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Qiao B, Lin FY, Fu D, Li SJ, Zhang T, Lan Y. Mechanistic insights into facilitating reductive elimination from Ni(II) species. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8008-8019. [PMID: 39005163 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02667e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Reductive elimination is a key step in Ni-catalysed cross-couplings, which is often considered to result in new covalent bonds. Due to the weak oxidizing ability of Ni(II) species, reductive eliminations from Ni(II) centers are challenging. A thorough mechanistic understanding of this process could inspire the rational design of Ni-catalysed coupling reactions. In this article, we give an overview of recent advances in the mechanistic study of reductive elimination from Ni(II) species achieved by our group. Three possible models for reductive elimination from Ni(II) species were investigated and discussed, including direct reductive elimination, electron density-controlled reductive elimination, and oxidation-induced reductive elimination. Notably, the direct reductive elimination from Ni(II) species often requires a high activation energy in some cases. In contrast, the electron density-controlled and oxidation-induced reductive elimination pathways can significantly enhance the driving force for reductive elimination, accelerating the formation of new covalent bonds. The intricate reaction mechanisms for each of these pathways are thoroughly discussed and systematically summarized in this paper. These computational studies showcase the characteristics of three models for reductive elimination from Ni(II) species, and we hope that it will spur the development of mechanistic studies of cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Qiao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fa-You Lin
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dongmin Fu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451162, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang T, Zhong K, Lin ZK, Niu L, Li ZQ, Bai R, Engle KM, Lan Y. Revised Mechanism of C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Reductive Elimination from Ni(II) with the Assistance of a Z-Type Metalloligand. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2207-2218. [PMID: 36689704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reductive elimination is a key step in Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings. Compared with processes that proceed from Ni(III) or Ni(IV) intermediates, C(sp3)-C(sp3) reductive eliminations from Ni(II) centers are challenging due to the weak oxidizing ability of Ni(II) species. In this report, we present computational evidence that supports a mechanism in which Zn coordination to the nickel center as a Z-type ligand accelerates reductive elimination. This Zn-assisted pathway is found to be lower in energy compared with direct reductive elimination from a σ-coordinated Ni(II) intermediate, providing new insights into the mechanism of Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling with organozinc nucleophiles. Mayer bond order, Hirshfield charge, Laplacian of the electron density, orbital, and interaction region indicator analyses were conducted to elucidate details of the reductive elimination process and characterize the key intermediates. Theoretical calculations indicate a significant Z-type Ni-Zn interaction that reduces the electron density around the Ni center and accelerates reductive elimination. This mechanistic study of reductive elimination in Ni(0)-catalyzed conjunctive cross-couplings of aryl iodides, organozinc reagents, and alkenes is an important case study of the involvement of Zn-assisted reductive elimination in Ni catalysis. We anticipate that the novel Zn-assisted reductive elimination mode may extend to other cross-coupling processes and explain the unique effectiveness of organozinc nucleophiles in many instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, China.,ZhengZhou JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou450000, Henan, China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Zhi-Keng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Linbin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, China
| | - Zi-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California92037, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
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Peng H, Liu Q, Sun Y, Luo B, Yu T, Huang P, Zhu D, Wen S. Tandem cyclization/arylation of diaryliodoniums via in situ constructed benzoxazole as a directing group for atom-economical transformation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear diaryliodoniums often undergo only single arylation and leave equivalent aryl iodide as waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yameng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Daqian Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Johnson SA. Mechanism of 8-Aminoquinoline-Directed Ni-Catalyzed C(sp 3)–H Functionalization: Paramagnetic Ni(II) Species and the Deleterious Effect of Carbonate as a Base. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Sunset Avenue 401, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Samuel A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Sunset Avenue 401, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang T, Liu T, Lan Y. Oxidation of Pd(II) with disilane in a palladium-catalyzed disilylation of aryl halides: a theoretical view. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7656-7666. [PMID: 33973588 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been used to reveal the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed disilylation reaction of aryl halides. The DFT calculations indicate that the reaction starts with the oxidative addition of the C-I bond to the Pd(0) catalyst. Concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) can then generate a five-membered palladacycle. Insertion of Pd(ii) into the Si-Si bond in disilane followed by two sequential steps of reductive eliminations yields the disilylation product and regenerates the Pd(0) catalyst. According to the NPA charge analysis along the reaction coordinates, the formal oxidative addition of the Si-Si bond to palladium could be considered as the insertion of palladium into the Si-Si bond. However, the conventional oxidative addition of the C-I bond to palladium is exactly an oxidation process with the electron transfer from the palladium atom to the C-I bond. Therefore, electron rich Pd(0) is beneficial for the oxidation process, and Pd(ii) prone to acquire electrons is beneficial for the insertion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China. and Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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Romańczyk PP, Kurek SS. Reliable reduction potentials of diaryliodonium cations and aryl radicals in acetonitrile from high-level ab initio computations. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu Y, Xia Y, Shi B. Ni‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Assisted
Direct Functionalization of Inert C—H Bonds. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Hua Liu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Yu‐Nong Xia
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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Nebra N. High-Valent Ni III and Ni IV Species Relevant to C-C and C-Heteroatom Cross-Coupling Reactions: State of the Art. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051141. [PMID: 32143336 PMCID: PMC7179250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ni catalysis constitutes an active research arena with notable applications in diverse fields. By analogy with its parent element palladium, Ni catalysts provide an appealing entry to build molecular complexity via cross-coupling reactions. While Pd catalysts typically involve a M0/MII redox scenario, in the case of Ni congeners the mechanistic elucidation becomes more challenging due to their innate properties (like enhanced reactivity, propensity to undergo single electron transformations vs. 2e− redox sequences or weaker M–Ligand interaction). In recent years, mechanistic studies have demonstrated the participation of high-valent NiIII and NiIV species in a plethora of cross-coupling events, thus accessing novel synthetic schemes and unprecedented transformations. This comprehensive review collects the main contributions effected within this topic, and focuses on the key role of isolated and/or spectroscopically identified NiIII and NiIV complexes. Amongst other transformations, the resulting NiIII and NiIV compounds have efficiently accomplished: i) C–C and C–heteroatom bond formation; ii) C–H bond functionalization; and iii) N–N and C–N cyclizative couplings to forge heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Nebra
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Jiang D, Fu M, Zhang Y, Li Q, Guo K, Yang Y, Zhao L. Mechanistic Study of Unprecedented Highly Regioselective Hydrocyanation of Terminal Alkynes: Insight into the Origins of the Regioselectivity and Ligand Effects. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:279-289. [PMID: 31713268 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to gain insight into the mechanism of the nickel-catalyzed hydrocyanation of terminal alkynes with Zn(CN)2 and water to exclusively generate the branched nitrile with excellent Markovnikov selectivity. After precatalyst activation to give the LNi(0) active species, the transformation proceeds via the following steps: (1) oxidative addition of H2 O to the LNi(0) provides the intermediate LNi(II)H(OH); (2) ligand exchange of LNi(II)H(OH) with Zn(CN)2 gives the intermediate LNi(II)H(CN); (3) alkyne insertion to the LNi(II)H(CN) forms the alkenyl nickel complex, followed by the reductive elimination step reaching the final product. This mechanism is kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable than that of the experimental proposed ones. On the basis of the experimental observations, more water molecules cannot further improve the reaction as it has also been rationalized. Furthermore, the origin of the high regioselectivity of the product, the variable effectiveness of the metal mediator as function of ligands, as well as the high yield of the alkyl-substituted alkynes substrates, is analyzed in detail. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mingxing Fu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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