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Feng Z, Di Zanni E, Alvarenga O, Chakraborty S, Rychlik N, Accardi A. In or out of the groove? Mechanisms of lipid scrambling by TMEM16 proteins. Cell Calcium 2024; 121:102896. [PMID: 38749289 PMCID: PMC11178363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipid scramblases mediate the rapid movement of lipids between membrane leaflets, a key step in establishing and maintaining membrane homeostasis of the membranes of all eukaryotic cells and their organelles. Thus, impairment of lipid scrambling can lead to a variety of pathologies. How scramblases catalyzed the transbilayer movement of lipids remains poorly understood. Despite the availability of direct structural information on three unrelated families of scramblases, the TMEM16s, the Xkrs, and ATG-9, a unifying mechanism has failed to emerge thus far. Among these, the most extensively studied and best understood are the Ca2+ activated TMEM16s, which comprise ion channels and/or scramblases. Early work supported the view that these proteins provided a hydrophilic, membrane-exposed groove through which the lipid headgroups could permeate. However, structural, and functional experiments have since challenged this mechanism, leading to the proposal that the TMEM16s distort and thin the membrane near the groove to facilitate lipid scrambling. Here, we review our understanding of the structural and mechanistic underpinnings of lipid scrambling by the TMEM16s and discuss how the different proposals account for the various experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eleonora Di Zanni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Omar Alvarenga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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2
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Hacisuleyman A, Erman B. Synergy and anti-cooperativity in allostery: Molecular dynamics study of WT and oncogenic KRAS-RGL1. Proteins 2024; 92:665-678. [PMID: 38153169 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on investigating the effects of an oncogenic mutation (G12V) on the stability and interactions within the KRAS-RGL1 protein complex. The KRAS-RGL1 complex is of particular interest due to its relevance to KRAS-associated cancers and the potential for developing targeted drugs against the KRAS system. The stability of the complex and the allosteric effects of specific residues are examined to understand their roles as modulators of complex stability and function. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we calculate the mutual information, MI, between two neighboring residues at the interface of the KRAS-RGL1 complex, and employ the concept of interaction information, II, to measure the contribution of a third residue to the interaction between interface residue pairs. Negative II indicates synergy, where the presence of the third residue strengthens the interaction, while positive II suggests anti-cooperativity. Our findings reveal that MI serves as a dominant factor in determining the results, with the G12V mutation increasing the MI between interface residues, indicating enhanced correlations due to the formation of a more compact structure in the complex. Interestingly, although II plays a role in understanding three-body interactions and the impact of distant residues, it is not significant enough to outweigh the influence of MI in determining the overall stability of the complex. Nevertheless, II may nonetheless be a relevant factor to consider in future drug design efforts. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of complex stability and function, highlighting the significance of three-body interactions and the impact of distant residues on the binding stability of the complex. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that constraining the fluctuations of a third residue consistently increases the stability of the G12V variant, making it challenging to weaken complex formation of the mutated species through allosteric manipulation. The novel perspective offered by this approach on protein dynamics, function, and allostery has potential implications for understanding and targeting other protein complexes involved in vital cellular processes. The results contribute to our understanding of the effects of oncogenic mutations on protein-protein interactions and provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions in the context of KRAS-associated cancers and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysima Hacisuleyman
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Burak Erman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Feng Z, Alvarenga OE, Accardi A. Structural basis of closed groove scrambling by a TMEM16 protein. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01284-9. [PMID: 38684930 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Activation of Ca2+-dependent TMEM16 scramblases induces phosphatidylserine externalization, a key step in multiple signaling processes. Current models suggest that the TMEM16s scramble lipids by deforming the membrane near a hydrophilic groove and that Ca2+ dependence arises from the different association of lipids with an open or closed groove. However, the molecular rearrangements underlying groove opening and how lipids reorganize outside the closed groove remain unknown. Here we directly visualize how lipids associate at the closed groove of Ca2+-bound fungal nhTMEM16 in nanodiscs using cryo-EM. Functional experiments pinpoint lipid-protein interaction sites critical for closed groove scrambling. Structural and functional analyses suggest groove opening entails the sequential appearance of two π-helical turns in the groove-lining TM6 helix and identify critical rearrangements. Finally, we show that the choice of scaffold protein and lipids affects the conformations of nhTMEM16 and their distribution, highlighting a key role of these factors in cryo-EM structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar E Alvarenga
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Ye Z, Galvanetto N, Puppulin L, Pifferi S, Flechsig H, Arndt M, Triviño CAS, Di Palma M, Guo S, Vogel H, Menini A, Franz CM, Torre V, Marchesi A. Structural heterogeneity of the ion and lipid channel TMEM16F. Nat Commun 2024; 15:110. [PMID: 38167485 PMCID: PMC10761740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16 F (TMEM16F) is a Ca2+-activated homodimer which functions as an ion channel and a phospholipid scramblase. Despite the availability of several TMEM16F cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, the mechanism of activation and substrate translocation remains controversial, possibly due to restrictions in the accessible protein conformational space. In this study, we use atomic force microscopy under physiological conditions to reveal a range of structurally and mechanically diverse TMEM16F assemblies, characterized by variable inter-subunit dimerization interfaces and protomer orientations, which have escaped prior cryo-EM studies. Furthermore, we find that Ca2+-induced activation is associated to stepwise changes in the pore region that affect the mechanical properties of transmembrane helices TM3, TM4 and TM6. Our direct observation of membrane remodelling in response to Ca2+ binding along with additional electrophysiological analysis, relate this structural multiplicity of TMEM16F to lipid and ion permeation processes. These results thus demonstrate how conformational heterogeneity of TMEM16F directly contributes to its diverse physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Ye
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nicola Galvanetto
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Puppulin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, I-30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Simone Pifferi
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Holger Flechsig
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Melanie Arndt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Shifeng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Horst Vogel
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Menini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Vincent Torre
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34136, Trieste, Italy.
- Institute of Materials (ION-CNR), Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
- BIoValley Investments System and Solutions (BISS), 34148, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Arin Marchesi
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan.
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
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5
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Wang Y, Kinoshita T. The role of lipid scramblases in regulating lipid distributions at cellular membranes. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1857-1869. [PMID: 37767549 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol assemble into lipid bilayers that form the scaffold of cellular membranes, in which proteins are embedded. Membrane composition and membrane protein profiles differ between plasma and intracellular membranes and between the two leaflets of a membrane. Lipid distributions between two leaflets are mediated by lipid translocases, including flippases and scramblases. Flippases use ATP to catalyze the inward movement of specific lipids between leaflets. In contrast, bidirectional flip-flop movements of lipids across the membrane are mediated by scramblases in an ATP-independent manner. Scramblases have been implicated in disrupting the lipid asymmetry of the plasma membrane, protein glycosylation, autophagosome biogenesis, lipoprotein secretion, lipid droplet formation and communications between organelles. Although scramblases in plasma membranes were identified over 10 years ago, most progress about scramblases localized in intracellular membranes has been made in the last few years. Herein, we review the role of scramblases in regulating lipid distributions in cellular membranes, focusing primarily on intracellular membrane-localized scramblases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Zhang P, Maruoka M, Suzuki R, Katani H, Dou Y, Packwood DM, Kosako H, Tanaka M, Suzuki J. Extracellular calcium functions as a molecular glue for transmembrane helices to activate the scramblase Xkr4. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5592. [PMID: 37696806 PMCID: PMC10495444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The "eat me" signal, phosphatidylserine is exposed on the surface of dying cells by phospholipid scrambling. Previously, we showed that the Xkr family protein Xkr4 is activated by caspase-mediated cleavage and binding of the XRCC4 fragment. Here, we show that extracellular calcium is an additional factor needed to activate Xkr4. The constitutively active mutant of Xkr4 is found to induce phospholipid scrambling in an extracellular, but not intracellular, calcium-dependent manner. Importantly, other Xkr family members also require extracellular calcium for activation. Alanine scanning shows that D123 and D127 of TM1 and E310 of TM3 coordinate calcium binding. Moreover, lysine scanning demonstrates that the E310K mutation-mediated salt bridge between TM1 and TM3 bypasses the requirement of calcium. Cysteine scanning proves that disulfide bond formation between TM1 and TM3 also activates phospholipid scrambling without calcium. Collectively, this study shows that extracellular calcium functions as a molecular glue for TM1 and TM3 of Xkr proteins for activation, thus demonstrating a regulatory mechanism for multi-transmembrane region-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruoka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Integrated Biosystems, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics (CiMPhy), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hikaru Katani
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yu Dou
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daniel M Packwood
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics (CiMPhy), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for Integrated Biosystems, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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7
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Bergman S, Cater RJ, Plante A, Mancia F, Khelashvili G. Substrate binding-induced conformational transitions in the omega-3 fatty acid transporter MFSD2A. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3391. [PMID: 37296098 PMCID: PMC10250862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2 A (MFSD2A) is a transporter that is highly enriched at the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, where it mediates Na+-dependent uptake of ω-3 fatty acids in the form of lysolipids into the brain and eyes, respectively. Despite recent structural insights, it remains unclear how this process is initiated, and driven by Na+. Here, we perform Molecular Dynamics simulations which demonstrate that substrates enter outward facing MFSD2A from the outer leaflet of the membrane via lateral openings between transmembrane helices 5/8 and 2/11. The substrate headgroup enters first and engages in Na+ -bridged interactions with a conserved glutamic acid, while the tail is surrounded by hydrophobic residues. This binding mode is consistent with a "trap-and-flip" mechanism and triggers transition to an occluded conformation. Furthermore, using machine learning analysis, we identify key elements that enable these transitions. These results advance our molecular understanding of the MFSD2A transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Bergman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rosemary J Cater
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ambrose Plante
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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8
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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9
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Arndt M, Alvadia C, Straub MS, Clerico Mosina V, Paulino C, Dutzler R. Structural basis for the activation of the lipid scramblase TMEM16F. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6692. [PMID: 36335104 PMCID: PMC9637102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM16F, a member of the conserved TMEM16 family, plays a central role in the initiation of blood coagulation and the fusion of trophoblasts. The protein mediates passive ion and lipid transport in response to an increase in intracellular Ca2+. However, the mechanism of how the protein facilitates both processes has remained elusive. Here we investigate the basis for TMEM16F activation. In a screen of residues lining the proposed site of conduction, we identify mutants with strongly activating phenotype. Structures of these mutants determined herein by cryo-electron microscopy show major rearrangements leading to the exposure of hydrophilic patches to the membrane, whose distortion facilitates lipid diffusion. The concomitant opening of a pore promotes ion conduction in the same protein conformation. Our work has revealed a mechanism that is distinct for this branch of the family and that will aid the development of a specific pharmacology for a promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Arndt
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Alvadia
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monique S. Straub
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Clerico Mosina
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Structural Biology and Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Paulino
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Structural Biology and Membrane Enzymology at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raimund Dutzler
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry University of Zurich, Winterthurer Str. 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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