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Belluccini G, Lin Q, Williams B, Lou Y, Vatansever Z, López-García M, Lythe G, Leitner T, Romero-Severson E, Molina-París C. A story of viral co-infection, co-transmission and co-feeding in ticks: how to compute an invasion reproduction number. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2403.15282v1. [PMID: 38562445 PMCID: PMC10983997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With a single circulating vector-borne virus, the basic reproduction number incorporates contributions from tick-to-tick (co-feeding), tick-to-host and host-to-tick transmission routes. With two different circulating vector-borne viral strains, resident and invasive, and under the assumption that co-feeding is the only transmission route in a tick population, the invasion reproduction number depends on whether the model system of ordinary differential equations possesses the property of neutrality. We show that a simple model, with two populations of ticks infected with one strain, resident or invasive, and one population of co-infected ticks, does not have Alizon's neutrality property. We present model alternatives that are capable of representing the invasion potential of a novel strain by including populations of ticks dually infected with the same strain. The invasion reproduction number is analysed with the next-generation method and via numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Belluccini
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Qianying Lin
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | | | - Yijun Lou
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zati Vatansever
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | | | - Grant Lythe
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Leitner
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | - Ethan Romero-Severson
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA
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2
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Naveed H, Islam W, Jafir M, Andoh V, Chen L, Chen K. A Review of Interactions between Plants and Whitefly-Transmitted Begomoviruses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3677. [PMID: 37960034 PMCID: PMC10648457 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of plant viruses from infected to healthy host plants is a process in which insects play a major role, using various transmission strategies. Environmental factors have an impact on the transmission of viruses and the subsequent development of infections or diseases. When viruses are successful, plant virus diseases can reach epidemic proportions. Many plants across different regions are vulnerable to viral infections transmitted by the whitefly vector. Begomoviruses, which are transmitted by whiteflies, represent a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. The review highlights the mechanisms of virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies and explores the factors influencing these interactions. Understanding the impacts of these changes is crucial for managing the spread of pests and mitigating damage to crops. It underscores the need for continued research to elucidate the mechanisms driving plant-insect-virus interactions and to identify new approaches for sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Naveed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Waqar Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Muhammad Jafir
- Department of Ecology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Vivian Andoh
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
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3
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Jokinen M, Sallinen S, Jones MM, Sirén J, Guilbault E, Susi H, Laine AL. The first arriving virus shapes within-host viral diversity during natural epidemics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231486. [PMID: 37700649 PMCID: PMC10498040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diversity has been discovered across scales from host individuals to populations. However, the drivers of viral community assembly are still largely unknown. Within-host viral communities are formed through co-infections, where the interval between the arrival times of viruses may vary. Priority effects describe the timing and order in which species arrive in an environment, and how early colonizers impact subsequent community assembly. To study the effect of the first-arriving virus on subsequent infection patterns of five focal viruses, we set up a field experiment using naïve Plantago lanceolata plants as sentinels during a seasonal virus epidemic. Using joint species distribution modelling, we find both positive and negative effects of early season viral infection on late season viral colonization patterns. The direction of the effect depends on both the host genotype and which virus colonized the host early in the season. It is well established that co-occurring viruses may change the virulence and transmission of viral infections. However, our results show that priority effects may also play an important, previously unquantified role in viral community assembly. The assessment of these temporal dynamics within a community ecological framework will improve our ability to understand and predict viral diversity in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Jokinen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suvi Sallinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Mirkka M. Jones
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Sirén
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Emy Guilbault
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Susi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014, Finland
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Jeger MJ, Fereres A, Malmstrom CE, Mauck KE, Wintermantel WM. Epidemiology and Management of Plant Viruses Under a Changing Climate. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1620-1621. [PMID: 37924846 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-23-0262-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are an ever-present threat to agricultural production and provide a wide array of symptoms resulting in economic losses throughout the world. Diseases can be transmitted by insect vectors, as well as through pollen, seed, and other means. With the increased globalization of agriculture, the introduction of new viruses from exotic locations and their establishment in new production regions and even new crops is a growing concern. Advancing knowledge of the epidemiology of plant viruses including development of new diagnostic methods, virus surveillance, and modeling, virus ecology and evolution, virus interactions with insect vectors, and other factors are important toward reducing the spread of plant viruses and managing virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Jeger
- Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Wye Campus, High Street, Wye, Ashford TN25 5AH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ICA, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolyn E Malmstrom
- Michigan State University, Plant Biology, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Kerry E Mauck
- University of California, Riverside, Entomology, 163 Entomology Bldg., Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Gautam S, Gadhave KR, Buck JW, Dutta B, Coolong T, Adkins S, Simmons AM, Srinivasan R. Effects of Host Plants and Their Infection Status on Acquisition and Inoculation of A Plant Virus by Its Hemipteran Vector. Pathogens 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 37764927 PMCID: PMC10537197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (B cryptic species), transmits cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) in a persistent fashion. CuLCrV affects several crops such as squash and snap bean in the southeastern United States. CuLCrV is often found as a mixed infection with whitefly transmitted criniviruses, such as cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in hosts such as squash, or as a single infection in hosts such as snap bean. The implications of different host plants (inoculum sources) with varying infection status on CuLCrV transmission/epidemics is not clear. This study conducted a series of whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission experiments. In the first experiment, three plants species: squash, snap bean, and tobacco were inoculated by whiteflies feeding on field-collected mixed-infected squash plants. In the second experiment, three plant species, namely squash, snap bean, and tobacco with varying infection status (squash infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV and snap bean and tobacco infected with CuLCrV), were used as inoculum sources. In the third experiment, squash plants with differential CuLCrV accumulation levels and infection status (either singly infected with CuLCrV or mixed infected with CuLCrV and CYSDV) were used as inoculum sources. Irrespective of plant species and its infection status, CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies was dependent upon the CuLCrV accumulation in the inoculum source plants. Furthermore, differential CuLCrV accumulation in whiteflies resulted in differential transmission, CuLCrV accumulation, and disease phenotype in the recipient squash plants. Overall, results demonstrate that whitefly mediated CuLCrV transmission between host plants follows a virus density dependent phenomenon with implications for epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Kiran R. Gadhave
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 6500 W Amarillo Blvd, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Timothy Coolong
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Sciences, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S., Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Alvin M. Simmons
- USDA-ARS, U.S., Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;
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Jeger M, Hamelin F, Cunniffe N. Emerging Themes and Approaches in Plant Virus Epidemiology. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1630-1646. [PMID: 36647183 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0378-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by viruses share many common features with those caused by other pathogen taxa in terms of the host-pathogen interaction, but there are also distinctive features in epidemiology, most apparent where transmission is by vectors. Consequently, the host-virus-vector-environment interaction presents a continuing challenge in attempts to understand and predict the course of plant virus epidemics. Theoretical concepts, based on the underlying biology, can be expressed in mathematical models and tested through quantitative assessments of epidemics in the field; this remains a goal in understanding why plant virus epidemics occur and how they can be controlled. To this end, this review identifies recent emerging themes and approaches to fill in knowledge gaps in plant virus epidemiology. We review quantitative work on the impact of climatic fluctuations and change on plants, viruses, and vectors under different scenarios where impacts on the individual components of the plant-virus-vector interaction may vary disproportionately; there is a continuing, sometimes discordant, debate on host resistance and tolerance as plant defense mechanisms, including aspects of farmer behavior and attitudes toward disease management that may affect deployment in crops; disentangling host-virus-vector-environment interactions, as these contribute to temporal and spatial disease progress in field populations; computational techniques for estimating epidemiological parameters from field observations; and the use of optimal control analysis to assess disease control options. We end by proposing new challenges and questions in plant virus epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jeger
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, U.K
| | - Fred Hamelin
- IGEPP INRAE, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Nik Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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A New Perspective on the Co-Transmission of Plant Pathogens by Hemipterans. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010156. [PMID: 36677448 PMCID: PMC9865879 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of plants by pathogens is common in nature, and the interaction of the pathogens can affect the infection outcome. There are diverse ways in which viruses and bacteria are transmitted from infected to healthy plants, but insects are common vectors. The present review aims to highlight key findings of studies evaluating the co-transmission of plant pathogens by insects and identify challenges encountered in these studies. In this review, we evaluated whether similar pathogens might compete during co-transmission; whether the changes in the pathogen titer in the host, in particular associated with the co-infection, could influence its transmission; and finally, we discussed the pros and cons of the different approaches used to study co-transmission. At the end of the review, we highlighted areas of study that need to be addressed. This review shows that despite the recent development of techniques and methods to study the interactions between pathogens and their insect vectors, there are still gaps in the knowledge of pathogen transmission. Additional laboratory and field studies using different pathosystems will help elucidate the role of host co-infection and pathogen co-transmission in the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases.
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