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Patouillat L, Hambuckers A, Adi Subrata S, Garigliany M, Brotcorne F. Zoonotic pathogens in wild Asian primates: a systematic review highlighting research gaps. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1386180. [PMID: 38993279 PMCID: PMC11238137 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1386180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ongoing global changes, including natural land conversion for agriculture and urbanization, modify the dynamics of human-primate contacts, resulting in increased zoonotic risks. Although Asia shelters high primate diversity and experiences rapid expansion of human-primate contact zones, there remains little documentation regarding zoonotic surveillance in the primates of this region. Methods Using the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to compile an inventory of zoonotic pathogens detected in wild Asian primates, while highlighting the coverage of primate species, countries, and pathogen groups surveyed, as well as the diagnostic methods used across the studies. Moreover, we compared the species richness of pathogens harbored by primates across diverse types of habitats classified according to their degree of anthropization (i.e., urban vs. rural vs. forest habitats). Results and discussion Searches of Scopus, PubMed, and the Global Mammal Parasite Database yielded 152 articles on 39 primate species. We inventoried 183 pathogens, including 63 helminthic gastrointestinal parasites, two blood-borne parasites, 42 protozoa, 45 viruses, 30 bacteria, and one fungus. Considering each study as a sample, species accumulation curves revealed no significant differences in specific richness between habitat types for any of the pathogen groups analyzed. This is likely due to the insufficient sampling effort (i.e., a limited number of studies), which prevents drawing conclusive findings. This systematic review identified several publication biases, particularly the uneven representation of host species and pathogen groups studied, as well as a lack of use of generic diagnostic methods. Addressing these gaps necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy framed in a One Health approach, which may facilitate a broader inventory of pathogens and ultimately limit the risk of cross-species transmission at the human-primate interface. Strengthening the zoonotic surveillance in primates of this region could be realized notably through the application of more comprehensive diagnostic techniques such as broad-spectrum analyses without a priori selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Patouillat
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- FARAH, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Hambuckers
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sena Adi Subrata
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- FARAH, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fany Brotcorne
- SPHERES, Primatology and Tropical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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2
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Zwerts JA, Sterck EHM, Verweij PA, Maisels F, van der Waarde J, Geelen EAM, Tchoumba GB, Donfouet Zebaze HF, van Kuijk M. FSC-certified forest management benefits large mammals compared to non-FSC. Nature 2024; 628:563-568. [PMID: 38600379 PMCID: PMC11023928 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
More than a quarter of the world's tropical forests are exploited for timber1. Logging impacts biodiversity in these ecosystems, primarily through the creation of forest roads that facilitate hunting for wildlife over extensive areas. Forest management certification schemes such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are expected to mitigate impacts on biodiversity, but so far very little is known about the effectiveness of FSC certification because of research design challenges, predominantly limited sample sizes2,3. Here we provide this evidence by using 1.3 million camera-trap photos of 55 mammal species in 14 logging concessions in western equatorial Africa. We observed higher mammal encounter rates in FSC-certified than in non-FSC logging concessions. The effect was most pronounced for species weighing more than 10 kg and for species of high conservation priority such as the critically endangered forest elephant and western lowland gorilla. Across the whole mammal community, non-FSC concessions contained proportionally more rodents and other small species than did FSC-certified concessions. The first priority for species protection should be to maintain unlogged forests with effective law enforcement, but for logged forests our findings provide convincing data that FSC-certified forest management is less damaging to the mammal community than is non-FSC forest management. This study provides strong evidence that FSC-certified forest management or equivalently stringent requirements and controlling mechanisms should become the norm for timber extraction to avoid half-empty forests dominated by rodents and other small species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri A Zwerts
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E H M Sterck
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Pita A Verweij
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Emma A M Geelen
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marijke van Kuijk
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Brodie JF, Mohd-Azlan J, Chen C, Wearn OR, Deith MCM, Ball JGC, Slade EM, Burslem DFRP, Teoh SW, Williams PJ, Nguyen A, Moore JH, Goetz SJ, Burns P, Jantz P, Hakkenberg CR, Kaszta ZM, Cushman S, Coomes D, Helmy OE, Reynolds G, Rodríguez JP, Jetz W, Luskin MS. Landscape-scale benefits of protected areas for tropical biodiversity. Nature 2023; 620:807-812. [PMID: 37612395 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations recently agreed to major expansions of global protected areas (PAs) to slow biodiversity declines1. However, although reserves often reduce habitat loss, their efficacy at preserving animal diversity and their influence on biodiversity in surrounding unprotected areas remain unclear2-5. Unregulated hunting can empty PAs of large animals6, illegal tree felling can degrade habitat quality7, and parks can simply displace disturbances such as logging and hunting to unprotected areas of the landscape8 (a phenomenon called leakage). Alternatively, well-functioning PAs could enhance animal diversity within reserves as well as in nearby unprotected sites9 (an effect called spillover). Here we test whether PAs across mega-diverse Southeast Asia contribute to vertebrate conservation inside and outside their boundaries. Reserves increased all facets of bird diversity. Large reserves were also associated with substantially enhanced mammal diversity in the adjacent unprotected landscape. Rather than PAs generating leakage that deteriorated ecological conditions elsewhere, our results are consistent with PAs inducing spillover that benefits biodiversity in surrounding areas. These findings support the United Nations goal of achieving 30% PA coverage by 2030 by demonstrating that PAs are associated with higher vertebrate diversity both inside their boundaries and in the broader landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
| | - Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oliver R Wearn
- Fauna and Flora International-Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mairin C M Deith
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James G C Ball
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Shu Woan Teoh
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Peter J Williams
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - An Nguyen
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan H Moore
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Burns
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Jantz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher R Hakkenberg
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Zaneta M Kaszta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam Cushman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - David Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olga E Helmy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), Danum Valley Field Centre, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jon Paul Rodríguez
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Investigation (IVIC) and Provita, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew Scott Luskin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Spencer KL, Deere NJ, Aini M, Avriandy R, Campbell-Smith G, Cheyne SM, Gaveau DLA, Humle T, Hutabarat J, Loken B, Macdonald DW, Marshall AJ, Morgans C, Rayadin Y, Sanchez KL, Spehar S, Sugardjito J, Wittmer HU, Supriatna J, Struebig MJ. Implications of large-scale infrastructure development for biodiversity in Indonesian Borneo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161075. [PMID: 36565871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia is embarking on an ambitious relocation of its capital city to Kalimantan, Borneo, bringing with it major urban and road infrastructure. Yet, despite being one of the world's most biologically diverse regions, the potential implications of this development for wildlife have yet to be fully assessed. We explored the potential impacts of the capital relocation, and road expansion and upgrades to critical habitat for medium-large mammals (>1 kg) using camera trap data from 11 forested landscapes. We applied Bayesian multi-species occupancy models to predict community and species-level responses to anthropogenic and environmental factors. We extrapolated spatial patterns of occupancy and species diversity across the forests of Kalimantan and identified "critical habitats" as the top 20th percentile of occupancy and species richness values. We subsequently overlapped these critical habitat layers with infrastructure impact zones to estimate the area that could potentially be affected by direct or secondary impacts. At both the community and species-level, distance to primary roads had the strongest negative influence on habitat-use. Occupancy was also influenced by forest quality and multidimensional poverty conditions in adjacent villages, demonstrating the sensitivity of biodiversity to socio-ecological pressures. Less than 1 % of the critical habitat for the threatened mammal community lay within the direct impact zone (30 km radius) of the capital relocation. However, approximately 16 % was located within 200 km and could potentially be affected by uncontrolled secondary impacts such as urban sprawl and associated regional development. The often-overlooked secondary implications of upgrading existing roads could also intersect a large amount of critical habitat for lowland species. Mitigating far-reaching secondary impacts of infrastructure development should be fully incorporated into environmental impact assessments. This will provide Indonesia with an opportunity to set an example of sustainable infrastructure development in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Spencer
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Nicolas J Deere
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Muhammad Aini
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ryan Avriandy
- Fauna & Flora International-Indonesia Programme, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gail Campbell-Smith
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Joseph Hutabarat
- Fauna & Flora International-Indonesia Programme, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Program in the Environment, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Courtney Morgans
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Yaya Rayadin
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Mularwarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Karmele L Sanchez
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Stephanie Spehar
- Anthropology Program and Sustainability Institute for Regional Transformation, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, USA
| | - Jito Sugardjito
- Sustainable Energy and Resources Management, Universitas Nasional, Indonesia
| | | | - Jatna Supriatna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
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Illegal Harvesting within a Protected Area: Spatial Distribution of Activities, Social Drivers of Wild Meat Consumption, and Wildlife Conservation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050771. [PMID: 36899628 PMCID: PMC10000183 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The African tropical forests host an inestimable number of resources, including food, medicine, vegetal and animal species. Among them, chimpanzees are threatened with extinction by human activities affecting their habitats, such as forest product harvesting, and/or more directly, snaring and trafficking. We aimed to better understand the spatial distribution of these illegal activities, and the reasons for setting snares and consuming wild meat in an agricultural landscape (subsistence farming and cash crops) densely populated near a protected area (Sebitoli, Northern part of Kibale National Park, Uganda). To carry out this study, we combined GPS records of illegal activities collected with group counts (in total, n = 339 tea workers, 678 villagers, and 1885 children) and individual interviews (n = 74 tea workers, 42 villagers, and 35 children). A quarter of illegal activities collected (n = 1661) targeted animal resources and about 60% were recorded in specific areas (southwest and northeast) of the Sebitoli chimpanzee home range. Wild meat consumption, which is illegal in Uganda, is a relatively common practice among participants (17.1% to 54.1% of respondents depending on actor types and census methods). However, consumers declared that they eat wild meat unfrequently (0.6 to 2.8 times per year). Being a young man coming from districts contiguous to Kibale National Park particularly raises the odds of consuming wild meat. Such an analysis contributes to the understanding of wild meat hunting among traditional rural and agricultural societies from East Africa.
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Amir Z, Moore JH, Negret PJ, Luskin MS. Megafauna extinctions produce idiosyncratic Anthropocene assemblages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2307. [PMID: 36269822 PMCID: PMC9586473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The "trophic downgrading of planet Earth" refers to the systematic decline of the world's largest vertebrates. However, our understanding of why megafauna extinction risk varies through time and the importance of site- or species-specific factors remain unclear. Here, we unravel the unexpected variability in remaining terrestrial megafauna assemblages across 10 Southeast Asian tropical forests. Consistent with global trends, every landscape experienced Holocene and/or Anthropocene megafauna extirpations, and the four most disturbed landscapes experienced 2.5 times more extirpations than the six least disturbed landscapes. However, there were no consistent size- or guild-related trends, no two tropical forests had identical assemblages, and the abundance of four species showed positive relationships with forest degradation and humans. Our results suggest that the region's megafauna assemblages are the product of a convoluted geoclimatic legacy interacting with modern disturbances and that some megafauna may persist in degraded tropical forests near settlements with sufficient poaching controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Amir
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan H. Moore
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Pablo Jose Negret
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Scott Luskin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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7
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Wani SA, Ahmad R, Gulzar R, Rashid I, Malik AH, Rashid I, Khuroo AA. Diversity, Distribution and Drivers of Alien Flora in the Indian Himalayan Region. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Benhaiem S, Kaidatzi S, Hofer H, East ML. Long‐term reproductive costs of snare injuries in a keystone terrestrial by‐catch species. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Benhaiem
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - S. Kaidatzi
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - H. Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - M. L. East
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
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9
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Proctor MF, Garshelis DL, Thatte P, Steinmetz R, Crudge B, McLellan BN, McShea WJ, Ngoprasert D, Nawaz MA, Te Wong S, Sharma S, Fuller AK, Dharaiya N, Pigeon KE, Fredriksson G, Wang D, Li S, Hwang MH. Review of field methods for monitoring Asian bears. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Djagoun CAMS, Nago G, Azihou AF, Vodouhê F, Agli A, Zanvo S, Djossa B, Assogbadjo A, Sinsin B, Gaubert P. Assessing local knowledge on the diversity and abundance of bushmeat species and hunting pressure in the fragmented forest islands of southern Benin (Dahomey Gap). Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chabi A. M. S. Djagoun
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
| | - Gilles Nago
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie de Botanique et de Biologie végétale Faculté d’Agronomie Université de Parakou Parakou République du Bénin
| | - Akomian F. Azihou
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
| | - Fifanou Vodouhê
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie de Botanique et de Biologie végétale Faculté d’Agronomie Université de Parakou Parakou République du Bénin
| | - Auriane Agli
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
| | - Stanislas Zanvo
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
- Unité de Recherche en Foresterie et Conservation des Bioressources (U/RFCBio) Université Nationale d'Agriculture de Porto‐Novo Porto‐Novo Benin
| | - Bruno Djossa
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UPS/CNRS/IRD Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Achile Assogbadjo
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
| | - Brice Sinsin
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology Faculty of Agronomic Sciences University of Abomey‐Calavi Cotonou Benin
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Unité de Recherche en Foresterie et Conservation des Bioressources (U/RFCBio) Université Nationale d'Agriculture de Porto‐Novo Porto‐Novo Benin
- CIIMAR Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixoes Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n Matosinhos Portugal
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Wilf P, Zou X, Donovan MP, Kocsis L, Briguglio A, Shaw D, Slik JWF, Lambiase JJ. First fossil-leaf floras from Brunei Darussalam show dipterocarp dominance in Borneo by the Pliocene. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12949. [PMID: 35356469 PMCID: PMC8958975 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Malay Archipelago is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, but it suffers high extinction risks due to severe anthropogenic pressures. Paleobotanical knowledge provides baselines for the conservation of living analogs and improved understanding of vegetation, biogeography, and paleoenvironments through time. The Malesian bioregion is well studied palynologically, but there have been very few investigations of Cenozoic paleobotany (plant macrofossils) in a century or more. We report the first paleobotanical survey of Brunei Darussalam, a sultanate on the north coast of Borneo that still preserves the majority of its extraordinarily diverse, old-growth tropical rainforests. We discovered abundant compression floras dominated by angiosperm leaves at two sites of probable Pliocene age: Berakas Beach, in the Liang Formation, and Kampong Lugu, in an undescribed stratigraphic unit. Both sites also yielded rich palynofloral assemblages from the macrofossil-bearing beds, indicating lowland fern-dominated swamp (Berakas Beach) and mangrove swamp (Kampong Lugu) depositional environments. Fern spores from at least nine families dominate both palynological assemblages, along with abundant fungal and freshwater algal remains, rare marine microplankton, at least four mangrove genera, and a diverse rainforest tree and liana contribution (at least 19 families) with scarce pollen of Dipterocarpaceae, today's dominant regional life form. Compressed leaves and rare reproductive material represent influx to the depocenters from the adjacent coastal rainforests. Although only about 40% of specimens preserve informative details, we can distinguish 23 leaf and two reproductive morphotypes among the two sites. Dipterocarps are by far the most abundant group in both compression assemblages, providing rare, localized evidence for dipterocarp-dominated lowland rainforests in the Malay Archipelago before the Pleistocene. The dipterocarp fossils include winged Shorea fruits, at least two species of plicate Dipterocarpus leaves, and very common Dryobalanops leaves. We attribute additional leaf taxa to Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus), Melastomataceae, and Araceae (Rhaphidophora), all rare or new fossil records for the region. The dipterocarp leaf dominance contrasts sharply with the family's <1% representation in the palynofloras from the same strata. This result directly demonstrates that dipterocarp pollen is prone to strong taphonomic filtering and underscores the importance of macrofossils for quantifying the timing of the dipterocarps' rise to dominance in the region. Our work shows that complex coastal rainforests dominated by dipterocarps, adjacent to swamps and mangroves and otherwise similar to modern ecosystems, have existed in Borneo for at least 4-5 million years. Our findings add historical impetus for the conservation of these gravely imperiled and extremely biodiverse ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zou
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael P. Donovan
- Department of Geosciences and Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States,Department of Paleobotany and Paleoecology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - László Kocsis
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam,Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Briguglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - David Shaw
- Biostratigraphic Associates (UK) Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - JW Ferry Slik
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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12
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Masseloux J, Le QT, Burr J, Gerber BD. Forest structure and seasonally inundated grassland shape tropical mammal communities under moderate disturbance. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Masseloux
- Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Quy Tan Le
- Southern Institute of Ecology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Jessica Burr
- Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Brian D. Gerber
- Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
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13
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Yong DL, Jain A, Chowdhury SU, Denstedt E, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Aung TDW, Aung ET, Jearwattanakanok A, Limparungpatthanakij W, Angkaew R, Sinhaseni K, Le TT, Nguyen HB, Tang P, Taing P, Jones VR, Vorsak B. The specter of empty countrysides and wetlands—Impact of hunting take on birds in
Indo‐Burma. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li Yong
- BirdLife International (Asia) Tanglin International Centre Singapore
| | - Anuj Jain
- BirdLife International (Asia) Tanglin International Centre Singapore
| | - Sayam U. Chowdhury
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ei Thinzar Aung
- Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association Yangon Myanmar
| | | | | | - Rongrong Angkaew
- Conservation Ecology Program King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | | | | | - Hoai Bao Nguyen
- Vietnam National University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Punleu Tang
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Porchhay Taing
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Victoria R. Jones
- BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building Cambridge UK
| | - Bou Vorsak
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
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14
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15
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Abstract
Habitat modeling is one of the most common practices in ecology today, aimed at understanding complex associations between species and an array of environmental, bioclimatic, and anthropogenic factors. This review of studies of seven species of terrestrial bears (Ursidae) occupying four continents examines how habitat models have been employed, and the functionality of their predictions for management and conservation. Bear occurrence data have been obtained at the population level, as presence points (e.g., sign surveys or camera trapping), or as locations of individual radio-collared animals. Radio-collars provide greater insights into how bears interact with their environment and variability within populations; they are more commonly used in North America and Europe than in South America and Asia. Salient problematic issues apparent from this review included: biases in presence data; predictor variables being poor surrogates of actual behavioral drivers; predictor variables applied at a biologically inappropriate scale; and over-use of data repositories that tend to detach investigators from the species. In several cases, multiple models in the same area yielded different predictions; new presence data occurred outside the range of predicted suitable habitat; and future range projections, based on where bears presently exist, underestimated their adaptability. Findings here are likely relevant to other taxa.
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16
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Holzner A, Rayan DM, Moore J, Tan CKW, Clart L, Kulik L, Kühl H, Ruppert N, Widdig A. Occupancy of wild southern pig-tailed macaques in intact and degraded forests in Peninsular Malaysia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12462. [PMID: 34993012 PMCID: PMC8679909 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation is a major threat to terrestrial tropical ecosystems, particularly in Southeast Asia where human activities have dramatic consequences for the survival of many species. However, responses of species to anthropogenic impact are highly variable. In order to establish effective conservation strategies, it is critical to determine a species’ ability to persist in degraded habitats. Here, we used camera trapping data to provide the first insights into the temporal and spatial distribution of southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina, listed as ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN) across intact and degraded forest habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, with a particular focus on the effects of clear-cutting and selective logging on macaque occupancy. Specifically, we found a 10% decline in macaque site occupancy in the highly degraded Pasoh Forest Reserve from 2013 to 2017. This may be strongly linked to the macaques’ sensitivity to intensive disturbance through clear-cutting, which significantly increased the probability that M. nemestrina became locally extinct at a previously occupied site. However, we found no clear relationship between moderate disturbance, i.e., selective logging, and the macaques’ local extinction probability or site occupancy in the Pasoh Forest Reserve and Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. Further, an identical age and sex structure of macaques in selectively logged and completely undisturbed habitat types within the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex indicated that the macaques did not show increased mortality or declining birth rates when exposed to selective logging. Overall, this suggests that low to moderately disturbed forests may still constitute valuable habitats that support viable populations of M. nemestrina, and thus need to be protected against further degradation. Our results emphasize the significance of population monitoring through camera trapping for understanding the ability of threatened species to cope with anthropogenic disturbance. This can inform species management plans and facilitate the development of effective conservation measures to protect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Holzner
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - D. Mark Rayan
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Malaysia Program, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Moore
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric Kai Wei Tan
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Laura Clart
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Kulik
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Ruppert
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Anja Widdig
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Cremonesi G, Bisi F, Gaffi L, Loprete L, Zaw T, Gagliardi A, Wauters LA, Preatoni DG, Martinoli A. Why we went to the woods?: effects of human disturbance on species presence in a disturbed Myanmar forest ecosystem. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cremonesi
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - F. Bisi
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
- Istituto Oikos Onlus Milano Italy
| | - L. Gaffi
- Istituto Oikos Onlus Milano Italy
| | - L. Loprete
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - T. Zaw
- Istituto Oikos Onlus Milano Italy
| | - A. Gagliardi
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
- Istituto Oikos Onlus Milano Italy
| | - L. A. Wauters
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - D. G. Preatoni
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - A. Martinoli
- Environment Analysis and Management Unit – Guido Tosi Research Group Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
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18
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Hwang M, Ditmer MA, Teo S, Wong ST, Garshelis DL. Sun bears use 14‐year‐old previously logged forest more than primary forest in Sabah, Malaysia. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mei‐Hsiu Hwang
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation College of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Pingtung 912 Taiwan
| | - Mark A. Ditmer
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- U.S.D.A. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 324, 25th Street Ogden Utah 84401 USA
| | - Shu‐De Teo
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation College of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Pingtung 912 Taiwan
| | - Siew Te Wong
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre Jalan Sepilok, Mile 14 Sandakan, Sabah 90000 Malaysia
| | - David L. Garshelis
- IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group 35132 Hanna Road Cohasset Minnesota 55721 USA
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19
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Chutipong W, Steinmetz R, Gale GA. Spatial capture–recapture reveals high densities of large Indian civet, an omnivorous small carnivore in Southeast Asia. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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21
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Bailey C, Hilser H, Siwi Y, Lawe Z, Waterman J, Loffeld TAC, Sampson H, Tasirin J, Melfi V, Bowkett AE. Trends in the bushmeat market trade in North Sulawesi and conservation implications. Anim Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bailey
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - H. Hilser
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Y. Siwi
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Z. Lawe
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - J. Waterman
- School of Biological and Environmental Science Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - T. A. C. Loffeld
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - H. Sampson
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - J. Tasirin
- Selamatkan Yaki Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
- Faculty of Agriculture Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - V. Melfi
- Hartpury University Gloucestershire UK
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22
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Toussaint A, Brosse S, Bueno CG, Pärtel M, Tamme R, Carmona CP. Extinction of threatened vertebrates will lead to idiosyncratic changes in functional diversity across the world. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5162. [PMID: 34453040 PMCID: PMC8397725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although species with larger body size and slow pace of life have a higher risk of extinction at a global scale, it is unclear whether this global trend will be consistent across biogeographic realms. Here we measure the functional diversity of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates in the six terrestrial biogeographic realms and predict their future changes through scenarios mimicking a gradient of extinction risk of threatened species. We show vastly different effects of extinctions on functional diversity between taxonomic groups and realms, ranging from almost no decline to deep functional losses. The Indo-Malay and Palearctic realms are particularly inclined to experience a drastic loss of functional diversity reaching 29 and 31%, respectively. Birds, mammals, and reptiles regionally display a consistent functional diversity loss, while the projected losses of amphibians and freshwater fishes differ across realms. More efficient global conservation policies should consider marked regional losses of functional diversity across the world. Anthropogenic extinctions are driving functional shifts in biological communities, but these changes might differ considerably among taxa and biogeographic regions. Here the authors show that projected losses of functional diversity among land and freshwater vertebrates are unevenly distributed across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurele Toussaint
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Sébastien Brosse
- Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France
| | - C Guillermo Bueno
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Tamme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carlos P Carmona
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Gardner PC, Goossens B, Bakar SBA, Bruford MW. Hunting pressure is a key contributor to the impending extinction of Bornean wild cattle. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread and unregulated hunting of ungulates in Southeast Asia is resulting in population declines and localised extinctions. Increased access to previously remote tropical forest following logging and changes in land-use facilitates hunting of elusive wild cattle in Borneo, which preferentially select secluded habitat. We collated the first population parameters for the Endangered Bornean banteng Bos javanicus lowi and developed population models to simulate the effect of different hunting offtake rates on survival and the recovery of the population using reintroduced captive-bred individuals. Our findings suggest that the banteng population in Sabah is geographically divided into 4 management units based on connectivity: the Northeast, Sipitang (West), Central and Southeast, which all require active management to prevent further population decline and local extinction. With only 1% offtake, population growth ceased in the Northeast and Sipitang. In the Southeast and Central units, growth ceased at 2 and 4% offtake, respectively. Extinction was estimated at 21-39 yr when offtake was 5%, occurring first in Sipitang and last in the Central unit. Supplementing the population with captive-bred individuals suggested that inbreeding was likely to limit population growth if using ≤20 founder individuals. Translocating 2 individuals for a 10 yr period, starting after 20 yr of captive breeding resulted in a faster population recovery over 100 yr and a lower extinction probability. Our results suggest that shielding the population against further losses from hunting will be key to their survival in the wild, provided that active management in the form of captive breeding is developed in the interim.
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Affiliation(s)
- PC Gardner
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy SG19 2DL, UK
| | - B Goossens
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
| | - SBA Bakar
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma Muis, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - MW Bruford
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
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24
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Gomez L, Wright B, Shepherd CR, Joseph T. An analysis of the illegal bear trade in India. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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25
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Tee TL, van Manen FT, Kretzschmar P, Sharp SP, Wong ST, Gadas S, Ratnayeke S. Anthropogenic edge effects in habitat selection by sun bears in a protected area. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thye Lim Tee
- T. L. Tee and S. Ratnayeke (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3012-6264) ✉ , Dept of Biological Sciences, Sunway Univ., Malaysia
| | - Frank T. van Manen
- F. T. van Manen, U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Petra Kretzschmar
- P. Kretzschmar, Dept of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Germany
| | - Stuart P. Sharp
- S. P. Sharp, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., UK
| | - Siew Te Wong
- S. T. Wong, Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sumbin Gadas
- S. Gadas, Sabah Wildlife Dept, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shyamala Ratnayeke
- T. L. Tee and S. Ratnayeke (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3012-6264) ✉ , Dept of Biological Sciences, Sunway Univ., Malaysia
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26
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Yong DL, Heim W, Chowdhury SU, Choi CY, Ktitorov P, Kulikova O, Kondratyev A, Round PD, Allen D, Trainor CR, Gibson L, Szabo JK. The State of Migratory Landbirds in the East Asian Flyway: Distributions, Threats, and Conservation Needs. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.613172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With nearly 400 migratory landbird species, the East Asian Flyway is the most diverse of the world’s flyways. This diversity is a consequence of the varied ecological niches provided by biomes ranging from broadleaf forests to arctic tundra and accentuated by complex biogeographic processes. The distribution and migration ecology of East Asian landbirds is still inadequately known, but a recent explosion in the number of studies tracking the migration of raptors, cuckoos, kingfishers and passerines has greatly increased our knowledge about the stopover and wintering ecology of many species, and the migratory routes that link northeast Eurasia and the Asian tropics. Yet the East Asian Flyway also supports the highest number of threatened species among flyways. Strong declines have been detected in buntings (Emberizidae) and other long-distance migrants. While the conservation of migratory landbirds in this region has largely focused on unsustainable hunting, there are other threats, such as habitat loss and increased agro-chemical use driven directly by land cover change and climate-related processes. Important knowledge gaps to be addressed include (1) threats affecting species in different parts of their annual cycle, (2) range-wide population trends, (3) ecological requirements and habitat use during the non-breeding season, and (4) the conservation status of critical wintering sites (including understudied farming landscapes, such as rice fields) and migration bottlenecks along the flyway.
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27
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Abstract
Protected areas are the backbone of biodiversity conservation but are fixed in space and vulnerable to anthropogenic climate change. Myanmar is exceptionally rich in biodiversity but has a small protected area system. This study aimed to assess the potential vulnerability of this system to climate change. In the absence of good biodiversity data, we used a spatial modeling approach based on a statistically derived bioclimatic stratification (the Global Environmental Stratification, GEnS) to understand the spatial implications of projected climate change for Myanmar’s protected area system by 2050 and 2070. Nine bioclimatic zones and 41 strata were recognized in Myanmar, but their representation in the protected area system varied greatly, with the driest zones especially underrepresented. Under climate change, most zones will shift upslope, with some protected areas projected to change entirely to a new bioclimate. Potential impacts on biodiversity include mountaintop extinctions of species endemic to isolated peaks, loss of climate specialists from small protected areas and those with little elevational range, and woody encroachment into savannas and open forests as a result of both climate change and rising atmospheric CO2. Myanmar needs larger, better connected, and more representative protected areas, but political, social, and economic problems make this difficult.
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28
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Nguyen AT, Van Nguyen T, Timmins R, McGowan P, Van Hoang T, Le MD. Efficacy of camera traps in detecting primates in Hue Saola Nature Reserve. Primates 2020; 61:697-705. [PMID: 32383126 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Camera trapping has been demonstrated to be an effective tool in surveying a suite of species, especially elusive mammals in rough terrains. The method has become increasingly common in primate surveys for both ground-dwelling and arboreal taxa in many tropical regions of the world. However, camera trapping has rarely been used to inventory primates in Vietnam, although many species are under severe threats and in critical need of surveying for improved conservation measures. In this study, we employed camera trapping to primarily investigate the possible continued presence of galliform species, but also to opportunistically record primate species, in Hue Saola Nature Reserve in central Vietnam. We documented five primate species, including the northern pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina, the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides, the rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta, the pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus, and the red-shanked douc Pygathrix nemaeus, which represents a majority of primate diversity in the reserve. The results show that camera trapping may be an option for documenting primate diversity, and seasonal and daily activities of ground-dwelling taxa. Our data also suggest that although human disturbance is still rampant in the area, Hue Saola Nature Reserve appears to be reasonably well protected compared to other conservation areas in Indochina. In particular, it is home to several highly threatened primates, and it therefore plays a crucial role in primate conservation in Vietnam. However, these populations are in need of greater protection, such as more targeted patrols to remove snares and prevent other violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Nguyen
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philip McGowan
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thang Van Hoang
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Le
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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29
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Gomez L, Shepherd CR, Khoo MS. Illegal trade of sun bear parts in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia is a known source and consumer of bear bile products in Asia, and sun bears are persistently poached to meet the demand for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Surveys of TCM outlets in the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak were conducted in 2018 and 2019 as part of continuing efforts to monitor the availability of bear bile products in the country. Despite being illegal, the trade in bears and their parts persists, although with fewer TCM outlets offering such products in comparison to numbers reported in previous studies. In 2012, 42% of TCM outlets in Sabah and 35.4% in Sarawak were found to contain bear bile products. This has since dropped to 35% in Sabah and 19.3% in Sarawak in 2018-2019. Gall bladders were the main type of commodity for sale in both states, and were reportedly sourced predominantly by indigenous people. It was evident that most retailers surveyed were aware that the trade in bears and their parts was strictly prohibited, and some traders claim to have stopped selling illegal bear products for this reason. However, some traders who continue to trade in these illegal commodities have become more discreet. These factors contribute to the reduction in TCM outlets observed selling bear bile products. This reduction may also be due to diminishing sun bear populations, as some traders have claimed to have stopped selling bear bile products because of the rarity of or difficulty in procuring genuine bear gall bladders. The threat of illegal trade, combined with loss and degradation of suitable habitat and food resources as well as conflict with humans, puts sun bears at considerable risk. Efforts to mitigate these threats are urgently needed. Reduction of demand for bear parts is essential, as is stronger legal protection, enhanced enforcement and increased community involvement in bear conservation actions to ensure the long-term survival of viable bear populations in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gomez
- Monitor, PO Box 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - CR Shepherd
- Monitor, PO Box 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - MS Khoo
- Monitor, PO Box 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
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30
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Tilker A, Abrams JF, Nguyen A, Hörig L, Axtner J, Louvrier J, Rawson BM, Nguyen HAQ, Guegan F, Nguyen TV, Le M, Sollmann R, Wilting A. Identifying conservation priorities in a defaunated tropical biodiversity hotspot. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tilker
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
- Global Wildlife Conservation Austin TX USA
| | - Jesse F. Abrams
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - An Nguyen
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - Lisa Hörig
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Axtner
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - Julie Louvrier
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thanh Van Nguyen
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
- VNU-Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Minh Le
- VNU-Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
- Department of Environmental Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences VNU-University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Andreas Wilting
- Department of Ecological Dynamics Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
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