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Branciforti F, Salvi M, D’Agostino F, Marzola F, Cornacchia S, De Titta MO, Mastronuzzi G, Meloni I, Moschetta M, Porciani N, Sciscenti F, Spertini A, Spilla A, Zagaria I, Deloria AJ, Deng S, Haindl R, Szakacs G, Csiszar A, Liu M, Drexler W, Molinari F, Meiburger KM. Segmentation and Multi-Timepoint Tracking of 3D Cancer Organoids from Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Deep Neural Networks. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1217. [PMID: 38928633 PMCID: PMC11203156 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have ushered in a transformative era in in vitro modeling with the advent of organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells or patient tumor cells. Still, fully harnessing the potential of organoids requires advanced imaging technologies and analytical tools to quantitatively monitor organoid growth. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality for organoid analysis due to its high-resolution, label-free, non-destructive, and real-time 3D imaging capabilities, but accurately identifying and quantifying organoids in OCT images remain challenging due to various factors. Here, we propose an automatic deep learning-based pipeline with convolutional neural networks that synergistically includes optimized preprocessing steps, the implementation of a state-of-the-art deep learning model, and ad-hoc postprocessing methods, showcasing good generalizability and tracking capabilities over an extended period of 13 days. The proposed tracking algorithm thoroughly documents organoid evolution, utilizing reference volumes, a dual branch analysis, key attribute evaluation, and probability scoring for match identification. The proposed comprehensive approach enables the accurate tracking of organoid growth and morphological changes over time, advancing organoid analysis and serving as a solid foundation for future studies for drug screening and tumor drug sensitivity detection based on organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branciforti
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Massimo Salvi
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Filippo D’Agostino
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesco Marzola
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Sara Cornacchia
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Olimpia De Titta
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Girolamo Mastronuzzi
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Isotta Meloni
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Miriam Moschetta
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Niccolò Porciani
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Sciscenti
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Spertini
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Andrea Spilla
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Ilenia Zagaria
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Abigail J. Deloria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.J.D.); (S.D.); (R.H.); (M.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Shiyu Deng
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.J.D.); (S.D.); (R.H.); (M.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Richard Haindl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.J.D.); (S.D.); (R.H.); (M.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.J.D.); (S.D.); (R.H.); (M.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.J.D.); (S.D.); (R.H.); (M.L.); (W.D.)
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
| | - Kristen M. Meiburger
- Biolab, PolitoMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (F.D.); (F.M.); (S.C.); (M.O.D.T.); (G.M.); (I.M.); (M.M.); (N.P.); (F.S.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.Z.); (F.M.)
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Chen J, Lu J, Wang SN, Miao CY. Application and challenge of pancreatic organoids in therapeutic research. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1366417. [PMID: 38855754 PMCID: PMC11157021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1366417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The in-vivo non-human primate animal and in-vitro cell disease models play a crucial part in the study of the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of pancreatic diseases, but with increasingly prominent limitations with in-depth research. Organoids derived from human pluripotent and adult stem cells resemble human in-vivo organs in their cellular composition, spatial tissue structure and physiological function, making them as an advantageous research tool. Up until now, numerous human organoids, including pancreas, have been effectively developed, demonstrating significant potential for research in organ development, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. However, different from intestine, liver and other organs, the pancreas is the only special organ in the human body, consisting of an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Thus, the development of pancreatic organoid technology faces greater challenges, and how to construct a composite pancreatic organoid with exocrine and endocrine gland is still difficult in current research. By reviewing the fundamental architecture and physiological role of the human pancreas, along with the swiftly developing domain of pancreatic organoids, we summarize the method and characteristics of human pancreatic organoids, and its application in modeling pancreatic diseases, as a platform for individualized drug screening and in regenerative medicine study. As the first comprehensive review that focus on the pharmacological study of human pancreatic organoid, the review hopes to help scholars to have a deeper understanding in the study of pancreatic organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Changhai Hospital, Second Military University /Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University /Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Changhai Hospital, Second Military University /Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University /Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University /Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Deben C, Boullosa LF, Fortes FR, De La Hoz EC, Le Compte M, Seghers S, Peeters M, Vanlanduit S, Lin A, Dijkstra KK, Van Schil P, Hendriks JMH, Prenen H, Roeyen G, Lardon F, Smits E. Auranofin repurposing for lung and pancreatic cancer: low CA12 expression as a marker of sensitivity in patient-derived organoids, with potentiated efficacy by AKT inhibition. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:88. [PMID: 38515178 PMCID: PMC10958863 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the repurposing of Auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatic drug, for treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Drug repurposing in oncology offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to developing new cancer therapies. Our research focuses on evaluating AF's selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, identifying RNAseq-based biomarkers to predict AF response, and finding the most effective co-therapeutic agents for combination with AF. METHODS Our investigation employed a comprehensive drug screening of AF in combination with eleven anticancer agents in cancerous PDAC and NSCLC patient-derived organoids (n = 7), and non-cancerous pulmonary organoids (n = 2). Additionally, we conducted RNA sequencing to identify potential biomarkers for AF sensitivity and experimented with various drug combinations to optimize AF's therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS The results revealed that AF demonstrates a preferential cytotoxic effect on NSCLC and PDAC cancer cells at clinically relevant concentrations below 1 µM, sparing normal epithelial cells. We identified Carbonic Anhydrase 12 (CA12) as a significant RNAseq-based biomarker, closely associated with the NF-κB survival signaling pathway, which is crucial in cancer cell response to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that cancer cells with low CA12 expression are more susceptible to AF treatment. Furthermore, the combination of AF with the AKT inhibitor MK2206 was found to be particularly effective, exhibiting potent and selective cytotoxic synergy, especially in tumor organoid models classified as intermediate responders to AF, without adverse effects on healthy organoids. CONCLUSION Our research offers valuable insights into the use of AF for treating NSCLC and PDAC. It highlights AF's cancer cell selectivity, establishes CA12 as a predictive biomarker for AF sensitivity, and underscores the enhanced efficacy of AF when combined with MK2206 and other therapeutics. These findings pave the way for further exploration of AF in cancer treatment, particularly in identifying patient populations most likely to benefit from its use and in optimizing combination therapies for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Laurie Freire Boullosa
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Felicia Rodrigues Fortes
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Maxim Le Compte
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sofie Seghers
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Abraham Lin
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Plasma Lab for Applications in Sustainability and Medicine ANTwerp (PLASMANT), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Krijn K Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Van Schil
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen M H Hendriks
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Van den Eynde A, Gehrcken L, Verhezen T, Lau HW, Hermans C, Lambrechts H, Flieswasser T, Quatannens D, Roex G, Zwaenepoel K, Marcq E, Joye P, Cardenas De La Hoz E, Deben C, Gasparini A, Montay-Gruel P, Le Compte M, Lion E, Lardon F, Van Laere S, Siozopoulou V, Campillo-Davo D, De Waele J, Pauwels P, Jacobs J, Smits E, Van Audenaerde JRM. IL-15-secreting CAR natural killer cells directed toward the pan-cancer target CD70 eliminate both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38331849 PMCID: PMC10854128 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains challenging to obtain positive outcomes with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered cell therapies in solid malignancies, like colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A major obstacle is the lack of targetable surface antigens that are not shared by healthy tissues. CD70 emerges as interesting target, due to its stringent expression pattern in healthy tissue and its apparent role in tumor progression in a considerable amount of malignancies. Moreover, CD70 is also expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), another roadblock for treatment efficacy in CRC and PDAC. We explored the therapeutic potential of CD70 as target for CAR natural killer (NK) cell therapy in CRC, PDAC, focusing on tumor cells and CAFs, and lymphoma. METHODS RNA-seq data and immunohistochemical analysis of patient samples were used to explore CD70 expression in CRC and PDAC patients. In addition, CD70-targeting CAR NK cells were developed to assess cytotoxic activity against CD70+ tumor cells and CAFs, and the effect of cytokine stimulation on their efficacy was evaluated. The in vitro functionality of CD70-CAR NK cells was investigated against a panel of tumor and CAF cell lines with varying CD70 expression. Lymphoma-bearing mice were used to validate in vivo potency of CD70-CAR NK cells. Lastly, to consider patient variability, CD70-CAR NK cells were tested on patient-derived organoids containing CAFs. RESULTS In this study, we identified CD70 as a target for tumor cells and CAFs in CRC and PDAC patients. Functional evaluation of CD70-directed CAR NK cells indicated that IL-15 stimulation is essential to obtain effective elimination of CD70+ tumor cells and CAFs, and to improve tumor burden and survival of mice bearing CD70+ tumors. Mechanistically, IL-15 stimulation resulted in improved potency of CD70-CAR NK cells by upregulating CAR expression and increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in a mainly autocrine or intracellular manner. CONCLUSIONS We disclose CD70 as an attractive target both in hematological and solid tumors. IL-15 armored CAR NK cells act as potent effectors to eliminate these CD70+ cells. They can target both tumor cells and CAFs in patients with CRC and PDAC, and potentially other desmoplastic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Van den Eynde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Laura Gehrcken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tias Verhezen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ho Wa Lau
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe Hermans
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lambrechts
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tal Flieswasser
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gils Roex
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Elly Marcq
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Lab of Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Joye
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alessia Gasparini
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Iridium Netwerk, Radiation Oncology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Iridium Netwerk, Radiation Oncology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maxim Le Compte
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCRG), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana Campillo-Davo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacobs
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jonas R M Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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