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Lehmann FO, Gorb S, Moussian B. Spatio-temporal distribution and genetic background of elastic proteins inside the chitin/chitosan matrix of insects including their functional significance for locomotion. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104089. [PMID: 38485097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In insects, cuticle proteins interact with chitin and chitosan of the exoskeleton forming crystalline, amorphic or composite material structures. The biochemical and mechanical composition of the structure defines the cuticle's physical properties and thus how the insect cuticle behaves under mechanical stress. The tissue-specific ratio between chitin and chitosan and its pattern of deacetylation are recognized and interpreted by cuticle proteins depending on their local position in the body. Despite previous research, the assembly of the cuticle composites in time and space including its functional impact is widely unexplored. This review is devoted to the genetics underlying the temporal and spatial distribution of elastic proteins and the potential function of elastic proteins in insects with a focus on Resilin in the fruit fly Drosophila. The potential impact and function of localized patches of elastic proteins is discussed for movements in leg joints, locomotion and damage resistance of the cuticle. We conclude that an interdisciplinary research approach serves as an integral example for the molecular mechanisms of generation and interpretation of the chitin/chitosan matrix, not only in Drosophila but also in other arthropod species, and might help to synthesize artificial material composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz-Olaf Lehmann
- Fritz-Olaf Lehmann, Department of Animal Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Stanislav Gorb, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Bernard Moussian, Institute Sophia Agrobiotech, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 38 Av. Emile Henriot, 06000, Nice, France.
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Díaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Stramer BM. The extracellular matrix in tissue morphogenesis: No longer a backseat driver. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203883. [PMID: 37935283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The forces driving tissue morphogenesis are thought to originate from cellular activities. While it is appreciated that extracellular matrix (ECM) may also be involved, ECM function is assumed to be simply instructive in modulating the cellular behaviors that drive changes to tissue shape. However, there is increasing evidence that the ECM may not be the passive player portrayed in developmental biology textbooks. In this review we highlight examples of embryonic ECM dynamics that suggest cell-independent activity, along with developmental processes during which localized ECM alterations and ECM-autonomous forces are directing changes to tissue shape. Additionally, we discuss experimental approaches to unveil active ECM roles during tissue morphogenesis. We propose that it may be time to rethink our general definition of morphogenesis as a cellular-driven phenomenon and incorporate an underappreciated, and surprisingly dynamic ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
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3
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Tajiri R, Hirano A, Kaibara YY, Tezuka D, Chen Z, Kojima T. Notch signaling generates the "cut here line" on the cuticle of the puparium in Drosophila melanogaster. iScience 2023; 26:107279. [PMID: 37529108 PMCID: PMC10387574 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During a molt or eclosion, insects shed their cuticle, an extracellular matrix made by underlying epidermal cells, by cleavage along a defined line. This means that the "cut here line" is pre-formed on the cuticle, and its formation is indispensable for insect life. Here, we show that the proper formation of the operculum ridge (OR), which is the "cut here line" on the puparium (pupal case) of Drosophila melanogaster, involves Notch signaling activation in the epidermal cells just beneath the future OR region (OR-forming cells). The inhibition of Notch signaling causes defects in eclosion due to failure in OR cleavage, the chitin organization and several cuticular proteins localization, glucose dehydrogenase (Gld) activity, and OR-forming cell shape. Our findings provide the first insight into the molecular basis of the structure and formation of the "cut here line" on the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tajiri
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hirano
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yu-ya Kaibara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Daiki Tezuka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Zhengyang Chen
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kojima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Biosciences Building 501, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Sculpting with stiffness: rigidity as a regulator of morphogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1009-1021. [PMID: 37114613 PMCID: PMC10317161 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
From a physical perspective, morphogenesis of tissues results from interplay between their material properties and the mechanical forces exerted on them. The importance of mechanical forces in influencing cell behaviour is widely recognised, whereas the importance of tissue material properties in vivo, like stiffness, has only begun to receive attention in recent years. In this mini-review, we highlight key themes and concepts that have emerged related to how tissue stiffness, a fundamental material property, guides various morphogenetic processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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5
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Toto NA, Elhenawy HI, Eltaweil AS, El-Ashram S, El-Samad LM, Moussian B, El Wakil A. Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a biological model for the assessment of magnetite nanoparticles toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151483. [PMID: 34742953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding; there is a critical need for efficient assays to first determine the potential toxicity of NPs before their use in human applications. Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) have tremendous applications which include cell separation, arsenic removal from water and DNA separation. Spherically shaped Fe3O4 NPs with sizes ranging from 23 to 30 nm were used in this study. The housefly, Musca domestica is the most common fly species. It is present worldwide and considered to be an important medical insect which can carry and transmit over 100 human pathogens and zoonotic agents. It has been used in this study to assess Fe3O4NPs toxicity and give us an overview of their impact. The larvicidal activity of Fe3O4NPs was tested against the third instar larvae of M. domestica. We investigated the effects of six varying concentrations (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 μg/mL) used under laboratory conditions in two differential application assays: contact and feeding. The LC50 value for Fe3O4 NPs was 60 and 75 μg/mL by feeding and contact, respectively. To investigate the toxicity effects of Fe3O4 NPs on houseflies, morphological and histoarchitectural changes in larvae, pupae and adult flies were analyzed. NP exposure caused morphological abnormalities of larvae and pupae as well as larval pupal intermediates, and deformed adult with crumpled wings. Also, some adults couldn't emerge and remained in their puparia. The histological examinations showed that Fe3O4 NPs caused severe tissue damage especially in the cuticle and the digestive system. Thus, besides affecting the organ of first contact (digestive system), remote organs such as the integument are also targeted by Fe3O4 NPs suggesting a systemic impact on fly development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura A Toto
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Hanan I Elhenawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, Guangdong Province, China; Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Lamia M El-Samad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, Nice Cedex, France
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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