed in three-dimensional (3D) tissues. Recent advancements in stem cell biology have facilitated the generation of organoids-3D tissue constructs that mimic human organsin vitro. Kidney organoids, derived from human pluripotent stem cells, represent a significant breakthrough in disease representation. They encompass major kidney cell types organized within distinct nephron segments, surrounded by stroma and endothelial cells. This tissue allows for the assessment of structural alterations such as nephron loss, a characteristic of chronic kidney disease. Despite these advantages, the complexity of 3D structures has hindered the use of organoids for large-scale drug screening, and the drug screening pipelines utilizing these complexin vitromodels remain to be established for high-throughput screening. In this study, we address the technical limitations of kidney organoids through fully automated 3D imaging, aided by a machine-learning approach for automatic profiling of nephron segment-specific epithelial morphometry. Kidney organoids were exposed to the nephrotoxic agent cisplatin to model severe acute kidney injury. An U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library was tested for therapeutic and nephrotoxicity screening. The fully automated pipeline of 3D image acquisition and analysis identified nephrotoxic or therapeutic drugs during cisplatin chemotherapy. The nephrotoxic potential of these drugs aligned with previousin vivoand human reports. Additionally, Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in hematological malignancies, was identified as a potential preventive therapy for cisplatin-induced kidney injury. Our proof-of-concept report demonstrates that the automated screening process, using 3D morphometric assays with kidney organoids, enables high-throughput screening for nephrotoxicity and therapeutic assessment in 3D tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Oishi
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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3
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Dilmen E, Orhon I, Jansen J, Hoenderop JGJ. Advancements in kidney organoids and tubuloids to study (dys)function. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:299-311. [PMID: 37865608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of kidney diseases urges the need for novel therapies. Kidney organoids and tubuloids are advanced in vitro models and have recently been described as promising tools to study kidney (patho)physiology. Recent developments have shown their application in disease modeling, drug screening, and nephrotoxicity. These applications rely on their ability to mimic (dys)function in vitro including endocrine activity and drug, electrolyte, and water transport. This review provides an overview of these emerging kidney models and focuses on the most recent developments that utilize their functional capabilities. In addition, we cover current limitations and provide future perspectives for this rapidly evolving field, including what these functional properties mean for translational and personalized medicine now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dilmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Orhon
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - J G J Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Tabibzadeh N, Morizane R. Advancements in therapeutic development: kidney organoids and organs on a chip. Kidney Int 2024; 105:702-708. [PMID: 38296026 PMCID: PMC10960684 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of animal models in therapeutic development has long been the standard practice. However, ethical concerns and the inherent species differences have prompted a reevaluation of the experimental approach in human disease studies. The urgent need for alternative model systems that better mimic human pathophysiology has led to the emergence of organoids, innovative in vitro models, to simulate human organs in vitro. These organoids have gained widespread acceptance in disease models and drug development research. In this mini review, we explore the recent strides made in kidney organoid differentiation and highlight the synergistic potential of incorporating organ-on-chip systems. The emergent use of microfluidic devices reveals the importance of fluid flow in the maturation of kidney organoids and helps decipher pathomechanisms in kidney diseases. Recent research has uncovered their potential applications across a wide spectrum of kidney research areas, including hemodynamic forces at stake in kidney health and disease, immune cell infiltration, or drug delivery and toxicity. This convergence of cutting-edge technologies not only holds promise for expediting therapeutic development but also reflects an acknowledgment of the need to embrace innovative and more human-centric research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, EMR 8228, Paris, France
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Huang W, Chen YY, He FF, Zhang C. Revolutionizing nephrology research: expanding horizons with kidney-on-a-chip and beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1373386. [PMID: 38605984 PMCID: PMC11007038 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1373386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organs-on-a-chip (OoC) is a microengineered three-dimensional cell culture system developed for decades. Utilizing microfluidic technology, OoC cultivates cells on perfusable channels to construct in vitro organ models, enabling the simulation of organ-level functions under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The superior simulation capabilities compared to traditional animal experiments and two-dimensional cell cultures, making OoC a valuable tool for in vitro research. Recently, the application of OoC has extended to the field of nephrology, where it replicates various functional units, including glomerulus-on-a-chip, proximal tubule-on-a-chip, distal tubule-on-a-chip, collecting duct-on-a-chip, and even the entire nephron-on-a-chip to precisely emulate the structure and function of nephrons. Moreover, researchers have integrated kidney models into multi-organ systems, establishing human body-on-a-chip platforms. In this review, the diverse functional kidney units-on-a-chip and their versatile applications are outlined, such as drug nephrotoxicity screening, renal development studies, and investigations into the pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney diseases. The inherent advantages and current limitations of these OoC models are also examined. Finally, the synergy of kidney-on-a-chip with other emerging biomedical technologies are explored, such as bioengineered kidney and bioprinting, and a new insight for chip-based renal replacement therapy in the future are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chun Zhang
- *Correspondence: Fang-Fang He, ; Chun Zhang,
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6
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Chrysopoulou M, Rinschen MM. Metabolic Rewiring and Communication: An Integrative View of Kidney Proximal Tubule Function. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:405-427. [PMID: 38012048 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-024724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The kidney proximal tubule is a key organ for human metabolism. The kidney responds to stress with altered metabolite transformation and perturbed metabolic pathways, an ultimate cause for kidney disease. Here, we review the proximal tubule's metabolic function through an integrative view of transport, metabolism, and function, and embed it in the context of metabolome-wide data-driven research. Function (filtration, transport, secretion, and reabsorption), metabolite transformation, and metabolite signaling determine kidney metabolic rewiring in disease. Energy metabolism and substrates for key metabolic pathways are orchestrated by metabolite sensors. Given the importance of renal function for the inner milieu, we also review metabolic communication routes with other organs. Exciting research opportunities exist to understand metabolic perturbation of kidney and proximal tubule function, for example, in hypertension-associated kidney disease. We argue that, based on the integrative view outlined here, kidney diseases without genetic cause should be approached scientifically as metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
- III. Department of Medicine and Hamburg Center for Kidney Health, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Fallon TK, Zuvin M, Stern AD, Anandakrishnan N, Daehn IS, Azeloglu EU. Open-Source System for Real-Time Functional Assessment of In Vitro Filtration Barriers. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:327-341. [PMID: 37899379 PMCID: PMC10808466 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the barrier between blood and the selective filtrate of solutes is important for homeostasis and its disruption contributes to many diseases. Microphysiological systems that incorporate synthetic or natural membranes with human cells can mimic biological filtration barriers, such as the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney, and they can readily be used to study cellular filtration processes as well as drug effects and interactions. We present an affordable, open-source platform for the real-time monitoring of functional filtration status in engineered microphysiological systems. Using readily available components, our assay can linearly detect real-time concentrations of two target molecules, FITC-labeled inulin and Texas Red-labeled human-serum albumin, within clinically relevant ranges, and it can be easily modified for different target molecules of varying sizes and tags. We demonstrate the platform's ability to determine the concentration of our target molecules automatically and consistently. We show through an acellular context that the platform enables real-time tracking of size-dependent diffusion with minimal fluid volume loss and without manual extraction of media, making it suitable for continuous operational monitoring of filtration status in microphysiological system applications. The platform's affordability and integrability with microphysiological systems make it ideal for many precision medicine applications, including evaluation of drug nephrotoxicity and other forms of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess K Fallon
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th St, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Merve Zuvin
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alan D Stern
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ilse S Daehn
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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8
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Pahuja A, Goux Corredera I, Moya-Rull D, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Engineering physiological environments to advance kidney organoid models from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102306. [PMID: 38194750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the mammalian kidney arises because of reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), driving UB branching and nephron induction. These morphogenetic processes involve a series of cellular rearrangements that are tightly controlled by gene regulatory networks and signaling cascades. Here, we discuss how kidney developmental studies have informed the definition of procedures to obtain kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Moreover, bioengineering techniques have emerged as potential solutions to externally impose controlled microenvironments for organoid generation from hPSCs. Next, we summarize some of these advances with major focus On recent works merging hPSC-derived kidney organoids (hPSC-kidney organoids) with organ-on-chip to develop robust models for drug discovery and disease modeling applications. We foresee that, in the near future, coupling of different organoid models through bioengineering approaches will help advancing to recreate organ-to-organ crosstalk to increase our understanding on kidney disease progression in the human context and search for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Pahuja
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iphigénie Goux Corredera
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Liu H, Gan Z, Qin X, Wang Y, Qin J. Advances in Microfluidic Technologies in Organoid Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2302686. [PMID: 38134345 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as major technological breakthroughs and novel organ models that have revolutionized biomedical research by recapitulating the key structural and functional complexities of their in vivo counterparts. The combination of organoid systems and microfluidic technologies has opened new frontiers in organoid engineering and offers great opportunities to address the current challenges of existing organoid systems and broaden their biomedical applications. In this review, the key features of the existing organoids, including their origins, development, design principles, and limitations, are described. Then the recent progress in integrating organoids into microfluidic systems is highlighted, involving microarrays for high-throughput organoid manipulation, microreactors for organoid hydrogel scaffold fabrication, and microfluidic chips for functional organoid culture. The opportunities in the nascent combination of organoids and microfluidics that lie ahead to accelerate research in organ development, disease studies, drug screening, and regenerative medicine are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in the development of advanced microfluidic platforms and modified technologies for building organoids with higher fidelity and standardization are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhongqiao Gan
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinyuan Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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10
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Wang L, Hu D, Xu J, Hu J, Wang Y. Complex in vitro Model: A Transformative Model in Drug Development and Precision Medicine. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 17:e13695. [PMID: 38062923 PMCID: PMC10828975 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models play integral roles in preclinical drug research, evaluation, and precision medicine. In vitro models primarily involve research platforms based on cultured cells, typically in the form of two-dimensional (2D) cell models. However, notable disparities exist between 2D cultured cells and in vivo cells across various aspects, rendering the former inadequate for replicating the physiologically relevant functions of human or animal organs and tissues. Consequently, these models failed to accurately reflect real-life scenarios post-drug administration. Complex in vitro models (CIVMs) refer to in vitro models that integrate a multicellular environment and a three-dimensional (3D) structure using bio-polymer or tissue-derived matrices. These models seek to reconstruct the organ- or tissue-specific characteristics of the extracellular microenvironment. The utilization of CIVMs allows for enhanced physiological correlation of cultured cells, thereby better mimicking in vivo conditions without ethical concerns associated with animal experimentation. Consequently, CIVMs have gained prominence in disease research and drug development. This review aimed to comprehensively examine and analyze the various types, manufacturing techniques, and applications of CIVM in the domains of drug discovery, drug development, and precision medicine. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the progress made in CIVMs and their potential future use in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Evaluation Technology for Medical Device of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Danping Hu
- Hangzhou Chexmed Technology Co., Ltd.HangzhouChina
| | - Jinming Xu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Evaluation Technology for Medical Device of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Evaluation Technology for Medical Device of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Yifei Wang
- Hangzhou Chexmed Technology Co., Ltd.HangzhouChina
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11
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Tabibzadeh N, Satlin LM, Jain S, Morizane R. Navigating the kidney organoid: insights into assessment and enhancement of nephron function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F695-F706. [PMID: 37767571 PMCID: PMC10878724 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures generated from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that are capable of recapitulating the major structures of mammalian kidneys. As this technology is expected to be a promising tool for studying renal biology, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine, the functional capacity of kidney organoids has emerged as a critical question in the field. Kidney organoids produced using several protocols harbor key structures of native kidneys. Here, we review the current state, recent advances, and future challenges in the functional characterization of kidney organoids, strategies to accelerate and enhance kidney organoid functions, and access to PSC resources to advance organoid research. The strategies to construct physiologically relevant kidney organoids include the use of organ-on-a-chip technologies that integrate fluid circulation and improve organoid maturation. These approaches result in increased expression of the major tubular transporters and elements of mechanosensory signaling pathways suggestive of improved functionality. Nevertheless, continuous efforts remain crucial to create kidney tissue that more faithfully replicates physiological conditions for future applications in kidney regeneration medicine and their ethical use in patient care.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kidney organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells, mimicking the major components of mammalian kidneys. Although they show great promise, their functional capacity has become a critical question. This review explores the advancements and challenges in evaluating and enhancing kidney organoid function, including the use of organ-on-chip technologies, multiomics data, and in vivo transplantation. Integrating these approaches to further enhance their physiological relevance will continue to advance disease modeling and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tabibzadeh
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa M Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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12
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Vanslambrouck JM, Tan KS, Mah S, Little MH. Generation of proximal tubule-enhanced kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3229-3252. [PMID: 37770563 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are now being used as models of renal disease and nephrotoxicity screening. However, the proximal tubules (PTs), which are responsible for most kidney reabsorption functions, remain immature in kidney organoids with limited expression of critical transporters essential for nephron functionality. Here, we describe a protocol for improved specification of nephron progenitors from hPSCs that results in kidney organoids with elongated proximalized nephrons displaying improved PT maturity compared with those generated using standard kidney organoid protocols. We also describe a methodology for assessing the functionality of the PTs within the organoids and visualizing maturation markers via immunofluorescence. Using these assays, PT-enhanced organoids display increased expression of a range of critical transporters, translating to improved functionality measured by substrate uptake and transport. This protocol consists of an extended (13 d) monolayer differentiation phase, during which time hPSCs are exposed to nephron progenitor maintenance media (CDBLY2), better emulating human metanephric progenitor specification in vivo. Following nephron progenitor specification, the cells are aggregated and cultured as a three-dimensional micromass on an air-liquid interface to facilitate further differentiation and segmentation into proximalized nephrons. Experience in culturing hPSCs is required to conduct this protocol and expertise in kidney organoid generation is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kwon EJ, Hwang SH, Seo S, Park J, Park S, Kim S. Efficacy of Mesenchymal-Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Ameliorating Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity, as Modeled Using Three-Dimensional, Gravity-Driven, Two-Layer Tubule-on-a-Chip (3D-MOTIVE Chip). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15726. [PMID: 37958709 PMCID: PMC10647511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to have a therapeutic effect on nephrotoxicity. As animal models require significant time and resources to evaluate drug effects, there is a need for a new experimental technique that can accurately predict drug effects in humans. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of MSC-derived EVs in cisplatin nephrotoxicity using a three-dimensional, gravity-driven, two-layer tubule-on-a-chip (3D-MOTIVE chip). In the 3D-MOTIVE chip, 10 μM cisplatin decreased the number of attached cells compared to the vehicle. Conversely, annexin V and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased. Cell viability was increased 2.8-fold and 2.5-fold after treatment with EVs at 4 and 8 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity group. Cell attachment was increased 2.25-fold by treatment with 4 µg/mL EVs and 2.02-fold by 8 µg/mL EVs. Annexin V and ROS levels were decreased compared to those in the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity group. There were no significant differences in annexin V and ROS levels according to EV concentration. In sum, we created a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model on a 3D-MOTIVE chip and found that MSC-derived EVs could restore cell viability. Thus, MSC-derived EVs may have the potential to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Seong-Hye Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Seungwan Seo
- Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-si 28161, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaesung Park
- Department of School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seokwoo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.K.); (S.-H.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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14
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Singh NK, Kim JY, Jang J, Kim YK, Cho DW. 3D Cell Printing of Advanced Vascularized Proximal Tubule-on-a-Chip for Drug Induced Nephrotoxicity Advancement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3750-3758. [PMID: 37606916 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) affects >20% of the adult population worldwide. The vascularized proximal tubule is a complex structure that is often the primary site of drug-induced kidney injury. Herein, a vascularized proximal tubule-on-a-chip (Vas-POAC) was fabricated, demonstrating improved physiological emulation over earlier single-cell proximal tubule models. A perfusable model of vascularized proximal tubules permits the growth and proliferation of renal proximal tubule cells and adjacent endothelial cells under various conditions. An in vitro Vas-POAC showed mature expressions of the tubule and endothelial cell markers in the mature epithelium and endothelium lumens after 7 days of culture. Expression in the mature proximal tubule epithelium resembled the polarized expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 and the de novo synthesis of ECM proteins. These perfusable Vas-POACs display significantly improved functional properties relative to the proximal tubules-on-a-chip (POAC), which lacks vascular components. Furthermore, the developed Vas-POAC model evaluated the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and revealed enhanced drug receptivity compared to POAC. We further evaluated the capability of the developed proximal tubule model to act as a functional platform that targets screening drug doses that can cause renal proximal tubule injury in adults. Thus, our cell-printed models may prove valuable for screening, thoughtful mechanistic investigations of DIN, and discovery of drugs that interfere with tubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra K Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center (CEDAR), OHSU-Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent's Hospital, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea
- POSTECH-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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15
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Khalil NN, Petersen AP, Song CJ, Chen Y, Takamoto K, Kellogg AC, Chen EZ, McMahon AP, McCain ML. User-friendly microfluidic system reveals native-like morphological and transcriptomic phenotypes induced by shear stress in proximal tubule epithelium. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036106. [PMID: 37584027 PMCID: PMC10424157 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a leading cause of drug attrition, partly due to the limited relevance of pre-clinical models of the proximal tubule. Culturing proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) under fluid flow to mimic physiological shear stress has been shown to improve select phenotypes, but existing flow systems are expensive and difficult to implement by non-experts in microfluidics. Here, we designed and fabricated an accessible and modular flow system for culturing PTECs under physiological shear stress, which induced native-like cuboidal morphology, downregulated pathways associated with hypoxia, stress, and injury, and upregulated xenobiotic metabolism pathways. We also compared the expression profiles of shear-dependent genes in our in vitro PTEC tissues to that of ex vivo proximal tubules and observed stronger clustering between ex vivo proximal tubules and PTECs under physiological shear stress relative to PTECs under negligible shear stress. Together, these data illustrate the utility of our user-friendly flow system and highlight the role of shear stress in promoting native-like morphological and transcriptomic phenotypes in PTECs in vitro, which is critical for developing more relevant pre-clinical models of the proximal tubule for drug screening or disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie N. Khalil
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P. Petersen
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Yibu Chen
- USC Libraries Bioinformatics Service, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Kaelyn Takamoto
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Austin C. Kellogg
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Elaine Zhelan Chen
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Megan L. McCain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 2138210791. URL:https://livingsystemsengineering.usc.edu
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16
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Juste-Lanas Y, Hervas-Raluy S, García-Aznar JM, González-Loyola A. Fluid flow to mimic organ function in 3D in vitro models. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031501. [PMID: 37547671 PMCID: PMC10404142 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many different strategies can be found in the literature to model organ physiology, tissue functionality, and disease in vitro; however, most of these models lack the physiological fluid dynamics present in vivo. Here, we highlight the importance of fluid flow for tissue homeostasis, specifically in vessels, other lumen structures, and interstitium, to point out the need of perfusion in current 3D in vitro models. Importantly, the advantages and limitations of the different current experimental fluid-flow setups are discussed. Finally, we shed light on current challenges and future focus of fluid flow models applied to the newest bioengineering state-of-the-art platforms, such as organoids and organ-on-a-chip, as the most sophisticated and physiological preclinical platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Hervas-Raluy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Research Institute of Aragón (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Jensen KB, Little MH. Organoids are not organs: Sources of variation and misinformation in organoid biology. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1255-1270. [PMID: 37315519 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the term organoid has moved from obscurity to common use to describe a 3D in vitro cellular model of a tissue that recapitulates structural and functional elements of the in vivo organ it models. The term organoid is now applied to structures formed as a result of two distinct processes: the capacity for adult epithelial stem cells to re-create a tissue niche in vitro and the ability to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to a 3D self-organizing multicellular model of organogenesis. While these two organoid fields rely upon different stem cell types and recapitulate different processes, both share common challenges around robustness, accuracy, and reproducibility. Critically, organoids are not organs. This commentary serves to discuss these challenges, how they impact genuine utility, and shine a light on the need to improve the standards applied to all organoid approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Bak Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa Helen Little
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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18
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Zhang L, Liao W, Chen S, Chen Y, Cheng P, Lu X, Ma Y. Towards a New 3Rs Era in the construction of 3D cell culture models simulating tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1146477. [PMID: 37077835 PMCID: PMC10106600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1146477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture technology (3DCC) sits between two-dimensional cell culture (2DCC) and animal models and is widely used in oncology research. Compared to 2DCC, 3DCC allows cells to grow in a three-dimensional space, better simulating the in vivo growth environment of tumors, including hypoxia, nutrient concentration gradients, micro angiogenesis mimicism, and the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment matrix. 3DCC has unparalleled advantages when compared to animal models, being more controllable, operable, and convenient. This review summarizes the comparison between 2DCC and 3DCC, as well as recent advances in different methods to obtain 3D models and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Liao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengrui Cheng
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjun Lu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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The "3Ds" of Growing Kidney Organoids: Advances in Nephron Development, Disease Modeling, and Drug Screening. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040549. [PMID: 36831216 PMCID: PMC9954122 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A kidney organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregate grown from stem cells in vitro that undergoes self-organization, recapitulating aspects of normal renal development to produce nephron structures that resemble the native kidney organ. These miniature kidney-like structures can also be derived from primary patient cells and thus provide simplified context to observe how mutations in kidney-disease-associated genes affect organogenesis and physiological function. In the past several years, advances in kidney organoid technologies have achieved the formation of renal organoids with enhanced numbers of specialized cell types, less heterogeneity, and more architectural complexity. Microfluidic bioreactor culture devices, single-cell transcriptomics, and bioinformatic analyses have accelerated the development of more sophisticated renal organoids and tailored them to become increasingly amenable to high-throughput experimentation. However, many significant challenges remain in realizing the use of kidney organoids for renal replacement therapies. This review presents an overview of the renal organoid field and selected highlights of recent cutting-edge kidney organoid research with a focus on embryonic development, modeling renal disease, and personalized drug screening.
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20
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Lacueva-Aparicio A, Lindoso RS, Mihăilă SM, Giménez I. Role of extracellular matrix components and structure in new renal models in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1048738. [PMID: 36569770 PMCID: PMC9767975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1048738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex set of fibrillar proteins and proteoglycans, supports the renal parenchyma and provides biomechanical and biochemical cues critical for spatial-temporal patterning of cell development and acquisition of specialized functions. As in vitro models progress towards biomimicry, more attention is paid to reproducing ECM-mediated stimuli. ECM's role in in vitro models of renal function and disease used to investigate kidney injury and regeneration is discussed. Availability, affordability, and lot-to-lot consistency are the main factors determining the selection of materials to recreate ECM in vitro. While simpler components can be synthesized in vitro, others must be isolated from animal or human tissues, either as single isolated components or as complex mixtures, such as Matrigel or decellularized formulations. Synthetic polymeric materials with dynamic and instructive capacities are also being explored for cell mechanical support to overcome the issues with natural products. ECM components can be used as simple 2D coatings or complex 3D scaffolds combining natural and synthetic materials. The goal is to recreate the biochemical signals provided by glycosaminoglycans and other signaling molecules, together with the stiffness, elasticity, segmentation, and dimensionality of the original kidney tissue, to support the specialized functions of glomerular, tubular, and vascular compartments. ECM mimicking also plays a central role in recent developments aiming to reproduce renal tissue in vitro or even in therapeutical strategies to regenerate renal function. Bioprinting of renal tubules, recellularization of kidney ECM scaffolds, and development of kidney organoids are examples. Future solutions will probably combine these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alodia Lacueva-Aparicio
- Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology (FISIOPREN), Aragon’s Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain,Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME Lab), I3A, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia M. Mihăilă
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Giménez
- Renal and Cardiovascular Physiopathology (FISIOPREN), Aragon’s Health Sciences Institute, Zaragoza, Spain,Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain,School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain,*Correspondence: Ignacio Giménez,
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