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Vogel R, Versluis C, Frijsen R, Prins PT, Vogt ETC, Rabouw FT, Weckhuysen BM. The Coking of a Solid Catalyst Rationalized with Combined Raman and Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409503. [PMID: 38973416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The formation of carbon deposits is a major deactivation pathway for solid catalysts. Studying coking on industrially relevant catalysts is, however, often challenging due to the sample heterogeneity. That is especially true for zeolite-containing catalysts where fluorescence often hampers their characterization with Raman spectroscopy. We turned this disadvantage into an advantage and combined Raman and fluorescence (lifetime) microscopy to study the coking behavior of an equilibrium catalyst material used for fluid catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. The results presented illustrate that this approach can yield new insights in the physicochemical processes occurring within zeolite-containing catalyst particles during their coking process. Ex situ analyses of single catalyst particles revealed considerable intra-sample heterogeneities. The sample-averaged Raman spectra showed a higher degree of graphitization when the sample was exposed to more hexane, while the sample-averaged fluorescence lifetime showed no significant trend. Simultaneous in situ Raman and fluorescence (lifetime) microscopy, used to follow the coking and the regeneration of single particles, gave more insights in the changing fluorescence dynamics. During the coking, the rise and decline of the average fluorescence lifetime suggested the prolonged presence of smaller coke species that are quenched more and more by adjacent larger polyaromatics acting as Förster-resonance-energy-transfer acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vogel
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Versluis
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rowie Frijsen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Tim Prins
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T Rabouw
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht university, Princetonplein 1, 3584, CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Li J, Feng R, Wang X, Cao H, Gong K, Xie H. A Micromachined Silicon-on-Glass Accelerometer with an Optimized Comb Finger Gap Arrangement. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1173. [PMID: 39337833 PMCID: PMC11434136 DOI: 10.3390/mi15091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a MEMS capacitive accelerometer with an asymmetrical comb finger arrangement. By optimizing the ratio of the gaps of a rotor finger to its two adjacent stator fingers, the sensitivity of the accelerometer is maximized for the same comb finger area. With the fingers' length, width, and depth at 120 μm, 4 μm, and 45 μm, respectively, the optimized finger gap ratio is 2.5. The area of the proof mass is 750 μm × 560 μm, which leads to a theoretical thermomechanical noise of 9 μg/√Hz. The accelerometer has been fabricated using a modified silicon-on-glass (SOG) process, in which a groove is pre-etched into the glass to hold the metal electrode. This SOG process greatly improves the silicon-to-glass bonding yield. The measurement results show that the resonant frequency of the accelerometer is about 2.05 kHz, the noise floor is 28 μg/√Hz, and the nonlinearity is less than 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- East China Institute of Photo-Electron lC, Bengbu 233030, China
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-Opto-Electronic Microsystems, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rui Feng
- East China Institute of Photo-Electron lC, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-Opto-Electronic Microsystems, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huiliang Cao
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Keru Gong
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-Opto-Electronic Microsystems, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huikai Xie
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Acousto-Opto-Electronic Microsystems, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Tian Y, Gao M, Xie H, Xu S, Ye M, Liu Z. Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Temperature and Catalytic Activation within Individual Catalyst Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4958-4972. [PMID: 38334752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical parameter in chemical conversion, significantly affecting the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. Measuring temperature inside catalyst particles of industrial interest (∼micrometers to millimeters), which is crucial for understanding the evolution of chemical dynamics at catalytic active sites during reaction and advancing catalyst designs, however, remains a big challenge. Here, we propose an approach combining two-photon confocal microscopy and state-of-the-art upconversion luminescence (UL) imaging to measure the spatiotemporal-resolved temperature within individual catalyst particles in the industrially significant methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction. Specifically, catalyst particles containing zeolites and functional nanothermometers were fabricated using microfluidic chips. Our experimental results directly demonstrate that the zeolite density and particle size can alter the temperature distribution within a single catalyst particle. Importantly, the observed temperature heterogeneity plays a decisive role in the activation of the reaction intermediate and the utilization of active sites. We expect that this work opens a venue for unveiling the reaction mechanism and kinetics within industrial catalyst particles by considering temperature heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbin Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, People's Republic of China
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4
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Werny MJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing the Structure, Composition and Activity of Single Catalyst Particles for Olefin Polymerization and Polyolefin Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202306033. [PMID: 37782261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and morphological characterization of individual catalyst particles for olefin polymerization, as well as for the reverse process of polyolefin decomposition, can provide an improved understanding for how these catalyst materials operate under relevant reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss an emerging analytical toolbox of 2D and 3D chemical imaging techniques that is suitable for investigating the chemistry and reactivity of related catalyst systems. While synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy still provides unparalleled spatial resolutions in 2D and 3D, a number of laboratory-based techniques, most notably focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, infrared photoinduced force microscopy and laboratory-based X-ray nano-computed tomography, have helped to significantly expand the arsenal of analytical tools available to scientists in heterogeneous catalysis and polymer science. In terms of future research, the review outlines the role and impact of in situ and operando (spectro-)microscopy experiments, involving sophisticated reactors as well as online reactant and product analysis, to obtain real-time information on the formation, decomposition, and mobility of polymer phases within single catalyst particles. Furthermore, the potential of fluorescence microscopy, X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy is highlighted for the high-throughput characterization of olefin polymerization and polyolefin decomposition catalysts. By combining these chemical imaging techniques with, for example, chemical staining methodologies, selective probe molecules as well as particle sorting approaches, representative structure-activity relationships can be derived at the level of single catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Nan X, Zhang J, Wang X, Kang T, Cao X, Hao J, Jia Q, Qin B, Mei S, Xu Z. Design of a Low-Frequency Dielectrophoresis-Based Arc Microfluidic Chip for Multigroup Cell Sorting. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1561. [PMID: 37630097 PMCID: PMC10456708 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis technology is applied to microfluidic chips to achieve microscopic control of cells. Currently, microfluidic chips based on dielectrophoresis have certain limitations in terms of cell sorting species, in order to explore a microfluidic chip with excellent performance and high versatility. In this paper, we designed a microfluidic chip that can be used for continuous cell sorting, with the structural design of a curved channel and curved double side electrodes. CM factors were calculated for eight human healthy blood cells and cancerous cells using the software MyDEP, the simulation of various blood cells sorting and the simulation of the joule heat effect of the microfluidic chip were completed using the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The effect of voltage and inlet flow velocity on the simulation results was discussed using the control variables method. We found feasible parameters from simulation results under different voltages and inlet flow velocities, and the feasibility of the design was verified from multiple perspectives by measuring cell movement trajectories, cell recovery rate and separation purity. This paper provides a universal method for cell, particle and even protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Tongtong Kang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Xinxin Cao
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jinjin Hao
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Qikun Jia
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Bolin Qin
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Shixuan Mei
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhikuan Xu
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.); (T.K.); (X.C.); (J.H.); (Q.J.); (B.Q.); (S.M.); (Z.X.)
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6
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Vollenbroek JC, Nieuwelink AE, Bomer JG, Tiggelaar RM, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of single catalyst particle acidity. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37007606 PMCID: PMC10060574 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The particles of heterogeneous catalysts differ greatly in size, morphology, and most importantly, in activity. Studying these catalyst particles in batch typically results in ensemble averages, without any information at the level of individual catalyst particles. To date, the study of individual catalyst particles has been rewarding but is still rather slow and often cumbersome1. Furthermore, these valuable in-depth studies at the single particle level lack statistical relevance. Here, we report the development of a droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of the acidities of individual particles in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) equilibrium catalysts (ECAT). This method combines systematic screening of single catalyst particles with statistical relevance. An oligomerization reaction of 4-methoxystyrene, catalyzed by the Brønsted acid sites inside the zeolite domains of the ECAT particles, was performed on-chip at 95 °C. The fluorescence signal generated by the reaction products inside the ECAT particles was detected near the outlet of the microreactor. The high-throughput acidity screening platform was capable of detecting ~1000 catalyst particles at a rate of 1 catalyst particle every 2.4 s. The number of detected catalyst particles was representative of the overall catalyst particle population with a confidence level of 95%. The measured fluorescence intensities showed a clear acidity distribution among the catalyst particles, with the majority (96.1%) showing acidity levels belonging to old, deactivated catalyst particles and a minority (3.9%) exhibiting high acidity levels. The latter are potentially of high interest, as they reveal interesting new physicochemical properties indicating why the particles were still highly acidic and reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C. Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Bomer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
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7
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Yang C, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Shang L. Bioinspired Jellyfish Microparticles from Microfluidics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0034. [PMID: 37040286 PMCID: PMC10076059 DOI: 10.34133/research.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonspherical particles have attracted increasing interest because of their shape anisotropy. However, the current methods to prepare anisotropic particles suffer from complex generation processes and limited shape diversity. Here, we develop a piezoelectric microfluidic system to generate complex flow configurations and fabricate jellyfish-like microparticles. In this delicate system, the piezoelectric vibration could evolve a jellyfish-like flow configuration in the microchannel and the in situ photopolymerization could instantly capture the flow architecture. The sizes and morphologies of the particles are precisely controlled by tuning the piezoelectric and microfluidic parameters. Furthermore, multi-compartmental microparticles with a dual-layer structure are achieved by modifying the injecting channel geometry. Moreover, such unique a shape endows the particles with flexible motion ability especially when stimuli-responsive materials are incorporated. On the basis of that, we demonstrate the capability of the jellyfish-like microparticles in highly efficient adsorption of organic pollutants under external control. Thus, it is believed that such jellyfish-like microparticles are highly versatile in potential applications and the piezoelectric-integrated microfluidic strategy could open an avenue for the creation of such anisotropic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Werny MJ, Siebers KB, Friederichs NH, Hendriksen C, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Advancing the Compositional Analysis of Olefin Polymerization Catalysts with High-Throughput Fluorescence Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21287-21294. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten B. Siebers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Coen Hendriksen
- SABIC Technology Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Yang H, Knowles TPJ. Hydrodynamics of Droplet Sorting in Asymmetric Acute Junctions. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1640. [PMID: 36295993 PMCID: PMC9611150 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Droplet sorting is one of the fundamental manipulations of droplet-based microfluidics. Although many sorting methods have already been proposed, there is still a demand to develop new sorting methods for various applications of droplet-based microfluidics. This work presents numerical investigations on droplet sorting with asymmetric acute junctions. It is found that the asymmetric acute junctions could achieve volume-based sorting and velocity-based sorting. The pressure distributions in the asymmetric junctions are discussed to reveal the physical mechanism behind the droplet sorting. The dependence of the droplet sorting on the droplet volume, velocity, and junction angle is explored. The possibility of the employment of the proposed sorting method in most real experiments is also discussed. This work provides a new, simple, and cost-effective passive strategy to separate droplets in microfluidic channels. Moreover, the proposed acute junctions could be used in combination with other sorting methods, which may boost more opportunities to sort droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, No. 2 Street, Qiantang District, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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10
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Kwizera EA, Ou W, Lee S, Stewart S, Shamul JG, Xu J, Tait N, Tkaczuk KHR, He X. Greatly Enhanced CTC Culture Enabled by Capturing CTC Heterogeneity Using a PEGylated PDMS-Titanium-Gold Electromicrofluidic Device with Glutathione-Controlled Gentle Cell Release. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11374-11391. [PMID: 35797466 PMCID: PMC9649890 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The circulating tumor cells (CTCs, the root cause of cancer metastasis and poor cancer prognosis) are very difficult to culture for scale-up in vitro, which has hampered their use in cancer research/prognosis and patient-specific therapeutic development. Herein, we report a robust electromicrofluidic chip for not only efficient capture of heterogeneous (EpCAM+ and CD44+) CTCs with high purity but also glutathione-controlled gentle release of the CTCs with high efficiency and viability. This is enabled by coating the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface in the device with a 10 nm gold layer through a 4 nm titanium coupling layer, for convenient PEGylation and linkage of capture antibodies via the thiol-gold chemistry. Surprisingly, the percentage of EpCAM+ mammary CTCs can be as low as ∼35% (∼70% on average), showing that the commonly used approach of capturing CTCs with EpCAM alone may miss many EpCAM- CTCs. Furthermore, the CD44+ CTCs can be cultured to form 3D spheroids efficiently for scale-up. In contrast, the CTCs captured with EpCAM alone are poor in proliferation in vitro, consistent with the literature. By capture of the CTC heterogeneity, the percentage of stage IV patients whose CTCs can be successfully cultured/scaled up is improved from 12.5% to 68.8%. These findings demonstrate that the common practice of CTC capture with EpCAM alone misses the CTC heterogeneity including the critical CD44+ CTCs. This study may be valuable to the procurement and scale-up of heterogeneous CTCs, to facilitate the understanding of cancer metastasis and the development of cancer metastasis-targeted personalized cancer therapies conveniently via the minimally invasive liquid/blood biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyahb A Kwizera
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wenquan Ou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sojeong Lee
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James G Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nancy Tait
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Katherine H R Tkaczuk
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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